REVIEW 2014 - 0011

PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS

DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 1

Why is there a need for Domestic Hot Water
Supply?
• The supply is based on the need for Personal Hygiene and
Washing in order to remain healthy and safe.
• Personal Hygiene – to maintain the bodies clean, a regular
supply of hot water is required to break down and dissolve oil
& dirt. Soap lathers much better in hot water than cold. Hot
water is more friendly to our skin temperature since we are
warm-blooded animals. Hot water also helps to open skin
pores, letting the soap get down into the tissue to lift out the
oil & dirt.
• Washing – certain substances, such as fatty foods on a plate,
require a temperature of 60 degrees Centigrade to lift them.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 2

 Types of Fuel:
• The methods of heating • The types of fuel are:
water vary but in the 1. Electricity
long run it is a matter of 2. Solid Fuel
personal choice with
3. Gas
respect to cost and
availability of fuel. 4. Solar
5. Steam
6. Oil
7. Heat Pumps

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 3

 Types of Systems available:
1. Localized Water Heating
2. Centralized Hot Water Systems
3. Storage Water Heaters
4. Instantaneous Water Heaters

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 4

What is the operating principle of Hot Water
Supply & Distribution System?
• The storage tank & heating device of
a hot water supply & distribution
system are so assembled as to create
a circulation of water within them.
• The movement of the water is the
result of molecular activity. The
application of heat to a body of water
causes it to expand & become less
dense, which give it a natural
tendency to rise.
• The inequality of weights between
the hot & the cold water contained in
the tank results in the circulation of
the liquid.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 5

What are the factors to consider in Hot Water
Supply & Distribution System?
• 2. Type
The operation
of Tankandconnection
efficiencyused
of the
hot water a.
supply andposition
Vertical distribution
system is dependent
b. Horizontalupon the
position
following:
c. Pipes, Valves & Fittings
1. Type of Heating System used
A. Direct System
3. Type of Installation used
a. Range Boilers
a. Upfeed & Gravity Return
b. Gas Water Heater
b. Overhead Feed & Gravity Return
c. Oil-Fired Water Heater
c. Pump Circuit System
d. Electric Water Heater
e. Solar Water Heater
B. Indirect System
a. Primatic Cylinder
b. Calorifiers
c. Annular Cylinder
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 6
Direct Heating System: In this system the water that is being heated by
the boiler is actually used out of the hot water faucets.
Range Boiler - is a small cylindrical hot water tank that varies in size from 300mm to
600mm in diameter & is not more than 1800mm long. It is made of galvanized steel of
Standard & Extra Heavy Gauge.

Range Boiler

Range Boiler & Furnace Coil – The

range boiler is usually mounted upright on Range Boiler & Heater – The range
a stand. A drain is placed at the bottom to boiler is usually installed horizontally on a
remove sediment; a temperature & stand. The heater may be fired by coal,
pressure relief valve is placed at the top gas or oil.
for safety. The furnace coil is located in
the furnace box.
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 7
Gas Fired Water Heater:

The Installation

The Operating Principle

The Equipment
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 8
Electric Water Heater:

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 9

Solar Hot Water Installation:

Solar Panel and Collector

The Operating Principle

Installation
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 10
What is Indirect Water Heating System?
• In this system the water that is
heated by the boiler is never used
out of the hot water faucets, but
circulates through a heat exchanger.
It takes the form of a coil of pipe
within the hot water storage tank.
The heated water circulates through
the system & in turn heats the water
held within the storage tank, then
returns to the boiler to be reheated.
• The 3 types of Indirect System
currently used in buildings are:
1. Primatic Cylinder
2. Calorifiers
3. Annular Cylinder
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU
• The advantages of this system are:
1. Since the water in the boiler does
not mix with the water in the storage
tank, the risk of rusty water being
drawn off through the faucets is
eliminated.
2. It keeps the carbonate deposits to
a minimum level because once the
temporary hardness of the water has
been released it will not recur as the
same water is reheated over & over
again.
3. It can use steam as the heating
medium instead of water.
11
 to use

INDIRECT WATER HEATING SYSTEM

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 12

3 Types of Indirect Water Heating System:

1. Primatic Cylinder 2. Calorifier

Riser Diagram 3. Annular Cylinder

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 13
Indirect Heating System: Heat Pump

Operating Principle
Equipment

Installation

Installation
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 14
What are the available Types of Hot Water
Systems?
1. Localized
3. Storage Water
WaterHeaters
Heating
(Single a.
Appliance)
High Pressure
a. High
b. Low Pressure
Pressure
b. Low Pressure
4. Instantaneous Water Heaters
2. Centralized
a. High
Hot Water
Pressure
System
a. High
b. Low Pressure
Pressure
b. Low Pressure

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 15

Localized Water Heaters:

Above – Sink Electric Water Heater:
Designed to serve 1 fixture at a time.
Available from 7 to 34 liters storage &
normally have a 2000 watt element fitted.
It has a heat – up time of 12 minutes to
1 hour.
Undersink Electric Water Heater: Works
on the principle of displacement, hot water
only flowing when cold water enters the
cylinder & pushes the hot water out. This is
not suitable for use with dishwashers, unless
installed as low-pressure water heaters.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 16

What is Centralized Hot Water System?

• Parts of Centralized
In Centralized Hot Water
System, water System:
is heated & stored centrally and distributed to the hot
water faucets via the hot water piping.
• For residences, an electric heating element is directly immersed into the water to
1. Heating Element / Boiler
be heated.
• For commercial & larger projects an independent boiler or furnace is used to heat
2.
theThermostat
water remotely.
• The hot water is stored in a Range Boiler or Storage Tank that is located as near the
boiler as possible
3. Range Boiler to keepWater
/ Hot heat losses at a minimum.
Storage Tank

4. Hot Water Pipes

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 17

 Parts of the Centralized Hot Water System:
• Range Boiler / Hot Water Storage Tank – The
hot water tank that serves the domestic hot
water system in a storage capacity. The size of
the tank depends on the design of the building,
the number of occupants & the heating capacity
of the supply device. The Storage Tank is a large
cylindrical tank at 600 to 1200 mm in diameter
& not more than 4500 mm long.
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU
• Boiler / Heating Element – The size of the
heating element has a direct bearing on the
heating up time, which is also related to the size
of the storage cylinder. A general guide for
adequate supply is:
135 liters = 1500 watts at 60 degrees centigrade
in 5 hours & 15 minutes
180 liters = 2000 watts at 60 degrees centigrade
in 5 hours & 15 minutes
• Thermostat – The key to a satisfactory &
economical water heater, automatically switching
off the power when the preset temperature is
reached & switching on again when hot water is
drawn off, or the temperature drops through heat
loss. Recommended thermostat settings for
average family requirements are 65 to 70 degrees
centigrade.
• Hot Water Pipes – Should be as short as possible in
order to avoid the use of “ Dead Leg”. A “Dead
Leg” is a long pipe run whereby it takes a long time
to push out the cold water for the sake of a small
amount of hot water. The smallest pipe size that
will provide a satisfactory flow should be used.
18
 Storage Water Heater:
Single Boiling Type Water Heater: Is
filled with water to the desired level
before use. As long as there is a
reading on the sight glass the heating
element will be covered. The cold
water supply may be from the cold
tap by means of a 3-way valve, which
supplies cold water to the cylinder or
delivers hot water from the cylinder
according to the position of the knob.
When water boils, steam escapes
through a whistle connected into the
top of the vessel. The pressure from
the steam also turns off the electrical
energy to the element if a steam
switch is fitted. Boiling water is
drawn off through a faucet fitted
directly under the heater.
Single Boiling Type Water Heater

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 19

 Instantaneous Water Heater:
• Instantaneous Water Heater instantly heats cold water as it
passes through the heater. This heater is compact since
storage is not required. Their 3 kinds of model:
1. Shower Model – has a rated power consumption of
6000 watts (6 kW) and provides a continuous supply of hot
water at a maximum rate of 3 LPM at a showering
temperature of 40 degrees Centigrade.
2. Lavatory Model – has a rated power consumption of
3000 watts (3kW) & provides a continuous supply of warm
water for hand washing at a rate of about 1.4 LPM.
3. Multi – point Model – serves several fixtures such as
Lavatory Model of
lavatory, sink, bidet & shower.
an Instantaneous
Water Heater

Operating Diagram
Shower Model of an of an Instantaneous
Instantaneous Water Water Heater
Heater
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 20
What are the Hot Water Storage Tank Connections?
a. Cold Water Supply – Delivered into the tank via a
boiler tube that extends to within 150 mm of the tank
bottom. The purpose of this is to avoid the possibility
of cooling the hot water which accumulates at the top
of the tank. This cold water line must have a small
hole within from the top of the tank. This hole serves
as a vacuum breaker & prevents siphonage.
b. Flow Connection – Connected to an opening on the
tank somewhere above its centerpoint. This line is
called flow connection because the heated water flows
from the heater into the tank.
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU
c. Return Connection – Connected to a tapping on the
bottom of the tank. This line is called the return
connection because it returns the colder water from the
bottom of the tank to the heater.
d. Drain Valve – Located at the lowest point of the storage
tank.
e. Hot Water Distribution Pipe – Connected to a tapping
on the top of the tank at the point near the flow inlet.
f. Blow – Off Valve – Installed to the storage tank to
control the temperature & pressure and to prevent
serious difficulties should the tank become overheated.
21
Types of Tanks used in Domestic Hot Water
System:

Expansion Tank Operating Principle of Expansion Tank

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 22
 Multiple Installation of Storage Water Heaters:
• Where large volumes of hot water are required
over a short period at constant high temperature
to several outlets all being used at one time, one
can install 2, 3, 4 or more, quick recovery mains
pressure storage heaters in parallel using the
“equa flow” manifold. It is designed to ensure
that all heaters are contributing.
• The essential principle of “Equa – Flow” is that the
demand on each heater in the bank is the same as
any other.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 23

What are the Valves and Fittings used in the
Domestic Hot Water System?

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 24

 Valves and Fittings for Hot
Water Heating System:
Pressure Air Vent – a
Relief Valve fitting used to
– is designed remove air,
to open if the either
pressure in manually or
the system automatically,
reaches the from the hot
set point on water heating
the valve. system.
Once the
valve opens,
Air Separator – removes
the pressure
smaller air bubbles, called
in the system microbubbles, from the
will be system.
relieved and,
when the
pressure
drops to an
acceptable
level, the
valve will
close again.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 25

What are the Types of Installations of Hot
Water Distribution?
• The installation for hot water distribution consists of the piping work that
conveys the heated water from the storage tank to the plumbing fixtures.
1. Upfeed & Gravity Return (Recirculation) System – With this system, as the
hot water in the pipe cools, the cooled water, being heavier than the hot water ,
slowly flows down the return pipes to the heaters while the hot water replaces it
in the system.
2. Overhead feed & Gravity Return (Recirculation) System – The operating
principle of the overhead system is based on the fact that in the closed system of
piping, water rises when heated. After it has reached the high point of the system,
natural forces of gravity return it to the storage unit.
3. Pump Circuit System (Pumped Recirculation) – The circulation of hot water
to the plumbing fixtures by means of a mechanical device, usually a centrifugal
pump. This is used in buildings where the other systems already mentioned are
not suitable to produce a circulation of hot water.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 26

Upfeed & Gravity Return System:

• Commonly used in residential installations.

• The purpose of this system is to permit
circulation of hot water within the piping
arrangement.
•The circulating return is economical since it
eliminates water waste.
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 27
Overhead Feed & Gravity Return System:

•It is dependent on the natural laws governing

• The most efficient method of delivering hot water to
expansion and gravity.
fixtures.
•Its advantage is that it allows continuous circulation
• It is generally used in multi-storey buildings
even if there is a mechanical defect in the system,

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 28

Pump Circuit System:

• The circulation of hot water to the plumbing fixture by A Circulating Pump moves water through a piping
means of a mechanical device, usually a centrifugal system. Low horsepower pumps are inexpensive
pump. The rotary motion of the impeller of the to operate.
centrifugal pump creates an even movement of hot
water in the pipes which makes this pump practical to
use.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 29

 Available in:
1/25 hp
1/33 hp
1/40 hp

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 30

Other Piping Layouts for Domestic Hot Water
Supply and Distribution:

Water Main Feed System Overhead Tank Feed System

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 31

Other Piping Layouts for Domestic Hot Water
Supply and Distribution:

Hot water supply system for a Hot water supply system for a
three storey building high-rise building
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 32
Sizing Guide for Centralized Storage Water
Heaters (Vulcan brand): Approximately 5 gallons per outlet
OUTLETS IDEAL VULCAN
GALLONS GALLONS LITERS kW RATING HEIGHT DIAMETER
At 220 volts
1 BATH or 3 15 15 10 38 3.0 kW 46 cm 43 cm
OUTLETS
24 90 3.0 kW 94 cm 44 cm
2 BATHS or 30 24 or 36
6 OUTLEST
36 135 4.0 kW 134 cm 44 cm
3 BATHS or 45 45
9 OUTLETS 45 170 4.0 kW 165 cm 44 cm

4 BATHS OR 60 71 89 340 2 x 4.0 kW 168 cm 61 cm

12 OUTLETS
112 425 2 x 4.0 kW 188 cm 65 cm

5 BATHS or 75 71 or 90
15 OUTLETS

6 BATHS or 90 90
18 OUTLETS

7 BATHS or 105 112

21 OUTLETS

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 33

CALCULATING DOMESTIC HOT WATER DEMAND BY THE
NUMBER OF FIXTURES:

Step 1. Determine the quantity of fixtures that require

hot water supply and multiply with the
corresponding factor according to type of building
served. Refer to Table 1.0

Step 2. Determine the capacity of the heater by solving

the probable maximum demand.

Step 3. Determine the storage tank capacity.

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 34

Table 1.0 Hot water Demand per Fixture
( in gallons per minute )
FIXTURE APARTMENT CLUB HOSPITAL HOTEL FACTORY OFFICE SCHOOL

Lavatory 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(private)
Lavatory 4 6 6 8 12 6 15
(Public)
Bath tub 20 20 20 20 30 -- --

Dishwasher 15 50-150 50-150 50-200 20-100 -- 20-100

Kitchen sink 10 20 20 20 20 -- 10

Laundry tray 20 28 28 28 -- -- --

Pantry sinks 5 10 10 10 -- -- 10

Showers 75 150 75 75 225 -- 225

Slop sinks 20 20 20 30 20 15 20

DEMAND FACTOR 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.30 0.40

STORAGE FACTOR 1.25 0.90 0.60 0.80 1.00 2.00 1.00

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 35

END OF PRESENTATION

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP - CEBU 36