UNIT lV

THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
THE HEART
I T'S THE MUSCLE AT
THE CENTRE OF YO UR
CI RCULATI ON SYSTEM.
I T pumps blood
ar ound your body as
your hear t beat s .
SIZE, FORM,AND LOCATION
OF THE HEART

• THE A DULT SIZE O F THE HEA RT IS S H A PE

LIKE A BLU NT C O NE A ND IS A PPRO XIMA TELY
THE SIZE O F A CLO SED F IST.
• THE BLU NT , RO U NDE D P O INT O F THE
HEA RT IS TH E APEX .
• A ND THE LA RG ER FLA T PA RT A T THE
O PPO SITE END O F THE HEA RT IS THE B ASE .
SIZE, FORM,AND LOCATION
OF THE HEART
• THE HEA RT IS LO CA TED IN TH E
THO RACIC C AVITY BETW EEN TH E TW O
PLEU RA L C A ITIES THA T S U RRO U ND TH E
LU NG S .

• THE HEA RT, TRA C HEA , ESO PH AG US,

A ND A SSO C IA TED ST RU C TU RES FO RM A
MIDLINE PA RT ITIO N, TH E
MEDIASTIN U M

• THE HEA RT IS SU RRO U NDED BY IT S

O WN C A VITY, THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
• L A R Y N X - A L S O C A L L E D V O I C E B O X , A H O L L O W , T U B U L A R S T R U C T U R E C O N NE C T E D T O
THE TOP OF THE WINDPIPE .
• TRACHEA - CARRY AIR IN AND OUT OF YOUR LUNGS.
• RIB - PROTECT THE LUNGS AND OTHER VITAL ORGANS LIKE HEART
• SUPERIOR VENA CAVA- CARRIES BLOOD DRAINED FROM THE PARTS OF THE BODY
ABOVE THE DIAPHRAGM
• RIGHT LUNG - WIDE AND SHORT HAS A CARDIAC IMPRESSION
• R I G H T A T R I U M - R E C E I V E S O X Y G E N - PO O R B L O O D F R O M T H E BO D Y A N D P U M P S I T T O
T H E R I G H T V E N T R I C L E . T H E R I G H T V E N T R I C L E P U M P S T H E O XY G E N - P O O R B L O O D T O
THE LUNGS
• RIB - HELP PROTECTS THE ORGANS IN THE CHEST
• VISCERAL PLEURA - COVERS THE SURFACE OF THE LUNGS
• P A R I E T A L P L E U R A - C O V ER S T H E S U R F A C E O F T HE L U N G S A ND I S R E S P O N S I B L E F O R
PROTECTING AND ANCHORING THE LUNGS TO THE CHEST WALL.
• D I A P H R A G M - T H E D I A P H R A G M I S A D O M E - SH A PE D , M U S C U L A R P A R T I T I O N T H A T
SEPARATES THE THORACIC CAVITY.
• AORTIC ARCH -IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPPLYING OXYGENATED
BLOOD TO THE UPPER BODY
• PULMONARY TRUNK - CARRY DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE
RIGHT VENTRICLE OF THE HEART TO THE LUNGS.
• LEFT ATRIUM - RECEIVE OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE
PULMONARY VEINS AND PUMP THIS OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD INTO THE
LEFT VENTRICLE,
• LEFT LUNG - NARROW AND LONG AND IS VERY CLOSE TO THE
HEART
• LEFT VENTICLE - RECEIVES OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD FROM THE LUNGS
AND PUMPS IT THROUGH THE MITRAL VALVE TO THE LEFT
VENTRICLE
• APEX OF HEART - HELPS PUMP OR “WRING OUT” BLOOD FROM THE
VENTRICLES TO THE REST OF THE BODY
Conduction System of the Heart
• ALSO CALLED AS “CARDIA C CONDUC TIO N SYSTEM” OR
“HEART'S ELECTRI CAL SYSTEM”
• IS THE NETWORK OF NODES, CELLS AND SIGNALS THAT
CONTROLS YOUR HEARTBEAT.
• YOUR HEART CONDU CTIO N SYSTEM SENDS THE SIGNAL AND
AS THE SIGNAL TRAVELS, IT CAUSES THE HEART TO
CONTRA CT AND PUMP BLOOD.
PART S OF T H E CARDIAC CONDUCT ION S YS T EM
• Si n o a tri al n o d e .(SA )
• At ri o ventricul ar n o d e.(AV)
• A t ri o ventricul ar b u n dle ( AV b u n d les)
• Pu rk i nje f i b e rs
Si noatrial node.(SA)
• functions as the heart’s pacemaker
• is located in the superior wall of the right atr ium and
initiates the contraction of the atria
• The signal begins in a group of cells, called pacem aker
cells, located in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

TH O S E ELECTRICAL S IGN AL O R IGIN AT E I N T H E S A N ODE AN D W ILL

S PR EAD OVER TH E RIGH T AND LEFT ATRIA, CAUS ING TH EM T O
CO N T R ACT CAUS IN G T H EM T O PUMP BL O OD IN TO T H E
VEN TR ICLES .
Atrioventricular node
• is a collection of specialized cardiac muscle cells, which are
bundled together to form a node
• delays the SA node’s electrical signal.The delay ensures that
your atria are empty of blood before the contraction stops
allowing the ventricles time to finish filling with blood.
A t r i o v ent r icul ar b u n dl e.
• A lso kn o wn a s b u n d le o f His
• It is a b ra n ch o f f ib e rs (n e rve ce lls) t h a t e xt e n d s f ro m yo u r AV
n o d e . Th is f ib e r b u n d le re ce ive s th e e le ctrica l sig n a l fro m th e
AV n o d e a n d ca rrie s it t o t h e P u rkin je f ib e rs.
P u rk i nje f i b e r s
• A n y o f t h e sp e cia lize d ca rd ia c mu scle fib e rs fo rmin g a n e two rk
in t h e ve n t ricu la r wa lls t h a t co n d u ct e le ct rical imp u lse s
re sp o n sib le f o r t h e co n tra ctio n s o f th e ve n tricle s.
• P u rkin je f ib e rs a llo w t h e h e a rt 's co n d u ct io n syst e m t o cre a t e
syn ch ro n ize d co n t ra ctio n s o f its ve n tricle s,
 THE
CARDIAC
CYCLE
TH E TERM C A RDIA C
C YC LE REFERS TO THE
REPETITIVE PU MPING
PRO C ESS THA T BEG INS
WITH TH E O NSET O F
C A RDIA C MU SC LE
C O NTRA C TIO N A ND
ENDS WITH THE
BEG INNING O F TH E
NEXT C O NTRA C TIO N
Dias t ole is t he very f irs t event of t he c ardiac c yc le . At t he beginning of t he
c ardiac c yc le, bot h t he at ria and vent ric les are relaxed .

At rial s ys t ole —The a t ria c ont rac t , f orc ing addit ional blood t o flow int o t he
vent ric les t o c omplet e t heir f illing

Vent ric ular s ys t ole —At t he beginning of vent ric ular s ys t ole, c ont rac t ion of
t he vent ric les pus hes blood t oward t he at ria

Vent ric ular dias t ole —At t he beginning of vent ric ular dias t ole, the pres s ure
in t he vent ric les dec reas es below t he pres s ure in t he aort a and pulmonar y
t runk .
H e a rt S o u n d .
• He a rt so un d s a re th e no ise s
g e n e ra t ed b y t h e b e a tin g of
t h e h e a rt a n d t h e re su lt a n t
f lo w o f b lo o d t h ro u g h the
h e a rt 's ch a mb e rs and
va lve s . Th e se so u n d s a re
cru cia l f o r d ia g no sin g a nd
u n d e rsta nd in g t he fu n ctio n
o f t h e h ea rt a n d a re t yp ica ll y
d e scrib e d a s "lu b -d u b . "
H e a rt S o u n d.
Heart sound are auscultated at 4 different
sites on the chest wall which correspond to
the location of the blood flow as it passes
through the aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and
mitral.
 REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION

HEART RATE IS CONTROLLED BY THE TWO BRANCHES

OF THE AUTONOMIC (INVOLUNTARY) NERVOUS
SYSTEM. THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
AND THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS). THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
RELEASES THE HORMONES (CATECHOLAMINES -
EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE) TO
ACCELERATE THE HEART RATE.
 THE BLOOD VESSELS AND
C IRC ULAT IO N O F BLO O D

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF

BLOOD VESSELS THAT CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM
THE TOWARDS THE HEART. ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD
AWAY FROM THE HEART AND VEINS CARRY
BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART.
F u n c tio n o f t h e c i r c u lat or y s y s t e m .
The circu la t io n o f b lo o d re f e rs t o t h e p ro ce ss b y wh ich o xyg e n -
rich b lo o d f ro m t h e h e a rt is p u mp e d th ro u g h o u t th e b o d y,
delive rin g o xyg e n a n d e sse n t ia l n u t rie n t s t o ce lls a n d t issu e s a n d
re mo vin g wa st e p ro d u cts su ch a s ca rb o n d io xid e .
Pul m ona r y v e s s e l : ca r r yin g t h e o xyg e n a t e d
b l o o d t o t h e h e a r t f r o m t h e lu n g s a n d c a r r y in g
t h e d e o x y g e n a te d b l o o d f r o m t h e h e a r t t o t h e
lu n g s .
Sy s t e m ic v e s s e l : ca r r ie s b lo o d f r o m t h e le f t
v e n t r ic le t o t h e t is s u e s in a ll p a r t s o f t h e b o d y
a n d t h e n r e t u r n s t h e b l o o d t o t h e r ig h t a t r iu m
Pul m ona r y c i r c ul a t ion:
t h e syst e m o f t r a n sp o r ta tio n t h a t sh u n t s d e -
o xyg e n a t e d b lo o d f r o m t h e h e a r t t o t h e lu n g s
t o b e r e - s a t u ra ted w i t h o x y g e n b e f o r e b e in g
d is p e r s e d in t o t h e s y s t e m ic c i r c u la tio n.
 Pul m ona r y t r unk : t r a n sp o rtin g d e o xyg e n a te d
blood from the heart towards the lungs carry
b l o o d t h a t ' s lo w i n o x y g e n a n d h i g h in c a r b o n
d i o x id e wa s t e t o t h e p u lm o na ry c a p illa ries o f t h e
lungs
R i ght a nd l e f t pul m ona r y a r t e r ie s : Th e r ig h t
p u lm o n ar y a r t e r y s u p p l i e s t h e r i g h t lu n g w h ile
t h e le f t p u lm o n ar y a r t e r y s u p p lie s t h e le f t lu n g .
The Structure and Function
of blood vessels
There are three main types of blood vessels
• Arteries
- Are vessels that carry oxygenated blood away
from the heart.

• Capillaries
- It acts as a network of exchanges betweeen
arteries and Veins

• Veins
- Are vessels that carry deoxygenated blood
back
to the heart
Arteries
There are 3 layers in artery tunica interna/intima, tunica
media, tunica externa.
• Tunica Interna/intima
- Is the innermost layer of the blood vessel, also known
as the internal wall of the blood vessel.

• Tunica Media
- Is the middle layer of the blood vessel, also known as
the media or muscular layer.

• Tunica Externa
- Also known as tunica adventitia is the outermost layer
of the blood vessel, acting as the protective coating for the
inner layers.
 Capillaries

• Tiny, microscopic bloodvessels that connect

arteriesto veins
• Responsible for transferringoxygen and
nutrients to cells
• Wall so thin that 02 passesfrom arterial blood
through them into cells in organs/tissues
• Waste products(CO2) passinto capillaries to be
carried back by veins to heart/lungs
 Veins
• As blood returns to the heart via veins, it is a darker blue
color due to a lack of oxygen and the presence of waste
products, such as carbon dioxide.
• Largest vein=superior& inferior vena cava
-Bring blood from upperand
lower body into right atrium
• Venules: smallest veins