Queen Victoria ascended the

1837 throne of Great Britain

In the US was the period of the

greatest expansion and called
the era of the “manifest destiny”.
This name was given in the
belief that the United States had
a divine mission to expand and
spread ideals of freedom and
democracy. But, this expansion
created serious problems with
the Native Americans and
1840s Mexican people

Karl Marx published the

“Manifesto of the Communist
Party. Settled in England, basing
many of his theories on
observations of British economy.
British socialism remained
evolutionary rather Tham
revolutionary like Marx’s and
1848 gradual reforms.

In theUS a series of Indian Wars

were fought in the West, forcing
Native Americans into smaller
and smaller areas called
reservations. The defeat of
Sioux at Wounded Knee in
South Dakota in 1890 is
considered the end of the Indian
1850s-1890s Wars.

The growing weakness of the

Ottoman Empire encouraged
Modern Age Russian expansion southwards
thus challenging the balance of
powers. The rise of Balkan
Nationalism and the rivalries
among the European States
together with Britain’s concern to
maintain the freedom of the
Straits and the route to India, led
into the Crimean War by
1853-1856 1853-56

Charles Darwin published “On

the Origin of Species by Means
1859 of Natural Selection”

In the US, thanks to the Civil

Rights of of 1866, African-
Americans were granted
citizenship , although they still
suffered severe discrimination
and persecution in the southern
1868 states.

Britain’s imperial expansion led

to the occupation or annexation
of a lot of states, like : Egypt,
British East Africa , British
Somaliland, Nigeria and the
British Gold Coast-more than
1880s-1890s 30% of Africa’s population

The Australian colonies became

a dominion. Victoria, the queen
died, led a so much political and
1901 social change