PERIMETER, AREA & VOLUME Rectangle Pyramid PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM

Rectangle SA = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 2𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 2𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 leg2+ leg2 = hypotenuse2

𝑃𝑃 = 2𝑙𝑙 + 2𝑤𝑤 1
V = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ DISTANCE FORMULA
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 3
EXPONENT LAWS 𝑑𝑑 = �(𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2
Square
𝑥𝑥 0 = 1 if x ≠ 0 Law of Sines
𝑃𝑃 = 4𝑠𝑠
1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜸𝜸
1 = =
Triangle 𝑥𝑥 −𝑛𝑛
= if x ≠ 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 sin𝛉𝛉 =
P = add all sides ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Law of Cosines
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚+𝑛𝑛
1 𝑥𝑥 . 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
A = 𝑏𝑏ℎ (𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 )𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚.𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑐𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
2 ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Parallelogram 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 ÷ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚−𝑛𝑛 if x ≠0
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑐𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜽𝜽 =
P= add all sides 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥)𝑚𝑚 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
A = bh 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 =
Trapezoid � � = 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛 if y ≠0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑦𝑦 Sum and Difference
P = add all sides ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜶𝜶 ± 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜷𝜷
1 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜶𝜶 ± 𝜷𝜷) = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 ± 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷
A= (𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2 )h 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥 = √𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 if (a ≥ 0, m ≥0, n>0)
𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝜶𝜶 ± 𝜷𝜷) =
2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜶𝜶 ± 𝜷𝜷) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 ∓ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 1 ∓ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜶𝜶𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜷𝜷
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Circle PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽 =
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Sum to Product Product to Sum
𝐶𝐶 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 where a >0, a ≠ 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽 𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷) − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷)
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
𝟐𝟐
� 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
𝟐𝟐
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 =
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 2
Arc Length 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷) + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷)
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 N 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 =
S = 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃 in radians 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 2
𝜋𝜋 𝑀𝑀 1 𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷) + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷)
S= 180 𝜃𝜃𝜃𝜃in degrees 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂 � � = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 = 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
𝟐𝟐
� 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
𝟐𝟐
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜶𝜶𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 =
𝑁𝑁 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 2
𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷) − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜶𝜶 − 𝜷𝜷)
Circle Sector Area 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜷𝜷 = −2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜶𝜶𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜷𝜷 =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 𝑀𝑀 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 2
𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽
A = 𝑟𝑟 2 in radians 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂 𝑀𝑀 = = = 1
2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏 𝒂𝒂 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 =
A= 𝜃𝜃 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 in degrees 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽
360 SPECIAL PRODUCTS 1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽 =
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽
Rectangular solid 𝑥𝑥 3 ± 𝑦𝑦 3 = (𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑦𝑦)(𝑥𝑥 2 ∓ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 ) 1
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜽𝜽 =
S = 2𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 2𝑙𝑙ℎ + 2𝑤𝑤ℎ BINOMIAL THEOREM 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽
V = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 1
(𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑦𝑦)2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 ± 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽 =
Cube 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜽𝜽
(𝑥𝑥 ± 𝑦𝑦)3 = 𝑥𝑥 3 ± 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 ± 𝑦𝑦 3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜽𝜽 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜽𝜽 = 1
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 6𝑠𝑠 2 (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑦𝑦
V = s3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜽𝜽 + 1 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜽𝜽
𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛−1) 𝑛𝑛−2 2 𝑛𝑛
Cylinder + 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + … + � � 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜽𝜽 + 1 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜽𝜽
2 𝑘𝑘 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟ℎ + … + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜽𝜽 =
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 ℎ 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛−1)…(𝑛𝑛−𝑘𝑘+1) 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
Cone where � � = 2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜽𝜽 =
𝑘𝑘 1•2•3•…•𝑘𝑘 2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 2
1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
1 2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜽𝜽 =
𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 ℎ 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
3 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜽𝜽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜽𝜽
A = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋√𝑟𝑟 2 + ℎ2
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜽𝜽 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜽𝜽
Sphere
= 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜽𝜽 − 1 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜽𝜽
SA = 4πr 2
4 2𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜽𝜽
V = πr 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) =
3 1 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜽𝜽
A = 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2
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DERIVATIVES COMMON DERIVATIVES 13) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒙𝒙)′ = cos𝒙𝒙 25) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒙𝒙)′ = cosh𝒙𝒙
Definition: 1) 𝑐𝑐’ = 0 14) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙)′ = −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒙𝒙 26) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒙𝒙)′ = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒙𝒙
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 2) [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)]’ = 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔’(𝑥𝑥) 15) (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝒙𝒙) ′ = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝒙𝒙 27) (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝒙𝒙) ′ = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ2 𝒙𝒙
Derivative: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
ℎ→0 if this limit exists.
ℎ 16) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙)′
= −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝒙𝒙 2
28) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒙𝒙)′ = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ2 𝒙𝒙
Applications: If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then, 3) [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)]’ = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔’(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
17) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒙𝒙)′
= 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒙𝒙𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝒙𝒙 29) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒙𝒙)′ = −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒙𝒙𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝒙𝒙
• 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑎𝑎) is the slope of the tangent line to y=f(x) at x=a and the equation of the 4) [𝑓𝑓(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥))]’ = 𝑓𝑓’(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥))𝑔𝑔’(𝑥𝑥)
18) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙)′ = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙 30) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒙𝒙)′ = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒙𝒙𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒙𝒙
tangent line at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 is given by 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) + 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑎𝑎)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎).
5) [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥)]’ = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐’(𝑥𝑥) 1 1
• 𝑓𝑓′(𝑎𝑎)is the instantaneous rate of change of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎. 19) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 𝒙𝒙)′ = 31) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ =
• If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)is the position of an object at time 𝑥𝑥, then 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑎𝑎) is the velocity of the object at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 √1−𝑥𝑥 2 √1+𝑥𝑥 2
6) [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) – 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)]’ = 𝑓𝑓’(𝑥𝑥) – 𝑔𝑔’(𝑥𝑥)
Critical points: 1 1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ′ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥)− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) 20) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 𝒙𝒙) ′ = − 32) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ =
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 is the critical point of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 provided either 1. 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑐𝑐) = 0 or 2. 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑐𝑐) does not exist. √1−𝑥𝑥 2 √𝑥𝑥 2 −1
7) � � =
Increasing/Decreasing 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) [𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)]2 1
1
• If 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑥) > 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is increasing on the interval I. 21) (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 𝒙𝒙)′ = 33) (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ =
8) 𝑛𝑛
(𝑥𝑥 )′ = 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1 1+𝑥𝑥 2 1−𝑥𝑥 2
• If 𝑓𝑓 ′(𝑥𝑥) < 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is decreasing on the interval I.
9) [𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ]′ = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 1 1
• If 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is constant on the interval I. 22) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 𝒙𝒙) ′ = − 34) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ =
Concavity 1+𝑥𝑥 2 1−𝑥𝑥 2
10) [𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 ]′ = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂
• If 𝑓𝑓 ′′(𝑥𝑥) > 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is concave up on the interval I. 1 1 1
11) [𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝒙𝒙|]′ = 23) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −1 𝒙𝒙)′ = 35) (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ = −
• If 𝑓𝑓 ′′(𝑥𝑥) < 0 for all x in an interval I, then f(x) is concave down on the interval I. 𝑥𝑥 |𝑥𝑥|√𝑥𝑥 2 −1 |𝑥𝑥|√1−𝑥𝑥 2
Inflection Points 1 1 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 is an inflection point of f(x)if the concavity changes at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐. 12) [𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎 𝒙𝒙]′ = 24) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 𝒙𝒙)′ = − 36) (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ−1 𝒙𝒙)′ = −
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝒂𝒂 |𝑥𝑥|�𝑥𝑥2 −1 |𝑥𝑥|�𝑥𝑥2 +1

INTEGRATION INTEGRALS 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝒖𝒖

18) ∫ 𝑎𝑎2 +𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 𝒂𝒂 + 𝑐𝑐
Definition: Suppose 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏]. Divide [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] into n subintervals of width ∆𝑥𝑥 and choose 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛+1
1) ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖∗ from each interval. Then 𝑛𝑛+1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝒖𝒖
𝑏𝑏
∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
19) ∫ 𝑢𝑢√𝑢𝑢2 −𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −1 𝒂𝒂 + 𝑐𝑐
(𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎) 2) ∫ = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖∗ )∆𝑥𝑥 where ∆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝒖𝒖+𝒂𝒂
𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖=1 3) ∫ 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑐𝑐 20) ∫ 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐−𝒖𝒖𝟐𝟐 = 2𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �𝒖𝒖−𝒂𝒂�+c
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Suppose 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], then
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝒖𝒖−𝒂𝒂
Part I: 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) =∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is also continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)where 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏. 4) ∫ 𝑎𝑎 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = +c 21) ∫ 𝒖𝒖𝟐𝟐−𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 2𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �𝒖𝒖+𝒂𝒂�+c
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒂𝒂
𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏
Part II: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑏𝑏) − 𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎) where 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) is any anti-derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), i.e, a function such that 𝐹𝐹’ = 𝑓𝑓. 5) ∫ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝒖𝒖 − 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑐𝑐 22) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 𝒖𝒖 + √1 − 𝑢𝑢 2 + 𝑐𝑐
Applications: 1
𝑏𝑏 6) ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐 23) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 𝒖𝒖 + √1 − 𝑢𝑢 2 + 𝑐𝑐
Area: 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝒖𝒖
1
24) ∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 tan−1 𝒖𝒖 − ln(1 + 𝑢𝑢2 ) + 𝑐𝑐
Area between Curves: 7) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 2
𝑏𝑏
• 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥); 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 25) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏 9) ∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐 26) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
• 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦); 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐 27) ∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖) + 𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏
Volumes: V= ∫𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 11) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐 28) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐
Volume of Revolution 12) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐 29) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 |𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖| + 𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏 1
Rings V= ∫𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜋(𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟 2 ) 13) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 30) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝒖𝒖� + 𝑐𝑐
2
𝑏𝑏
Cylinders V= ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑡𝑡 ∙ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 14) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 31) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ2 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
𝑏𝑏 15) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 32) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ2 𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
Work: If a force of 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥) moves an object in 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏, then the work done is W=∫𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
16) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐 33) ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
1 𝑏𝑏 34) ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝒖𝒖 + 𝑐𝑐
Average Function Value: The average value of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) on 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑏𝑏 is𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒖𝒖
𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 17) ∫ √𝑎𝑎2 −𝑢𝑢2 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 𝒂𝒂 + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑎𝑎 > 0 35) ∫ 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” Robert Collier “Go down deep enough into anything and you will find mathematics.” Dean Schlicter