CALCULATION OF BACKWATER CURVES BY THE RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD

Wender in' and Don M. ~ r a ~ '

SUMMARY

The a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e Runge-Kutta Method f o r c a l c u l a t i n g

b a c k w a t e r p r o f i l e s f o r "Gradually and S p a t i a l l y - V a r i e d Flow"

is discussed. An example c a l c u l a t i o n d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e u s e

of t h e method f o r g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w i s p r e s e n t e d .

'~ e s e a r c hO f f i c e r , D i v i s i o n of Hydrology, C o l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r -
i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f Saskatchewan, S a s k a t o o n , Canada.
'Chairman, D i v i s i o n of Hydrology, C o l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and
P r o f e s s o r , Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y
o f Saskatchewan, S a s k a t o o n , Canada.
 CALCULATION OF BACKWATER CURVES BY THE RTJNGE-KUTTA METHOD

Wender in' and Don M. ray^

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Computation o f t h e s h a p e of t h e flow p r o f i l e f o r g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d

flow i s i m p o r t a n t t o t h e p r a c t i c a l d e s i g n of most open-channel h y d r a u l i c

systems. It h a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c t of many i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d of

h y d r a u l i c s (Bakhmeteff ( 1 9 3 2 ) , Charnomskii ( 1 9 1 4 ) , Husted ( 1 9 2 4 ) , Lee

--
e t al. (1952) Mononobe (1938) and Chow ( 1 9 5 5 ) ) . I n s p i t e of t h e e f f o r t s

o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t o r s , n o g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e problem - which is

s u p e r i o r t o any o t h e r a v a i l a b l e , h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . In recent years,

f a m i l i e s of dimensionless p r o f i l e s f o r wide r e c t a n g u l a r channels developed

by V a l e n t i n e (1964, 1 9 6 7 ) , and Chen and Wang (1969) h a v e been u s e d t o

predict the profiles. However, t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s a r e

l i m i t e d i n p r a c t i c e t o t h e g e o m e t r i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r which t h e y w e r e

derived. A l s o , t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e r e s u l t s is n o t always good b e c a u s e

of d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered i n including s p e c i f i c values of dimensionless

plots. C o n s e q u e n t l y , less t e d i o u s and less r e s t r i c t i v e methods are

n e c e s s a r y i f a g e n e r a l method i s t o b e a c c e p t e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e f l o w

profiles .

' ~ e s e a r c h O f f i c e r , D i v i s i o n of Hydrology, C o l l e g e of E n g i n e e r i n g ,
U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan, S a s k a t o o n , Canada.
2 ~ h a i r m a n ,D i v i s i o n of Hydrology, C o l l e g e of E n g i n e e r i n g and P r o f e s s o r ,
Department o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y of Saskatchewan,
S a s k a t o o n , Canada.
 The b a s i c o b j e c t i v e of t h i s p a p e r i s t o demonstrate t h a t t h e

Runge-Kutta method i s a p p l i c a b l e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r o f i l e s of

g r a d u a l l y and s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d flow p r o f i l e s f o r a r b i t r a r y g e o m e t r i c

configurations.

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e phenomenon o f s p a t i a l l y -

v a r i e d f l o w have been d e r i v e d , e i t h e r from t h e energy e q u a t i o n o r from

t h e momentum e q u a t i o n , by many i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( S c h o k l i t s c h (1950) ,

P e t r o v (1951), L i (1955), Chow ( 1 9 5 9 ) ) . While t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s

f o r flow w i t h l a t e r a l i n f l o w p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t o r s a r e p r a c t i -

c a l l y i d e n t i c a l ; t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s d e f i n i n g flow w i t h l a t e r a l

o u t f l o w o r seepage d i f f e r a p p r e c i a b l y . The d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n

i n c l u d i n g b o t h components of l a t e r a l i n f l o w and o u t f l o w was f i r s t

developed by Chen and Hansen (1966).

S p a t i a l l y - V a r i e d Flow - L i n (1970) developed a g e n e r a l i z e d

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n of s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d flow which i n c l u d e s t h e

momentum c o e f f i c i e n t . T h i s e q u a t i o n was developed assuming t h a t ,

1. The channel i s p r i s m a t i c ,

2. -
The s l o p e of c h a n n e l i s s m a l l s o t h a t t h e v e r t i c a l depth
'

and d e p t h measured normal t o t h e channel i n v e r t a r e e q u a l ,

3. The v e l o c i t y v e c t o r s of t h e l a t e r a l i n f l o w and o u t f l o w a r e

p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e flow i n t h e channel, t h e r e f o r e , t h e i r

v e l o c i t y components i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s t r e a m f l o w a r e

zero,
 4. The f o r c e s caused by impact from i n f l o w ( r a i n f a l l , e t c . )

on s treamf low a r e n e g l i g i b l e ,

5. A i r r e s i s t a n c e and s u r f a c e t e n s i o n f o r c e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y

small t o be n e g l i g i b l e ,

6. The f l u i d i s i n c o m p r e s s i b l e and t h e r e f o r e i t s d e n s i t y is

constant .
The e q u a t i o n of s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w , under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s i s ,

where y = v e r t i c a l depth of flow,

x = c o - o r d i n a t e of flow c r o s s - s e c t i o n , which i s

p o s i t i v e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of flow,

S = s l o p e of t h e channel bottom,
0

Sf = f r i c t i o n slope,

$ = momentum c o e f f i c i e n t ,

Q = t o t a l d i s c h a r g e p a s s i n g through a flow c r o s s -

s e c t i o n , a f u n c t i o n of x ,

g = a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y ,

A = a r e a of t h e flow c r o s s - s e c t i o n , a f u n c t i o n of y ,

I = l a t e r a l i n f l o w , a f u n c t i o n of x ,

0 = l a t e r a l o u t f l o w , a f u n c t i o n of x ,

F =
gA2D
, Froude number, i n which D , t h e h y d r a u l i c

depth of flow, e q u a l s A/T where T i s t h e

t o p width of flow. Both D and T a r e f u n c t i o n s

of y .
For t u r b u l e n t flow c o n d i t i o n s where t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e

flow c r o s s - s e c t i o n can be assumed n o t t o v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h d i s t a n c e ,

x; t h e momentum c o e f f i c i e n t , B, can b e assumed t o b e c o n s t a n t , and t h u s

Equation (1) reduces t o ,

For t h e c a s e of l a m i n a r flow i n which t h e momentum c o e f f i c i e n t v a r i e s

b o t h w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of flow and t h e d i s c h a r g e

r a t e ; t h e d e r i v a t i v e dB/dx cannot b e dropped from Equation ( 1 ) . However,

i f t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e flow c r o s s - s e c t i o n i s assumed t o b e

t h e same a s t h a t f o r uniform f l o w h a v i n g t h e same average v e l o c i t y and

d e p t h ; t h e momentum c o e f f i c i e n t , 6 , i s a f u n c t i o n o n l y of t h e d e p t h of
flow ( S t r a u b --
e t a l . ( 1 9 5 8 ) ) , and hence Equation (1) can b e w r i t t e n a s ,

Gradually-Varied Flow - Gradually-varied flow i s a s p e c i a l c a s e of

s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d flow i n which no l a t e r a l i n f l o w o r o u t f l o w o c c u r s . If

t h e momentum c o e f f i c i e n t , 6, is assumed t o b e c o n s t a n t independent of

depth - a s i s f r e q u e n t l y done ( V a l e n t i n e (1967), Chen and Wang ( 1 9 6 9 ) ) ,

t h e e q u a t i o n f o r g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d flow o b t a i n e d from Equation (1) i s ,

 F r i c t i o n Slope - The f r i c t i o n s l o p e a t a c r o s s - s e c t i o n f o r b o t h

g r a d u a l l y and s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w i s g e n e r a l l y assumed t o b e t h e e q u a l

t o t h a t which would o c c u r u n d e r u n i f o r m f l o w h a v i n g t h e same v e l o c i t y

and h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s . Thus, f o r t u r b u l e n t f l o w , t h e f r i c t i o n s l o p e a t

a c r o s s - s e c t i o n c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d e i t h e r by Chezy's f o r m u l a a s ,

where C = Chezy's f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , and

IR = h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s , a f u n c t i o n o f y ,

o r by Manning1s f o r m u l a as,

where n = Manning's f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .

I n p r a c t i c e , t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s , "C1' and "nl' a r e assumed c o n s t a n t . When

t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s due t o t h e impact of l a t e r a l f l o w a r e l a r g e s o t h a t

t h e i r e f f e c t s cannot b e n e g l e c t e d , a modified f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s

used t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e phenomenon.

For l a m i n a r f l o w , t h e f r i c t i o n s l o p e f o r any p r i s m a t i c c h a n n e l

c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n p r e s e n t e d by Chow ( 1 9 5 9 ) ,
where K = a parameter whose magnitude depends o n l y

on t h e geometric c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e

channel c r o s s - s e c t i o n ,

?A = dynamic v i s c o s i t y of t h e f l u i d , and

p = d e n s i t y of t h e f l u i d .

The parameter, K , f o r l a m i n a r uniform flow f o r d i f f e r e n t channel

g e o m e t r i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s can b e o b t a i n e d a n a l y t i c a l l y by s o l v i n g

Poisson's equation. S t r a u b --
e t a l . (1958) found K t o b e a f u n c t i o n

only of t h e depth of flow.

From t h e p r e c e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n s i t may be concluded t h a t w i t h t h e

assumptions imposed a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s on t h e right-hand s i d e of Equation

(1) can b e e x p r e s s e d a s f u n c t i o n s of e i t h e r x o r y. Thus, t h e s l o p e of

t h e flow p r o f i l e , dy/dx, f o r s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w i n p r i s m a t i c channels

may b e w r i t t e n simply a s ,

where f ( x , y ) = a f u n c t i o n of x and y.

RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD

I f t h e f i r s t d e g r e e o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n can b e e x p r e s s e d

i n t h e form of Equation ( 8 ) , t h e magnitude of y a t t h e n e i g h b o r i n g p o i n t

x , can b e approximated n u m e r i c a l l y from known v a l u e s of y

1
,at x l , (see
Fig. 1 ) u s i n g t h e Runge-Kutta (Carnahan --
e t a l . (1969)) method a s f o l l o w s :

where = t h e approximated v a l u e of y a t t h e n e i g h b o r i n g
y2

point, x
2

Ax = i n c r e m e n t a l d i s t a n c e i n x d i r e c t i o n , and

R ,R ,R ,R = f u n c t i o n s of x and y .
1 2 3 4

Equation (9) can b e used t o s o l v e Equation (1) f o r a s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d

flow p r o f i l e w i t h d i f f e r e n t channel shapes. For g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d flow,

where no l a t e r a l i n f l o w o r outflow o c c u r s , and t h e d i s c h a r g e , Q, i s

c o n s t a n t a l o n g t h e l e n g t h , x , dy/dx i s a f u n c t i o n o n l y of y. Thus,

and, Equation (9) reduces t o

Figure I RUNGE - KUTTA METHOD.
 It should b e n o t e d t h a t Equations (9) and (11) can b e used f o r

s o l v i n g t h e v a l u e of y a t t h e forward n e i g h b o r i n g p o i n t , x 2 , u s i n g
2

known v a l u e s of y
1
at x
1
. The v a l u e of y
0
a t t h e backward n e i g h b o r i n g

point, x can a l s o b e approximated from y and x from Equations (9)

0 ' 1 1

and (11) u s i n g a n e g a t i v e v a l u e of Ax.

Example A p p l i c a t i o n - To show t h e s i m p l i c i t y and v e r s a t i l i t y of

t h e method i n s o l v i n g t h e problem; an example c a l c u l a t i o n f o r g r a d u a l l y -

v a r i e d flow i s p r e s e n t e d .

Problem: A t r a p e z o i d a l channel having a bottom w i d t h , b = 20 f t

and 2 : l s i d e s l o p e s , c a r r i e s a d i s c h a r g e of 400 c f s on a s l o p e ,

S = 0.0016. Manning's roughness c o e f f i c i e n t n = 0.025. The

0

momentum c o e f f i c i e n t 6 = 1.10.

Assume a dam, equipped w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e o u t l e t works,

i s c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e channel s o t h a t w a t e r immediately behind

t h e s t r u c t u r e i s ponded t o a d e p t h of 5 f t .

C a l c u l a t e t h e backwater p r o f i l e c r e a t e d by t h e dam

t o a p o i n t upstream where t h e d e p t h of flow i s 1%g r e a t e r than

normal depth.
 Solution: The c r i t i c a l and normal d e p t h s a r e c a l c u l a t e d t o b e

= 2.22 f t and yn = 3.36 f t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Since y

c n > Yc,
t h e backwater curve i s a n M-1 type. The upstream d e p t h t o

which t h e p r o f i l e i s t o b e c a l c u l a t e d i s assumed a s , y = 3.3936

ft. The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of flow, A , t h e h y d r a u l i c d e p t h ,

D , t h e h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s , R, and t h e f r i c t i o n s l o p e , S f , can b e

e x p r e s s e d a s f u n c t i o n s of y a s ,

Using t h e s e f u n c t i o n s and t h e known v a l u e s of "n" and "Q", Equation (4)

f o r dy/dx can be e x p r e s s e d a s a f u n c t i o n of y a s

For convenience, t h e channel bottom a t t h e s i t e of t h e dam w a s

t a k e n a s t h e o r i g i n ( s e e F i g . 2) and Equation (11) was s o l v e d by t h e

backward s t e p method u s i n g n e g a t i v e v a l u e s of Ax. A computer program

u s i n g BASIC language on a time-shared system was used t o p e r f o m t h e

calculations.
 C a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e s u r f a c e p r o f i l e were made by t h e Runge-Kutta

method u s i n g v a l u e s of Ax = 1 f t , 5 f t , 1 0 f t , 50 f t a n d 100 f t and

were compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e G r a p h i c a l I n t e g r a t i o n

t e c h n i q u e (Chow, 1 9 5 9 ) . A comparison o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u s i n g

Ox = 1 f t i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 and p l o t t e d i n F i g . 2. As shown, t h e

r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by t h e two methods w e r e found t o a g r e e v e r y c l o s e l y .

S i m i l a r r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h o t h e r v a l u e s of Ax.

DISCUSS I O N

The Runge-Kutta method r e q u i r e d t h a t a n i n i t i a l v a l u e o f

y ( x l ) = y l b e known t o s t a r t t h e c o m p u t a t i o n . However, any v a l u e o f

t h e f l o w p r o f i l e d e p t h , y , a t a g i v e n d i s t a n c e , x , c a n b e u s e d as t h e

i n i t i a l point.

For gradually-varied flow t h e discharge, Q , is c o n s t a n t w i t h

d i s t a n c e and dy/dx i s a f u n c t i o n o n l y of y . Thus, i n g e n e r a l , t h e

c a l c u l a t i o n may b e s t a r t e d from e i t h e r (1) y = yc + Ay n e a r t h e

control section, or ( 2 ) y = yn +_ Ay where t h e p r o f i l e i s a s y m p t o t i c

t o t h e p r o f i l e f o r u n i f o r m flow. The s i g n o f Ay depends on t h e r e g i o n

i n which t h e p r o f i l e i s t o b e s o l v e d ( s e e F i g . 3 ) . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d

from E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) t h a t ; dy/dx = 2 a w h e n y = y and dy/dx = 0 when

c'
y = yn f o r a l l t y p e s of g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w e x c l u d i n g t h e c a s e of

f l o w on c r i t i c a l s l o p e ( s i n c e dy/dx i s i n d e t e r m i n a t e when y = y = yn).

C

As a r e s u l t ; t h e two d e p t h s , y and yn, c a n n o t b e u s e d as i n i t i a l d e p t h s

C

w i t h which t o commence t h e Runge-Kutta method. I n o t h e r words, a l l

 TABLE 1

Comparison of Surface Profiles Calculated by Runge-Kutta Method

and Graphical-Integration Method

DISTANCE FROM DAM RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD GRAPHICAL-INTEGRATION METHOD

(Ax = -1 ft) (From Chow (1959))
 PROFILE BY RUNGE - KUTTA METHOD
PROFILE BY GRAPHICAL - INTEGRATION METHOD

Figure 2 SURFACE P R O F I L E S C A L C I J L A T E D BY R U N G E - K U T T A
AND GRAPHICAL - INTEGRATION METHOD
 -
LEGEND :
0 I N I T I A L POINT
FORWARD
- -
COMPUTATION
BACKWARD COMPUTATION

Figure 3 INITIAL POINTS FOR RUNGE - KUTTA METHOD

FOR 'MI' TYPE GRADUALLY - VARIED FLOW PROFILES
p r o f i l e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e p e r p e n d i c u l a r o r p a r a l l e l t o t h e c h a n n e l bed

can b e determined by t h e method.

For s p a t i a l l y - v a r i e d f l o w , dy/dx i s i n d e t e r m i n a t e a t a c o n t r o l

s e c t i o n where y = yc. I n g e n e r a l , however, a f i n i t e v a l u e of

(d~/dx) can b e e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h e Method o f S i n g u l a r P o i n t

Y = Yc

(Chow ( 1 9 5 9 ) ) . By t h i s method t h e v a l u e s of (dy/dx) and y at

Y = Yc C

the distance, x f o r t h e c o n t r o l s e c t i o n c a n b e used t o g i v e a d i r e c t

c'
approximation of y a t d i s t a n c e s ; x
C
+ Ax and x
C
- Ax, respectively,

and t h e d e p t h s ; y ( x
C
+ Ax), y ( x
C
- Ax) can b e used a s i n i t i a l p o i n t s

i n t h e Runge-Kutta method (Equation ( 9 ) ) by c a l c u l a t i n g t h e flow

p r o f i l e w i t h b o t h forward and backward s t e p s ( s e e Fig. 4 ) . Determina-

t i o n of t h e v a l u e s o f x and (dy/dx) can b e achieved by

c * Yc, Y = Yc

methods o u t l i n e d by Chow (1959), Hinds (1922), E s c o f f i e r (1958) and

Smith (1967).

The Runge-Kutta method i s a modified p r o c e d u r e f o r f i n d i n g a

n e i g h b o r i n g d e p t h , y , from a known v a l u e of y = y ( x ) by t h e T a y l o r ' s

1 1

expansion; r e t a i n i n g i n t h e computation t h e d e r i v a t i v e s t o t h e f o u r t h

order. The sum o f t h e t r u n c a t e d terms of h i g h e r o r d e r i s t h e main

s o u r c e o f e r r o r i n t h e computation. I n a p p l y i n g t h e method c o n s i d e r a -

t i o n must b e g i v e n t o t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e magnitude of Ax. Ax should

b e s e l e c t e d s m a l l enough t o o b t a i n r e a s o n a b l e accuracy of t h e p r o f i l e

y e t i t s h o u l d be a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e t o keep t h e rounding e r r o r under

c o n t r o l and a v o i d a n e x c e s s i v e number of c a l c u l a t i o n s . Based on

e x p e r i e n c e , i t i s recommended t h e c a l c u l a t i o n b e g i n assuming a l a r g e

Ax then r e p e a t e d u s i n g Ax/2, u n t i l t h e r e p e a t e d p r o f i l e s do n o t d i f f e r

a p p r e c i a b l y i n magnitude.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e Runge-Kutta method f o r

c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r o f i l e s of backwater c u r v e s - f o r s p a t i a l l y and

g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d flow i s p r e s e n t e d . An example c a l c u l a t i o n comparing

t h e p r e d i c t e d p r o f i l e f o r g r a d u a l l y - v a r i e d flow by t h e Runge-Kut t a

method i s shown t o b e i n c l o s e agreement w i t h t h a t c a l c u l a t e d by t h e

g r a p h i c a l - i n t e g r a t i o n method.
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