DR.

PRATIK BHATTACHARYA
M.D(Hom.),M.Sc. Applied Psychology

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 Anxious
Depressed
Loved
Angry
Happy
EMOTIONS occupy a place of great
importance in human life.
We have emotions machines don’t.

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 Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary
(1969) says that emotion is ―a psychic and
physical reaction subjectively experienced as
strong feeling and physiologically involving
changes that prepare the body for immediate
vigorous action,‖

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 Emotion is a reaction, both psychological and
physical, subjectively experienced as strong
feelings, many of which prepare the body for
immediate action
 Emotion is a motivated state that is marked by
physiological arousal, expressive behavior &
mental experience.

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 I must warn my readers that that there is no
commonly or even superficially acceptable
definition of what a psychology of emotion is
about. The best illustration of the confusion of
the new century is shown in three volumes of
symposia on ―Feelings and
Emotions‖(Arnold,1970; Reymert, 1928, 1950).
The 101 contributions to the three volumes
represent one or two dozen different theories of
emotion.

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 In contrast to moods, which are generally
longer lasting, emotions are transitory, with
relatively well-defined beginnings and
endings. They also have valence, meaning that
they are either positive or negative.

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 Emotional
Behaviour
 Emotional
Experience.
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 Emotional Behaviour : This includes
external & internal bodily changes
like facial expression, smiling,
laughing etc. Emotional Behaviour
also includes the physiological
arousal reactions like increased
Blood Pressure, Heart Rate &
secretion of glands.
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 Emotional Expression : We not
only act emotional but also
―feel‖ emotional. Thus emotional
experience is the ―feeling‖. It is
subjective and it involves
elements of pleasure or
displeasure, or liking and
disliking.
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 According to Robert Plutchik humans and
animals experience eight basic categories of
emotions that motivate adaptive behavior:
 Fear
 Surprise
 Sadness
 Disgust
 Anger
 Anticipation
 Joy
 Acceptance

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 These basic emotions combine to form new
hybrid or secondary emotions.
(Joy + Acceptance=Love)
(Surprise + Sadness= Disappointment)
 Complex emotions—such as altruism, shame,
guilt, and envy—seem to arise from social
learning.

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 Greeks approached emotion with a form
of double-entry, dealing both with psychic
and somatic aspects of emotional
phenomena .

 Aristotle was the exception to his times

when he considered feelings as natural
phenomena, and his descriptions of the
individual passions remain a model of
naturalistic observation.

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 However, the important shift came with René
Descartes and his publication in 1649 of his The
Passions of the Soul. In the spirit of his day, he
started afresh, postulating six primary
passions, with all the rest constructed of those
six: wonder, love, hate, desire, joy, and
sadness.

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 Kant, who dominated the early
nineteenth century in philosophy in
general, also did so in the realm of
feelings and emotion. His view of
feelings/emotions as a separate faculty
was maintained well into the twentieth
century, as was his distinction between
(temporary) emotions and(lasting)
passions.

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 The first influential theory of emotion in
modern times—the James-Lange theory—was
formulated independently in the 1880s by both
American psychologist and philosopher and
father of Structuralism William James and
Danish physiologist C.G. Lange (1834-1900).
Both scientists arrived at the view that the
physiological manifestations of emotion
precede the subjective ones—rather than
trembling because we are afraid, we are afraid
because we tremble.

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 EVENT
↓
Emotional Behaviour
↓
Emotional Experience
(Feeling)

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 An alternative model of emotional experience,
Cannon-Bard theory was formulated in 1927 by
Walter Cannon (1871-1945), later modifications
were made by Phillip Bard, which proposed
that emotions do originate in the central
nervous system.

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 EVENT
↓
ACTIVATION OF THALAMUS
↓ ↓
Emotional Behaviour ↓
Emotional Experience

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The 1962 Schachter-Singer Two
Factor Theory restores James’s
emphasis on the interpretation of
physiological responses but adds
another element—a cognitive
evaluation of what caused the
responses.

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EMOTION = PHYSIOLOGICAL
AROUSAL + COGNITIVE
INTERPRETATION

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Defines emotion as the occurrence of
non instrumental behavior,
physiological changes, and
evaluative experiences. In the
process of trying a number of
different proposals and investigating
action, physiology, evaluation, and
experience.
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Richard Lazarus’s Cognitive –
Appraisal Theory discards the role
of physiological responses and
maintains that our emotion
depends only upon the cognitive
appraisal or interpretation of the
situation.

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Probably the most common
expression of emotions are the facial
expressions that accompany them.
Charles Darwin originally proposed
that the facial expressions of
emotion have specific survival value
and are a part of our biological
heritage.
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There are six types of emotions
where the facial expressions,
have been found to be universal,
even among blind persons, who
have no means of imitating
them. These are happiness,
sadness, fear, anger, disgust and
surprise.
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 Anxiety Disorder: Here severe anxiety
interferes with normal adjustment and
functioning.
 Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent
Anxiety.
 Panic Attack: Sudden intense fear.
 P.T.S.S: Fear & Anxiety.
 Phobias: Specific Fears.
 OCD: Uncontrolled and unwanted thoughts-
repetitive behavior.

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 Characterized by severe Depression or Mania.
Sub types:
 Major Depressive Disorder
 Mania

 Bipolar Disorder.

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 Characterized by Disordered-
 Thought
 Perception
 Judgment
 Emotion
 Behaviour
Anxious Fearful Cluster (Avoidant Personality)

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Dr.Hahenmann gave a detailed description of
the origin, nature, types and treatment of
mental diseases in § 210-230 in the book
Organon of Medicine. According to Dr.
Hahnemann mental diseases are a type of one
sided diseases, mainly of Psoric origin. They
do not, however, constitute a class sharply
separated from all others, since in every
disease there is alteration of the body and
mind

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Dr. Hahnemann deliberately used the
term ―so called mental disease‖.
Mental diseases are chronic diseases
affecting the whole psycho-somatic
entity, where the brink of
derangement has been shifted on the
mental aspect of the human
organism.
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The mind and body are not two
absolutely separated entities but
they form an invisible whole,
inseparable in facts but
distinguished by the mind for easy
understanding. Consequently every
medicine produces mental and
physical alterations when ever they
are administered to individuals.
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 Type -1. The mental and emotional diseases
where the symptoms of derangement of the
mind and disposition peculiar to each of them
is increased, while the corporeal symptoms
decline (more or less rapidly), till it a length
attains the most striking one-sidedness, almost
as though it were a local disease in the invisible
subtle organ of the mind or disposition.

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Type -2. Insanity or mania (caused by
fright, vexation, the abuse of
spirituous liquors, etc.) have suddenly
broken out as an acute disease in the
patient’s ordinary calm state .
Type -3. The mental disease be not quite
developed, and if it be still somewhat
doubtful whether it really arose from a
corporeal affection, or did not rather
result from faults of education, bad
practices, corrupt morals, neglect of the
mind, superstition or ignorance.

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Type - 4. Emotional diseases which have not
merely been developed into that form out of
corporeal diseases, but which, in an inverse
manner, the body being but slightly
indisposed, originate and are kept up by
emotional causes, such as continued anxiety,
worry, vexation, wrongs and the frequent
occurrence of great fear and fright. This kind
of emotional diseases in time destroys the
corporeal health, often to a great degree.

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 In aphorism 214 of the book Organon of
Medicine Dr. Hahnemann have stated that
―The instructions I have to give relative to the
cure of mental diseases may be confined to a
very few remarks, as they are to be cured in
the same way as all other diseases, namely, by
a remedy which shows, by the symptoms it
causes in the body and mind of a healthy
individual, a power of producing a morbid
state as similar as possible to the case of disease
before us, and in no other way can they be
cured.‖
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 Frequent one sided headache
even from moderate emotional
disturbances

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 Melancholy, Anxious, Mania, Sad
 Fearful, Easily frightened(fear manifested as
anxiety in Psora)
 Fear of fire, of being alone, of death
 Full of imagination, emotions and
sensations without any objective basis.
 Sudden anxiety with palpitation
 Bad effects from grief, shock, emotions and
fear.
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 Depressed but keeps the troubles to
themselves
 Melancholy and morose
 Destructive emotions, no love even
for himself
 Oppression and anxiety at night
(fear manifested as anguish)

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 Extremely irritable
 Disposed to fits of anger
 Jealous
 Anxiety when weather changes
 Broods over things
 Fear and despair of recovery
 No love for others
 Sorrowful, self condemnation.

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Lilienthal Samuel; Homoeopathic Therapeutics; , B.Jain
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110055.

EMOTIONS (Pg.376)
 Ill effects of— Fear, Dread, Fright = 47 medicines
 For consequences of joy = 9 medicines
 For consequences of grief = 16 medicines
 Homesickness, nostalgia = 15 medicines
 Love pangs = 13 medicines
 Mortifications, insults = 21 medicines

INSANITY, MENTAL DERANGEMENTS (Pg.620) = 123

medicines.

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FEAR:
Total 143 medicines of which 21 med in the 1 st grade
Acon., Arg-n., Aur., Bell., Bor., Calc., Cal-p., Carb-s., Cic., Dig., Graph.,
Ign., Kali-ar., Lyc., Lyss., Nat-c., Phos., Plat., Psor., Sep., Stram
ANXIETY:
Total 203 medicines of which 37 medicines are of 1 st grade.
Acon., Arg-n., Ars., Ars-i., Aur., Bell., Bism., Bry., Cact., Calc., Calc-p.,
Calc-s., Camph., Cann-i., Carb-s., Carb-v., Caust., Chin., Con., Dig., Iod.,
Kali-ar., Kali-c., Kali-p., Kali-s., Lyc., Mez., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nit-ac., Phos.,
Psor., Puls., Rhus-t., Sec., Sulph., Verat.

FRIGHT: complaints from: 46 medicines of which 9 medicines are of the 1 st

grade.
Acon., Ign., Lyco,. Nat-m., Op., Ph-ac.,Phos., Puls., Sil

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 SURPRISE: Pleasant, affections, after: Coff.
SADNESS:
Total 249 medicines of which 48 medicines are of the 1 st grade.
Acon., Ars., Ars-i., Aur., Aur-m., Calc., Calc-ar., Calc-s., Carb-an.,
Carb-s., Caust., Cham., Chin., Cimic., Crot-c., Ferr., Ferr-i., Gels.,
Graph., Hell., Hipp., Ign., Iod., Kali-br., Kali-p., Lac-c., Lach.,
Lept., Lil-t., Lyc., Merc., Mez., Murx., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-
s., Nit-ac., Plat., Psor., Puls., rhus-t., Sep., Stann., Sulph., Thuja.,
Verat., Zinc.

DISGUST:
Total 8 medicines of which 2 are of the 1st grade
Puls., Sulph.
(See Loathing): Total 34 medicines of which none are 1 st grade
medicines

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 DISGUST: Total 8 medicines of which 2 are of the 1st
grade
Puls., Sulph.
(See Loathing): Total 34 medicines of which none are 1st
grade medicines)

SADNESS:
Total 249 medicines of which 48 medicines are of the 1st
grade.
Acon., Ars., Ars-i., Aur., Aur-m., Calc., Calc-ar., Calc-s.,
Carb-an., Carb-s., Caust., Cham., Chin., Cimic., Crot-c.,
Ferr., Ferr-i., Gels., Graph., Hell., Hipp., Ign., Iod., Kali-
br., Kali-p., Lac-c., Lach., Lept., Lil-t., Lyc., Merc., Mez.,
Murx., Nat-a., Nat-c., Nat-m., Nat-s., Nit-ac., Plat.,
Psor., Puls., rhus-t., Sep., Stann., Sulph., Thuja., Verat.,
Zinc.
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 ANTICIPATION:
complaints from:
Total 6 medicines of which none are of 1st grade.
Arg-n., ars., gels., lyc., med., ph-ac

ANGER:
Total 18 med in 1st grade.
Acon., Anac., Ars., Aur., Bry.,Cham., Hep.,Ign.,Kali-
c.,Kali-s., Lyc.,Nat-m., Nit-ac., Nux-v., Petr., Sep.,
Staph., Sulph.
ailments after anger:
10 medicines in 1st grade
Acon., Cham.,Cocc., Coloc.,Ign.,Ip.,Nux-v.,Op.,
Plat.,Staph

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 JOY:Ailments from excessive:
Total 8 medicines but none are of the 1st grade.
acon., caust., coff., croc., cycl., nat-c.,op.,puls.

EMOTIONAL (See Excitement)

EXCITEMENT:
Emotional, ailments from:
Total 39 medicines of which 7 medicines are of the
first grade.
Caps., Coff., Coll., Gels., Ph-ac., Puls., Staph.

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1)Arnold, M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality. NewYork: Columbia
University Press.

2)Ekman, P. (Ed.). (1982). Emotion in the human face. New York: Cambridge
University Press.

3)Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge

University Press.

4)Freud, S. (1975). Inhibitions, symptoms, and anxiety. The standard edition of

the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud.London: Hogarth Press.
(Original work published 1926)

5)Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotion. New York: Academic Press.

6)Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition

and Emotion, 13(5), 467–480.

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7)Mandler, G. (1984). Mind and body: Psychology of emotion and stress. New
York: Norton.

8)Webster’s seventh new collegiate dictionary. (1969). Springfield, MA: Merriam.

9)Hahnemann ,Samuel., Organon of Medicine ; 5th & 6th Edition ,English

translation of 5th German edition and appendix by Dr. R.E.Dudgeon; and
English translation of 6th edition by Dr William Boericke, B.Jain
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110055.

10) Samuel, Hahnemann, Lesser Writings, First Edition, B.Jain Publisher

Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi-110055.
11)Samuel, Hahnemann, The chronic diseases their peculiar nature and their
homoeopathic cure, B.Jain Publisher Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi-110055

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12) Foucault. Michel.,The Birth Of The Clinic. An
Archaeology of Medical Perception. Foucault Michel.T
ranslated from French by A.M.Sheridan.,Tavistock
Publication.,11 New Fetter lane London1976
13) Kent, J.Tyler., M.D; Reperatory of the Homoeopathic
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Clara Louise Kent,M.D),
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14) Ghatak, N., Chronic Disease, Its Cause and cure,
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B.Jain Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110055.

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