132

INVESTIGATION O N THE FLUCTUATING BLADE FORCES

OF A CAVITATING PROPELLER I N OBLIQUE F L O W
by

K. ALBRECHT') and K.R. SUHRBIER")

Summary
Some m o d e l tests have been c a r r i e d o u t i n a f r e e - s u r f a c e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l w i t h a 3 - b l a d e d s u p e r -
cavitating propeller mounted on a special blade d y n a m o m e t e r t o m e a s u r e the f l u c t u a t i n g b l a d e l o a d s
in o b l i q u e f l o w o v e r a range of c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r s . T h e e x p e r i m e n t s s h o w e d that the v i b r a t o r y f o r c e s o n
the b l a d e s d e c r e a s e i n c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s w e r e a n a l y s e d o n t h e b a s i s o f a q u a s i -
steady a p p r o a c h ; e m p i r i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n f a c t o r s w e r e d e r i v e d w h i c h m a y b e u s e d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e
predictions o f blade t h r u s t and torque fluctuations o f s i m i l a r i n c l i n e d shaft p r o p e l l e r s . S o m e a d d i -
tional o b s e r v a t i o n s h a v e b e e n m a d e o n t h e e f f e c t s o f a n a r r o w w a k e f i e l d a n d p r o p e l l e r v e n t i l a t i o n .

1. Introduction
Although a g r e a t d e a l o f e f f o r t h a s b e e n s p e n t Ta n i g u c h i e t a l . c o n d u c t e d a s i m i l a r s t u d y o n
in t h e p a s t o n t h e v a r i o u s p r o b l e m s o f s c r e w cavitating p r o p e l l e r s . H o w e v e r, i n b o t h cases
propellers operating i n the f l o w f i e l d b e h i n d a the i n d i v i d u a l b l a d e f o r c e s h a v e n o t b e e n m e a s -

ship, c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e w o r k has b e e n done on ured. S u c h e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d out b y

vibratory l o a d s o f high speed p r o p e l l e r s . I n
formation of this kind is essential f o r stress o r
vibration studies, especially f o r the assessment
of t h e f a t i g u e l o a d s a n d t h e c h o i c e o f p r o p e l l e r
material and blade dimensions. T h e relatively
limited knowledge i n this p a r t i c u l a r a r e a m a y
seem s o m e w h a t s u r p r i s i n g i n v i e w o f i t s e f f e c t
on t h e d e s i g n o f h i g h - s p e e d c r a f t . I t h a s t o b e
r e a l i s e d , h o w e v e r, t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e t h e o r e t i c a l
and e x p e r i m e n t a l d i f f i c u l t i e s a r e e n c o u n t e r e d
when d e a l i n g w i t h u n s t e a d y a n d c a v i t a t i n g f l o w
problems.
Fluctuating blade loads due to oblique p r o p e l -
ler inflow h a v e been treated i n a relatively
small n u m b e r o f investigations ( e . g . [ 1 to 6]);
only s o m e p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r e n g i n e e r i n g
a p p l i c a t i o n s t o such p r o b l e m s a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
shaft i n c l i n a t i o n , t a n g e n t i a l w a k e c o m p o n e n t s ,
ship m o t i o n s , o r b i t a l w a v e v e l o c i t i e s , e t c . P a r -
ticular reference i s made t o the experimental
and a n a l y t i c a l w o r k b y Gutsche [ 1 ] a n d
Ta n i g u c h i , Ta n i b a y a s h i a n d C h i b a [ 2 ] . G u t s c h e
developed a s e m i - e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d f o r t h e c a l -
culation of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n c l i n e d shaft
p r o p e l l e r s in n o n - c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h i n -
cludes t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f p e r i o d i c b l a d e f o r c e s .
B e d n a r z i k [3] a n d M e y n e and N o l t e [ 4 ] . T h e a s -
s u m p t i o n s made in R e f e r e n c e I w e r e , in p r i n c i p l e ,
c o n f i r m e d by the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e p o r t e d i n R e f -
erence 3. T h e e x p e r i m e n t s o f R e f e r e n c e 4 w e r e
conducted in a c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l a n d s o m e o b s e r -
vations o n the e ff e c t o f c a v i t a t i o n have b e e n d e -
s c r i b e d . Ya m a z a k i d e v e l o p e d a n u n s t e a d y l i f t i n g
surface theory f o r n o n - c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and
compared m e a n and fluctuating l o a d s f o r a p r o -
peller a t v a r i o u s s h a f t i n c l i n a t i o n s w i t h q u a s i -
steady c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d s o m e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e -
sults [5]. Z w i c k proposed an unsteady p r o p e l l e r
theory f o r t h e calculation o f blade f o r c e s o f i n -
clined s h a f t p r o p e l l e r s [6]. M o r e has been p u b -
lished on r e l a t e d p r o b l e m s , i n p a r t i c u l a r o n t h e
v i b r a t o r y loads o f p r o p e l l e r s in s h i p w a k e s as w e l l
as on t h e i r e ff e c t on the s t r e n g t h of p r o p e l l e r s ( f o r
instance in R e f e r e n c e s 7 to 29)1). T h e i n f l u e n c e o f
cavitation o n the load fluctuations h a s been d i s -
cussed i n s o m e p a p e r s ( e . g . [ 3 0 t o 3 2 ] )
H o w e v e r. n o t s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n w a s a v a i l -
able t o t h e a u t h o r s o f t h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n f o r a
design s t u d y o n t h e f l u c t u a t i n g b l a d e s t r e s s e s o f
a super-cavitating propeller operating in a n a r -
row w a k e field. S u c h an i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c a r -
ried o u t f o r a h i g h - s p e e d C P P o f t h e K a M e W a

•) S e n i o r f l y d r o d y n a m m i s t , A R K a r l s t a d s M e k a n t s k a W e r k s t a d .
L a b o r a t o r y, K r i s t i n e h a m n , Sweden. I) A m o r e r e c e n t p a p e r on t h i s s u b j e c t e n t i t l e d ' P r o p e l l e r t i c , S e h r a g a n
• • ) Senior H y d r o d y n a tale]s i V e s p e r T h o r n y c r e f t L t d . l b , d r o d v n a m i e s strOmung' h a s been p r e s e n t e d b y P . P . R a d e r b e f o r e t h e N o v e m -
Dept.. P o r t s m o u t h . E n g l a n d . b e r 197,1.
 133

type [ 3 3 ] d e s i g n e d f o r t h e V T 1 h o v e r c r a f t w i t h
two p r o p e l l e r s w o r k i n g o n a n i n c l i n e d s h a f t .
each o n e i n t h e w a k e o f a s k e g [ 3 4 ] . B e c a u s e o f
the t h e o r e t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s m e n t i o n e d i t w a s
decided t o c o n d u c t a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f model
tests w i t h a c o m p l e t e p r o p e l l e r / s k e g arrange-
ment and t o m e a s u r e t h e b l a d e forces i n the
model w a k e f i e l d a t various w o r k i n g conditions.
A f r e e - s u r f a c e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l [351 w a s c h o s e n
for t h i s investigation, w h i c h a l l o w s p r o p e r
s c a l i n g o f c a v i t a t i o n and f r e e - s u r f a c e effects.
In a d d i t i o n t o the t e s t s o r i g i n a l l y p r o g r a m m e d
f u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e m a d e w i t h o u t s k e g to
study t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e oblique f l o w. T h i s test F i g u r e 1 . C a v i t a t i o n tunnel w o r k i n g section w i t h p r o p e l -
ler drive unit.
series was l a t e r extended because of i t s m o r e
f u n d a m e n t a l n a t u r e ; i t has b e e n a n a l y s e d and i t s
r e s u l t s a r e r e p o r t e d in m o r e d e t a i l i n t h i s p a p e r. .2.2. Dynamometer and recording method
A 5-component blade dynamometer was used
2. Instrumentation and test methods for t h e blade f o r c e m e a s u r e m e n t s (see F i g u r e
2 1 Cavitation tunnel 2). I t w a s d e s i g n e d f o r 3 - b l a d e d m o d e l p r o p e l -
The e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n lers w i t h d i a m e t e r s up to 2 8 0 m m , t h e hub d i a -
KINIVV's f r e e - s u r f a c e c a v i t a t i o n t u n n e l w i t h a meter being 80mm. Only a b r i e f description w i l l

test s e c t i o n 4 m long. 0 . 8 m wide and 0 . 8 m depth be g i v e n h e r e . F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , e s p e c i a l l y

of w a t e r. T h e p r o p e l l e r d r i v e u n i t was m o u n t e d of t h e e l e c t r i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t s , i t i s r e f e r r e d t o

on t o p o f the w o r k i n g s e c t i o n a s s h o w n i n F i g u r e Reference 3 6 . T h e d y n a m o m e t e r body c o n s i s t s

1. T h e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n o f the p r o p e l l e r a n d t h e of a s t e e l b e a m w i t h a c r o s s - s h a p e d s e c t i o n
mounted inside the h u b ; o n e b l a d e c a n be a t t a c h -
s h a f t i n c l i n a t i o n ( m a x . + 12c1) c a n be a d j u s t e d b y
remote c o n t r o l . P a r t i c u l a r s of this f a c i l i t y are e d t o its f r e e e n d a t a n y p i t c h s e t t i n g . 2 4 s t r a i n -

given i n Reference 35, gauges a r e c e m e n t e d o n t h e b e a m i n 3 d i f f e r e n t

CROSS SEC-RDN O F
BEAM W I T H GAUGES

F i g u r e 2 . 5 - c o m p o n e n t blade d y n a m o m e t e r, 1 t e s t blade, 2 s t r a i n g a u g e d s t e e l b e a m , 3 c a b l e .
134
planes. T h e y a r e connected in f u l l o r h a l f b r i d g e s
thus enabling the m e a s u r e m e n t of t w o f o r c e s ( e x -
cluding c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e ) a n d t h r e e m o m e n t s .
The e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l s a r e t r a n s m i t t e d t o a s a m -
pling s y s t e m b y t h e s l i p r i n g a r r a n g e m e n t o f the
angle g e a r d r i v e .
High n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e s y s t e m . e s -
sential f o r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of d y n a m i c l o a d s .
w e r e a c h i e v e d b y t h e h i g h s t i f f n e s s o f the s t e e l
beam a n d b y t h e u s e o f a l u m i n i u m b l a d e s t o r e -
duce t h e m a s s o f t h e s y s t e m . I n o r d e r t o d e t e r -
mine t h e n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s i n d i f f e r e n t d i r e c -
tions the d y n a m o m e t e r, m o u n t e d on t h e p r o p e l l e r
shaft, w a s e x c i t e d b y a n e l e c t r o - d y n a m i c
vibrator w i t h c o n t r o l l e d f r e q u e n c y a n d a l s o
simply b y knocking t h e t e s t blade. T h e signals
of t h e b l a d e d y n a m o m e t e r w e r e r e c o r d e d o n a
high-speed o s c i l l o g r a p h . T h e t e s t a r r a n g e m e n t
was i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t u s e d d u r i n g t h e a c t u a l e x -
periments.
The l o w e s t n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s f o r t h r u s t and
tangential f o r c e a n d f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
m o m e n t s w e r e f o u n d t o b e a b o u t 430 H z w i t h t h e
actual p r o p e l l e r i n a i r , a n d a b o u t 3 3 0 H z i n
w a t e r. F o r s u p e r c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s t h e
natural f r e q u e n c i e s c a n b e a s s u m e d t o l i e
between t h e s e t w o v a l u e s , s a y a b o u t 3 8 0 H z ,
since t h e a d d e d m a s s o f t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e
should b e a b o u t h a l f o f the v a l u e i n the f u l l y w e t -
ted c o n d i t i o n . F o r t h e i n c l i n e d s h a f t t e s t s ( w i t h -
out skeg, z e r o wake) t h e e x c i t i n g f r e q u e n c y r e -
f e r r e d t o t h e b l a d e i s e q u a l t o t h e s h a f t speed,
up t o f e = n - 3 5 H z . T h e r e f o r e , a f r e q u e n c y
ratio o f fe/fo I / 9 could be assumed f o r the non-
cavitating c a s e and a s l i g h t l y higher one f o r the
cavitating conditions. w h i c h is s u ff i c i e n t to en-
sure a f l a t f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e . I t m a y be added
that the n a t u r a l f r e q u e n c i e s o f the s h a f t d y n a m o -
m e t e r, w h i c h t h e b l a d e d y n a m o m e t e r w a s a t -
tached t o , i s i n t h e o r d e r o f 7 0 0 H z f o r t h r u s t
and 420 Hz f o r t o r q u e w i t h t h e p r o p e l l e r i n w a t e r .
The a b o v e m e n t i o n e d s a m p l i n g s y s t e m w a s
developed i n o r d e r t o a v e r a g e r a n d o m f l u c t u a -
tions of the s i g n a l s . w h i c h can b e q u i t e p r o n o u n c -
ed i n c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , a n d t o s i m p l i f y t h e
a n a l y s i s . T h e p r i n c i p l e o f the p e r i o d i c s a m p l i n g
system c o n s i s t s o f a p u l s e generator s y n c h r o -
nized w i t h t h e p r o p e l l e r s h a f t . r e p l a c i n g t h e D C
power s u p p l y f o r the s t r a i n gauges. T h e output
pulse f r o m the b r i d g e r e p r e s e n t s the m o m e n t a r y
signal f o r a n y a n g u l a r p o s i t i o n o f t h e b l a d e . A
mean o f t h e l o c a l v a l u e s o v e r a g r e a t n u m b e r o f
revolutions \ ' a s obtained b y an integrating c i r -
cuit in the a m p l i f i e r, t h u s f i l t e r i n g o u t the r a n -
dom d e v i a t i o n s o f the output. T h e p u l s e r e q u i r -
ed f o r t h e p u l s e g e n e r a t o r w a s p r o d u c e d b y a
photo-pickup on the p r o p e l l e r shaft, t h e a n g u l a r
position being m a n u a l l y c o n t r o l l e d o r a u t o m a t -
ically swept f r o m 0 0 to 360° i n both d i r e c t i o n s .
The a v e r a g e d l o c a l v a l u e w a s t h e n r e c o r d e d o n
a X - Y- p l o t t e r a s a f u n c t i o n o f a n g u l a r p o s i t i o n .
F o r c h e c k i n g p u r p o s e s the i n s t a n t a n e o u s s i g n a l s
were also r e c o r d e d i n p a r a l l e l b y U - V r e c o r d e r .
The c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h r e c o r d i n g s w a s t h e
same as on the X - Y- p l o t t e r a p a r t f r o m r a n d o m
deviations.
3. Experiments
The K a M e W a p r o p e l l e r m o d e l 5 0 7 - B . a
supercavitating type s i m i l a r to the V T 1 design.
was u s e d f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e p a r t i c u l a r s
a r e s h o w n in F i g u r e 3 (see a l s o [ 3 3 ] ) . T h e m o d e l
was m o u n t e d u p s t r e a m o f t h e s h a f t d y n a m o -
m e t e r. t h u s e n s u r i n g h o m o g e n e o u s i n f l o w c o n -
d i t i o n s . T h e a n g l e o f t h e i n c l i n e d s h a f t w a s 11 0
throughout the t e s t s e r i e s . S i n c e t h e t e s t s w e r e
originally programmed for a particular case the
advance r a t i o s w e r e o d d o n e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o
these e s p e c i a l l y s e l e c t e d c o n d i t i o n s f u r t h e r
m e a s u r e m e n t s o f the f l u c t u a t i n g a x i a l f o r c e T z o
and t o r q u e Q U A w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t J = 0 . 7 8 7
and g o = 0 . 3 . 0 . 4 , 0 . 5 , 0 . 6 , 1 . 0 a n d 5 . 5 t o c o v -
er the range f r o m the f u l l y s u p e r c a v i t a t i n g t o
non-cavitating range.
Besides these t e s t s s o m e e x p e r i m e n t s o f the
original s e r i e s a r e a l s o d e s c r i b e d ; t h e y w e r e
conducted behind a s k e g w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f 3 2 %
o f the p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r . T h e w a k e d i s t r i b u t i o n
behind t h i s s k e g has n o t b e e n m e a s u r e d . T h e e f -
fective w a k e , h o w e v e r, w a s d e t e r mined u s i n g a
t h r u s t i d e n t i t y a p p r o a c h ; a f i g u r e o f \VT = 0 . 0 4 5
has been found. T h e i n f l u e n c e s o f shaft i n c l i n a t i o n
and wake c o u l d be s e p a r a t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e
experiments. T h e effect o f i m m e r s i o n a n d a i r
d r a w i n g on t h e f l u c t u a t i n g f o r c e s w a s s t u d i e d i n
a separate investigation.
The e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t a t a w a t e r
speed o f V - 6 . . . 1-11/s. r e s u l t i n g i n a R e y n o l d s
number of Itn0.7 • x 106.
 135

294 6 M M
296 9 M M

302 M M

304 B MM

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 %

305.6 MM

W 4 . 1 1 1 1
N

KE Me WEI MODEL 5 0 7 - 8 , S C - T Y P E

0
= 254 M M

1 = 3

= 0 S9
A,

4H10 = 0315

p0.7 I 0 = 1 2 0

Figure 3. P r o p e l l e r d e t a i l s .

4. Te s t r e s u l t s 1. A s c a n be s e e n t h e r e l a t i v e f o r c e a n d t o r q u e
Some t y p i c a l t e s t r e s u l t s s h o w i n g a l l 5 c o m - fluctuations d e c r e a s e w i t h decreasing cavitation
ponents r e c o r d e d are r e p r o d u c e d i n F i g u r e 4 f o r number; a t l o w e r cavitation numbers the

0.787 and 00 = 0 . 6 0 9 . T h e axial blade force f l u c t u a t i o n s b e c o m e a l m o s t i n d e p e n d e n t o f o-o.

T z o t h e t o r q u e (1)zo, t h e t a n g e n t i a l f o r c e F z o
as w e l l a s t h e b e n d i n g m o m e n t M z o ( d u e t o
axial f o r c e ) a n d t h e s p i n d l e t o r q u e W z o a r e
p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f the a n g u l a r b l a d e p o s i t i o n
e ( s e e a l s o F i g u r e 7). T h e calculated levers o f
t h r u s t a T and of the t a n g e n t i a l f o r c e a l , have been
added.
The r e s u l t s f o r a l l c a s e s t e s t e d i n s i m p l e
i n c l i n e d s h a f t c o n d i t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Ta b l e
It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h i s d e c r e a s e o f t h e
v i b r a t o r y b l a d e l o a d s at r e d u c e d p r o p e l l e r l o a d -
ing d u e t o c a v i t a t i o n - i s i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e
case o f t h e n o n - c a v i t a t i n g p r o p e l l e r w h e r e t h e
relative blade f o r c e s w o u l d i n c r e a s e a t l o w e r
CT values (higher r a t e o f advance).
The e x t e n t o f c a v i t a t i o n a t d i f f e r e n t c a v i t a t i o n
numbers can be j u d g e d f r o m the photographs i n
Figure 5.

3 0 0 _ IS_

N4,0

10

wzo

oo* lato' ANGULAR P O S I T I O N

36o'

F i g u r e 4 . T y p i c a l r e c o r d o f f o r c e and m o m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s , 3 — 0 . 7 8 7 , 0 0 -- 0 . 6 0 9 , = 11 0 .
136

= ()• 6

O. 5

looking at blade i n P o s . I looking at b l a d e i n P o s . I l l

(6 9 0 ( ) ) ( 8 --- 2700)

Figure 5 a . C a v i t a t i o n p a t t e r n i n i n c l i n e d f l o w, J 0 . 7 8 7 , ( 6 = 11 0 .
 137

ao = 0 . 4

= CI* 3

l o o k i n g at b l a d e i n P o s . I looking at b l a d e i n P o s . I I I
(8 = 90°) (8 - 270°)

Figure 5b. Cavitation pattern in inclined flow (cont.), J = 0.787, = 11c).

a = O. 6

partiall\ ventilated fully v e n t i l a t e d

0.5
F i g u r e 6 . C a v i t a t i o n p a t t e r n i n i n c l i n e d f l o w, J = 0 . 7 8 7 , 0 1 1 ° , h p / D
138

Ta b l e 1 Ta b l e 2

M a x i m u m b l a d e t h r u s t and t o r q u e f l u c t u a t i o n s M a x i m u m blade t h r u s t and t o r q u e f l u c t u a t i o n s m e a s u r e d

as m e a s u r e d i n o b l i q u e f l o w, 0 = 1113 in o b l i q u e f l o w a n d ' B e h i n d s k e g ' c o n d i t i o n . 1 0 1 1 1 3
(peak t o p e a k v a l u e s ) (peak t o p e a k v a l u e s )

''F 'I•zo AQzo

V ' Z 0 6'QZ(Zi Condition J 'o V
,.1 -
a0 CT (m/s)
(m/s) Tz o Qzo t z o Qzo

0.752 0.609 6.68 0.505 0.32 0.32 free r u n n i n g 0.752 0.609 7 0.32 0.:32
0.787 0.609 7 0.481 0.38 0.36 behind s k e g 0.752 0 . 609 7 0.54 0.50
0.674 0.833 6 0.730 0.26 0.26
non-uniform v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n a f l o w p h e -
0.787 0.3 7 0.357 0.42 0.39
n o m e n o n is i n v o l v e d w h i c h i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f a n
" 0.4 " 0.357 0.42 0.42
" " a e r o f o i l m o v i n g t h r o u g h a s i n u s o i d a l g u s t [:37].
0.5 0.374 0.395 0.40
" " and i t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t , s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g . u n -
0.6 0.448 0.37 0.40
" " steady t h e o r i e s s h o u l d b e e m p l o y e d f o r t h e a n a l -
1.0 0.706 0.60 0.50
ysis o f the p r o p e l l e r f o r c e s . A t present. v a r i -
"
5.5 1.02 0.82 0 . 745
ous s i m p l i f i e d 3 - d i m e n s i o n a l u n s t e a d y p r o p e l l e r
theories a r e being used. b e s i d e s 2 - d i m e n s i o n a l
Ta b l e 2 g i v e s a c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e f r e e unsteady m e t h o d s w i t h c o r r e c t i o n s , a n d a l s o
running a n d t h e 'behind s k e g ' condition f o r 0 = quasi-steady approaches. I n t h i s c a s e a quasi-
110 and J = 0 . 7 5 2 . I n s p i t e o f the l o w c a v i t a t i o n steady m e t h o d w a s c h o s e n , p a r t l y b e c a u s e n o
n u m b e r Go = 0 . 6 0 9 , e n s u r i n g a l m o s t f u l l y c a v i - analytical m o d e l e x i s t s f o r a cavitating p r o p e l -
tating c o n d i t i o n , t h e w a k e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e ler i n unsteady f l o w, b u t a l s o b e c a u s e o f t h e
blade l o a d f l u c t u a t i o n s i s q u i t e n o t i c e a b l e , l e a d - p r o b l e m s and c o m p l e x i t i e s o f t h e ( s u b c a v i t a t i n g )
ing t o a n i n c r e a s e o f 5 5 t o 70% c o m p a r e d w i t h theories. I t was concluded t h a t t h e m u t u a l e f -
the f i g u r e s d u e t o o b l i q u e f l o w o n l y. fects o f the blades o n e a c h o t h e r, i . e . t h e i n f l o w
E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h l o w e r i m m e r s i o n and a l l o w - changes i n d u c e d b y t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g b l a d e s w i t h
ing the p r o p e l l e r s l i p s t r e a m t o d r a w a i r f r o m spatially v a r y i n g c i r c u l a t i o n have a s t r o n g i n -
the f r e e s u r f a c e s h o w e d t h a t v e n t i l a t i o n o f t h e fluence o n t h e b l a d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i n -
blades had no s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e m a g - clined shaft p r o p e l l e r c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e ' g u s t
nitude o f blade load f l u c t u a t i o n s c o m p a r e d w i t h e ff e c t s ' ; a s u i t a b l e a p p r o a c h s h o u l d a l l o w f o r the
the f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g c a s e . D i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f asymmetry o f t h e induced velocity field, r e -
propeller ventilation a r e demonstrated i n the sponsible for the l a r g e f l u c t u a t i n g f o r c e s a t h i g h
photographs o f F i g u r e 6. cavitation n u m b e r s . F r o m t h e e v i d e n c e a v a i l -
able i t w a s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e b l a d e f o r c e s c o u l d
5. Analysis o f test results be s e r i o u s l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d b y m e t h o d s n e g -
5 1 Theoretical background lecting this influence. A l t h o u g h unsteady e ff e c t s
When a p r o p e l l e r i s o p e r a t i n g i n a n o b l i q u e cannot b e i g n o r e d , t h e y a p p e a r t o b e l e s s s i g -
f l o w, b l a d e t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n s a r i s e n i f i c a n t f o r l o w h a r m o n i c s ( Ts a k o n a s e t a l . [ 2 1 .
due t o t h e p e r i o d i c c h a n g e i n a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e . 22, 2 8 ] . B r e s l i n [ 2 3 , 2 4 ] , Y a m a z a k i [ 5 ] ) . T h e y
principally caused b y the sinusoidally varying depend, a s ' m o w n f r o m 2 - d i m e n s i o n a l g u s t
tangential i n f l o w c o m p o n e n t . A s a r e s u l t t h e t h e o r y [27]. o n t h e r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y p a r a m e t e r
propeller t h r u s t and torque a r e n o r m a l l y i n - col 1
creased on one h a l f of the d i s c (on the d e s c e n d - K - Tr- (1)
2V A
ing blade) a n d r e d u c e d o n t h e o t h e r ( o n t h e a s -
cending b l a d e ) ; t h e m e a n t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o - where I i s the c h o r d length. w t h e c i r c u l a r f r e -
e ff i c i e n t s a r e m o d i f i e d ; a f o r c e n o r m a l t o t h e quency a n d A t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e d i s t u r b a n c e .
shaft l i n e and a p i t c h i n g ( o r y a w i n g ) m o m e n t i s Considering a p r o p e l l e r i n h o m o g e n e o u s o b -
generated. C a v i t a t i o n a n d v i b r a t i o n p r o b l e m s lique f l o w, t h e w a v e l e n g t h w h i c h h a s t o h e n e g o -
may a l s o o c c u r . D u e t o t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l l y t i a t e d p e r r e v o l u t i o n by t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n a t 0 . 7 I t
 139

is in a x i a l d i r e c t i o n :
A = 2-rt 0 . 7 11 ( 2 ) Va --- V c o s 0 . (4)
in t a n g e n t i a l d i r e c t i o n :
and t h e r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y c a n be w r i t t e n as (5)
Vt = + V s i n 0 s i n e E 2Trn 0 . 7 R .
1 0.7 0
(3)
K0.7 2 0 . 7 11 0 . 7 D The p r o p e l l e r b l a d e e l e m e n t s a r e s u b j e c t t o
c y c l i c v a r i a t i o n s o f the t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t y d u e to
t one a s s u m e s t h i s p a r a m e t e r t o be t y p i c a l f o r the s h a f t i n c l i n a t i o n , w h i c h c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d
the p r o p e l l e r b l a d e t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e a p p l i e s as a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d a t 0 . 7 R
for the cases investigated: [1]: V
0.541 ne - n -t 0 7TrD
s i n 0 sin 0 ( 6 )
K - - - 0.77.
O. O. 7

Based o n t h i s v a l u e a n d t h e a r e a r a t i o o f ne
— 1 + s i n 0 sin e (6a)
ii 0 . 7 - r r
A E / A o 0 . 5 0 ( o r t h e corresponding blade a s -
pect r a t i o ) . t h e u n s t e a d y e ff e c t s w o u l d r e d u c e With the above m e n t i o n e d tangential f l o w c o r -
the b l a d e f o r c e s b y a f e w p e r c e n t o n l y a c c o r d i n g rection applied. t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i n i t i o n i s o b -
to [ 2 1 t o 2 4 ] ; h o w e v e r , t h e i r i n f l u e n c e w o u l d be tained [ 1 ] :
q u i t e a p p r e c i a b l e a c c o r d i n g t o 1271. L i t t l e c a n
be s a i d a b o u t t h e e f f e c t o f c a v i t a t i o n . T h e phase n
—e 1 + C s i n 0 sin0
angle c o u l d b e a f f e c t e d b y both t h e unsteady f l o w n O. 77
and c a v i t a t i o n e f f e c t s .
In v i e w o f t h e v a r i o u s i n f l u e n c e s i n v o l v e d a The b l a d e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e t h u s d e p e n d e n t
on t h e c o r r e c t e d l o c a l a d v a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t
comparison w i t h quasi-steady calculations a p -
p e a r e d to be a r e a s o n a b l e a t t e m p t t o g a i n i n s i g h t J cos 0 cos 0
i n t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e v i b r a t o r y l o a d s o f an u n - J(0,0)0.7
1+ C s i n 0 sin e
s k e w e d S C - p r o p e l l e r . T h e m e t h o d adopted h e r e 0 7-rr (7)
is to m a k e u s e o f the o p e n w a t e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
and t h e l o c a l c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r . The l a t t e r
of a p r o p e l l e r in axial flow 2). I t follows p r i n c i -
v a r i e s w i t h t h e b l a d e p o s i t i o n a n d can b e e x -
p a l l y t h e s e m i - e m p i r i c a l p r o c e d u r e by Gutsche
[1] w h o a p p l i e d a c o r r e c t i o n ( o r c o r r e l a t i o n ) f a c - pressed as f o l l o w s :
t o r t o t h e t a n g e n t i a l v e l o c i t i e s t o allow for the 13 -13 - p g 0 . 7 R c o s 0 c o s e
o v
m u t u a l e f f e c t s o f t h e b l a d e s ( n o t t o be c o n f u s e d
with a c o r r e c t i o n f o r unsteady flow o r gust e f -
°JO, e )0 7- 2 2
• ' z 2 P [ ( V COS 0 ) ( 2 - n - n 0 . 7 R + V sin 0 s i n )
f e c t s , a s m i g h t a l s o be concluded f r o m a r e f e r - (8)
ence m a d e to e ff e c t s due t o ' u n s t e a d y f l o w a r o u n d or with cos 0 - 1:
the p r o f i l e ' [ 1 1 ) . T h e p r o c e d u r e h a s , h o w e v e r,
been e x t e n d e d t o t h e c a s e o f a c a v i t a t i n g p r o p e l -
0 (O.
0.7
l e r. T h e b l a d e p e r f o r m a n c e w a s r e l a t e d to the
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f an e q u i v a l e n t b l a d e s e c t i o n a t
0.7 r a d i u s a n d i t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t t h r u s t and g cos 0
O U.
D
2 n
torque can be obtained f o r each angular position 2 0 . 7 - F r 2 11 e 2 V 2 O . 7Tr 2 8 2
cos 0 + ( ) ( ) cos 0 + ( ) ( —n)
f r o m t he a x i a l f l o w K T - KQ d i a g r a m as a f u n c t i o n B
o f the l o c a l a d v a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t a n d t h e l o c a l c a v -
itation n u m b e r. (8a)
Ignoring t h e induced components the inflow
v e l o c i t i e s i n t o the p r o p e l l e r a r e ( s e e also F i g u r e where
7)

2) S i m i l a r q u a s i - steady c a l c u l a t i o n s have been proposed by B r e h m e a =

S c h u s t e r 115, 161 a n d M c C a r t h y t1s1, o r e v e n e a r l i e r b y H a a c k 0 7 1 , a l l
2P V
utilising p r o p e l l e r open w a t e r characteristics f o r the estimation i d the
t h r u s t and t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n s i n a s h i p s w a k e .
140

POSITION 0

S H A F T I N C L I N AT I O N 0

posrncin POSITION I
270'. 90°

POSITION t E
ate
1

4 . 1 V SIN 0

POSE P O S

INFLOW D I A G R A M F O R B L A D E
V COS 0
SECTION I G N O R I N G I N D U C E D

1 VELOCITY E F F E C T S

0,7 V SIN 0 • SIN 0

F i g u r e 7 . D e f i n i t i o n s f o r p r o p e l l e r i n o b l i q u e f l o w.

the f r e e - s t r e a m c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r ( a t t h e c e n t r e In o r d e r t o c o m p a r e t h e c a l c u l a t e d t h r u s t a n d
ne torque v a r i a t i o n s w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .
of the p r o p e l l e r ) a n d - - a c c o r d i n g to E q u a t i o n (6a),
n the e x p r e s s i o n s o f e q u a t i o n s ( 1 1 ) h a v e t o b e
C -1.
modified; T z o a n d Q z o m u s t b e b a s e d on the
I t m a y be n o t e d t h a t t h e s e c o n d t e r m i n e q u a - mean v a l u e s i n o b l i q u e f l o w . T h e s e c a n b e o b -
tion (8a) i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e p r o p e l l e r F r o u d e tained b y i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e b l a d e l o a d s o v e r o n e
number F n p V shaft r e v o l u t i o n :

A m u l t i p l e o f the b l a d e t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o e f -
f i c i e n t c a n then b e r e a d o f f t h e a x i a l f l o w p r o p e l - " Z -
Z0 Z 0 2-rr T de , 7zo
ler c h a r t s f o r each angular blade position:
0
(12)
2 Tt
KT ( 0 , e, a ) f J ( Q ) , e ) , a ( 0 , e ) i --- K T
(9) 1
Q = I c2 d e
2-rr Qo Z Qz0
KQ
( 0 , 0, a) f J ( 0 . 0 ) . o r ( 0 , e)1 = K Q
0
The t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e p e r b l a d e a r e d e f i n e d At high c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r s and i n m o s t o t h e r
by 3): conditions t h e t h r u s t and t o r q u e i n c r e m e n t s o n
the d e s c e n d i n g b l a d e a r e a l i t t l e h i g h e r t h a n t h e
KT 2 4
Tz(0, 0, a ) = pn D reductions on t h e a s c e n d i n g o n e and t h e r e f o r e
Z e '▪ Z O •
a s m a l l i n c r e a s e o f the m e a n v a l u e s c a n be f o u n d
1 (10)
compared w i t h the axial f l o w f i g u r e s .
KQ 2 5
Qz(0 e. cy) z pne D Q Z 0 •
W i t h e q u a t i o n s ( 11 ) a n d ( 1 2 ) t h e r e l a t i v e b l a d e
forces can now be w r i t t e n i n the f o l l o w i n g way:
or i n n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l f o r m , b a s e d on a x i a l
1K n
t h r u s t and t o r q u e v a l u e s : T e 2
(—)
T z o - KT n T o
T( e . a) K T ' 0 2 (13)
T (O. ) K ( n )
KQ' n 0 2 Q
( )
K Q
Q
Q ( 0 . e. ) K Q e 2
Q (O. ) K( n If o n e d e f i n e s t h e b l a d e l o a d a s t h e s u m o f t h e
mean v a l u e a n d t h e f l u c t u a t i n g c o m p o n e n t

3) F o r c l a r i t y i t m a y be noted t h a t equation (6b) ( w i t h f a c t o r C) i s a p p l i c - 7,0 7 , 0 , T Qa d7 Q z ,0 - - 0 sQZ0

able f o r n „ i n equations (10), ( 1 I ), ( 1 3 ) and (16), (14)
 141

the f l u c t u a t i o n s m a y b e e x p r e s s e d as J(0. 0 ) a n d t h e l o c a l cavitation number

a (0, 0 ) 0 . 7 .
Zo Z O Q Z 0 Q Z 0 Before d i s c u s s i n g t h e evaluation a n d r e s u l t s
1 and - - — 1 . (15)
in m o r e d e t a i l i t m a y b e i n t e r e s t i n g t o c o n s i d e r
z0 z o Q Q z 0
comparisons b e t w e e n the e x p e r i m e n t a l data and
The l o a d m a x i m a c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o b e n e a r p r e d i c t i o n s based on a s s u m p t i o n s u s e d i n R e f e r -
Position I ( h i g h e s t angle o f incidence) and the ences 1 a n d 2 ( s e e F i g u r e 9 ) . I f the b l a d e f o r c e s
minima n e a r P o s i t i o n I I I (lowest angle o f i n - are e s t i m a t e d b y the s i m p l e s t q u a s i - s t e a d y a p -
c i d e n c e ) ( F i g u r e 7). T h e peak t o p e a k values m a y p r o a c h , n a m e l y w i t h o u t a n y c o r r e c t i o n ( i . e.
then b e o b t a i n e d f r o m : C = 1), r a t h e r poor a g r e e m e n t w i t h the m e a s u r e d
data can be f o u n d f o r t h e n o n - c a v i t a t i n g a n d p a r -
LT
ZO T Z O . max Z O , min t i a l l y c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s t h e t h r u s t and t o r q u e
variations a r e s e r i o u s l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d (in the
ITZ0 T Z 0 Tz0
order of 50% of the e x p e r i m e n t a l values). Ye t .
K , n K n in t h e f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g c a s e t h e c a l c u l a t e d a n d
T 0 2 T 0 2
( — ) I experimental v a l u e s a r e q u i t e c l o s e , O n t h e
K( n ) K 11
TO m a x TO min other h a n d , i f a f a c t o r C = 2 i s a p p l i e d ( a s s u g -
gested b y G u t s c h e ) r e l a t i v e l y g o o d a g r e e m e n t
116)

AQZ Q Z ( 6 . max Q ZO, min

KQ a0 2 K Q n o 2 C.,

[—K ( n ) K
QO m a x Q O m i n

a s s u m i n g e2 m a x m =i n 900 and 0 = 70°.

T h e t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e f l u c t u a t i o n s o n the p r o -
p e l l e r a s a w h o l e c a n be d e t e r m i n e d b y s u p e r -
p o s i t i o n o f the v i b r a t o r y b l a d e loads w i t h a phase
difference o f e = 2 7 / Z :
0 5

,
p 2 V4
To TZ0
2
g 0 . 1 1 ,

T o To •
(17)
1 0 4

QO Qz0
QQj
Q •

- , , -
„•••••••-
o Qz, . _
5.2. Discussion o f analysis and results
qoA
Based on the m e t h o d outlined in the previous ati3

s e c t i o n a n a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n m a d e o f t e s t data
available f r o m t h e inclined shaft experiments.
The p r o b l e m c o u l d b e r e d u c e d t o the d e t e r m i -
nation o f t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r C . C u r v e s f o r 0 7

COEF FICA NI J

cY - c o n s t . w e r e s u p e r i m p o s e d o n the K T -
KQ d i a g r a m ( F i g u r e 8 ) s o t h a t t h r u s t and t o r q u e Figure 8 . A x i a l f l o w 1(4Q-J-ci d i a g r a m , w i t h e q u i v a l e n t
values c o u l d h e i n t e r p o l a t e d f o r e a c h a n g u l a r w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f 0 . 7 R blade s e c t i o n s u p e r i m p o s e d
position. i . e . f o r t h e l o c a l advance coefficient f o r 11 ° s h a f t i n c l i n a t i o n .
142

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0-2 0 4 0 - 6
CAVITATION N U M B E R Cr., LOCAL C AV I TAT I O N N U M B E R e r ( 0 . 0 ) 0 . 7

Figure 9 . C o m p a r i s o n o f s i m p l e q u a s i - s t e a d y c a l c u l a - Figure 10. C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r C a s d e r i v e d f r o m a n a l -

tions ( u s i n g C = 1 , 2 ) w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . y s i s o f t h r u s t and t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n s .

can b e a t t a i n e d f o r n o n - c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ; data f o r 0 - 2 5 0 [31. F u r t h e r m o r e . g o o d a g r e e -

this m e t h o d f a i l s , h o w e v e r , f o r the f u l l y c a v i t a t - ment c o u l d also be o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n the m e a s u r e d

ing c a s e , t h e f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e o v e r e s t i m a t e d b y
about 100%.
Judging f r o m F i g u r e 9 i t c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d
that t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e s e
test data would l i e between two extremes:
1< C < 2
For the analysis three different values of C
w e r e assumed, n a m e l y 1 . 1 . 5 and 2; t h e f a c t o r s
w e r e then obtained on the b a s i s of A T z o and A Q z o
i d e n t i t y, u s i n g t h e m e a s u r e d a n d c a l c u l a t e d
f i g u r e s . ( T h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l d i ff e r e n c e o f the
mean t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e in a x i a l a n d i n c l i n e d f l o w
was t a k e n into a c c o u n t ) . A l t o g e t h e r 1 8 m e a s u r e -
ments w e r e analysed. T h e r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t -
ed i n F i g u r e 1 0 a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e m e a n l o c a l
cavitation n u m b e r i n o b l i q u e f l o w ( ( 4 , e ) 0 . 7
(approximately equal to a 0.7).
As c a n b e s e e n t h e c o r r e c t i o n r e q u i r e d i s
v e r y m u c h d e p e n d e n t o n t h e e x t e n t o f the c a v i -
tation. F o r t h e d i f f e r e n t r a n g e s t h e f o l l o w i n g
factors have been found:
- i n non-cavitating conditions
- i n partially cavitating conditions
- i n fully cavitating conditions
It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t C t e n d s t o w a r d s
unity when the c a v i t a t i o n i s f u l l y developed. F o r
non-cavitating condition t h e value i s s o m e w h a t
below G u t s c h e ' s f i g u r e w h i c h w a s d e t e r m i n e d by
normal-force-identity [1]. I t would appear t h a t
a value r a t h e r s i m i l a r t o that g i v e n h e r e could
be d e r i v e d f r o m B e d n a r z i k ' s a t m o s p h e r i c t e s t
and c a l c u l a t e d t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t K T o
and K Q 0 w h e n C - 1 . 7 w a s u s e d f o r c r A T m .
Other checks showed p r i n c i p a l l y the s a m e ; t h e y
were based on m o d e l e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h t h e n e w
inclined s h a f t d y n a m o m e t e r ( K e m p f a n d R e m -
m e r s , R 4 6 ) i n the V o s p e r T h o r n y c r o f t c a v i t a t i o n
tunnel a n d i n c l u d e d t e s t d a t a f o r s u b - c a v i t a t i n g
and S C s c r e w s a t 0 = 1 2 . 5 ° . I t s h o u l d b e a d d e d ,
h o w e v e r, t h a t the m e a n v a l u e s K T o a n d K w ( 4 a r e
not v e r y s e n s i t i v e to changes o f t h e f a c t o r C , s a y
1 . 7 to 2. C a l c u l a t i o n s m a d e w i t h C ---- 1 a g r e e d w e l l
w i t h the t e s t r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n the s a m e f a c i l i t y
at f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s 4 ) •
As d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 5 . 1 t h e e m p i r i c a l
constant C i s m a i n l y seen as a c o r r e c t i o n a l l o w -
ing f o r t h e i n d u c e d a s y m m e t r y o f t h e p r o p e l l e r
inflow ( r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a g r e a t e r angle o f a t t a c k
in t h e 3 o ' c l o c k a n d a s m a l l e r a n g l e i n t h e 9
o'clock position than m i g h t o t h e r w i s e b e e x p e c t -
ed); h o w e v e r , u n s t e a d y f l o w , c a v i t a t i o n d e l a y
and p o s s i b l y v i s c o s i t y e f f e c t s c o u l d a l s o h a v e
some i n f l u e n c e o n i t s m a g n i t u d e . I t i s o b v i o u s
that the i n f l o w a s y m m e t r y i s p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r o n g
in t h e n o n - c a v i t a t i n g c a s e w h e r e d C L / d o o r
1-• O. I n f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s w h e r e
lift o r t h r u s t coefficients b e c o m e n e a r l y i n -
dependent o f t h e a n g l e o f a t t a c k o r b l a d e p o s i -
tion, t h u s d K / d J 0 , a m o r e e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n
4) R e f e r e n c e m a y a l s o be m a d e t o R a d l e r [3h] w h o r e a c h e d r a t h e r s i m i l a r
conclusions, n a m e l y that the f a c t o r found by G u t s c h e ( C S 2 ) w o u l d a p p l y
f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n o f T 0 A - 0 and R o o f n o n - c a v i t a t i n g p r o p e l l e r s a n d t h a t ,
a c c o r d i n g t o Ta n i g u c h i ' s r e s u l t s a f a c t o r C I w a s i n d i c a t e d f o r S C p r o -
pellers. B o t h deductions w e r e h o w e v e r , a s a l r e a d y s t a t e d , b a s e d o n
force m e a s u r e m e n t s on t h e p r o p e l l e r a s a w h o l e .
 143

0 3 -

- 0 2

• ce 240. 3 6 0 '
ANGULAR 1 . 0 3 , 1 0 1 4

F i g u r e 11 a . C o m p a r i s o n o f m e a s u r e d t h r u s t variations Figure 1113. C o m p a r i s o n o f m e a s u r e d t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n s

w i t h c a l c u l a t i o n s b a s e d o n C values a c c o r d i n g to F i g u r e w i t h c a l c u l a t i o n s based o n C v a l u e s a c c o r d i n g t o F i g u r e
10. 10.

o f t h e i n d u c e d v e l o c i t y f i e l d a n d an a l m o s t c o n -
stant a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e a t d i ff e r e n t angular
p o s i t i o n s c a n b e a s s u m e d . O f c o u r s e , i t has t o
be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s c o r -
rection c a n o n l y s e r v e as a f i r s t engineering
approach t o a r a t h e r c o m p l e x problem. F o r a
m o r e r i g o r o u s s o l u t i o n i t w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y t o
a n a l y s e i n d e t a i l t h e i n d u c e d axial and t a n g e n t i a l
v e l o c i t i e s o f a n o n - c a v i t a t i n g and a f u l l y c a v i t a t -
ing p r o p e l l e r i n o b l i q u e f l o w . T h i s poses d i f -
f i c u l t p r o b l e m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e c a s e o f an
SC p r o p e l l e r f o r w h i c h t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f the i n -
duced v e l o c i t i e s s t i l l awaits p r a c t i c a l solution,
even i n a x i a l f l o w [ 3 9 1 U n s t e a d y flow and cav-
itation e f f e c t s s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n s u c h a
t h e o r y.
Applying the described semi-empirical p r o -
c e d u r e a n d u s i n g the r e s u l t s given in F i g u r e 10
the t h r u s t and t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n s c a n b e e s t i m a t -
ed a n d t h e i r c h a r a c t_e r b e c o m p a r e d w i t h the e x -
p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e s T z o , Q z o = f ( e ). T h i s h a s
been d o n e f o r a f e w t y p i c a l c a s e s , n a m e l y f o r
0- o= 5 . 5 ( n o n - c a v i t a t i n g ) , 1 . 0 ( p a r t i a l l y c a v i t a t -
ing), 0 . 5 a n d 0 . 3 ( f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g ) . A s c a n b e
seen i n F i g u r e 11 m a g n i t u d e a n d n a t u r e o f t h e
experimental a n d e s t i m a t e d v i b r a t o r y l o a d s
agree r e a s o n a b l y w e l l a n d i t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d
that t h i s q u a s i - s t e a d y a p p r o a c h i s s u i t a b l e f o r
f i r s t e s t i m a t e s . T h e phase d i f f e r e n c e i s r e l a t i v e -
ly s m a l l f o r the a t m o s p h e r i c case w i t h the d e f -
i n i t i o n s u s e d ( t h e b l a d e p o s i t i o n e) i s b a s e d o n
the 1A c h o r d l i n e ; s e e a l s o F i g u r e 7 ) . G r e a t e r
d e v i a t i o n s in c h a r a c t e r a n d p h a s e c a n b e n o t i c e d
when the p r o p e l l e r i s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e c a v i t a t i n g
range. H i s thought that the p h a s e a n g l e s a r e a l s o
affected by c a v i t a t i o n d e l a y, i n d u c e d c a m b e r [ 4 0 .

Ta b l e 3

V i b r a t o r y p r o p e l l e r s h a f t f o r c e s f o r (2) = 11 0 = 0.783
(peak to p e a k v a l u e s )
—
AT (,,x / To AQ0/Q0
Cavitation No.
based based based based
ao on on on on
calculation experiment calculation experiment

5. 5 , %% PA , %% 3%
1. 0 Pi% 3% 1% ltii%
0. 3 ',2% 3'a %% 2%
3I-2%
144
41] a n d u n s t e a d y f l o w e f f e c t s .
The e q u i v a l e n t w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e 0 . 7
radius d u r i n g o n e r e v o l u t i o n , a s e s t i m a t e d u s -
ing C v a l u e s a c c o r d i n g t o F i g u r e 1 0 . a r e s h o w n
in the a x i a l f l o w I K Q - J d i a g r a m ( F i g u r e 8) f o r the
9 torque cases analysed.
F i n a l l y, a n a s s e s s m e n t o f the v i b r a t o r y l o a d s
on t h e p r o p e l l e r a s a w h o l e h a s b e e n a t t e m p t e d
by s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f t h e t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l b l a d e
forces o b t a i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t .
As c o u l d b e e x p e c t e d t h e v i b r a t o r y f o r c e s e x -
e r t e d o n the shaft i n o b l i q u e f l o w a r e v e r y s m a l l .
T h i s i s s h o w n i n Ta b l e 3 f o r s o m e t y p i c a l e x -
amples, c o v e r i n g t h e r a n g e f r o m the n o n - c a v -
i t a t i n g to the s u p e r c a v i t a t i n g w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
6. Conclusions
The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s m a y b e d r a w n f r o m
this i n v e s t i g a t i o n :
a) T h e f l u c t u a t i n g blade l o a d s o f an i n c l i n e d s h a f t
p r o p e l l e r a r e s t r o n g l y dependent o n t h e i n f l u e n c e
of c a v i t a t i o n ; t h e y a r e m u c h r e d u c e d a t l o w e r
cavitation numbers. T h e r e f o r e , supercavitating
propellers have significantly l o w e r v i b r a t o r y
blade l o a d s i n o b l i q u e f l o w t h a n n o n - c a v i t a t i n g
types. F o r t h e p r o p e l l e r investigated, f o r i n -
s t a n c e , t h e t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e f l u c t u a t i o n s o f the
f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g b l a d e s a r e a b o u t 5 0 % o f the a t -
mospheric v a l u e s a t a constant advance ratio,
J / ( P / D ) = O. 66 ( s e e a l s o f ) ) .
h) W i t h t h e i n c l i n e d s h a f t p r o p e l l e r o p e r a t i n g i n
a 2 cycle v e r t i c a l wake field b e h i n d a s k e g (ef-
f e c t i v e w a k e f r a c t i o n a b o u t 41/2%) t h e v i b r a t o r y
loads a t g o - 0 . 6 a n d J = 0 . 7 5 2 w e r e a b o u t 55%
to 70% h i g h e r t h a n i n t h e z e r o w a k e c o n d i t i o n .
C) Ve n t i l a t i o n o f t h e c a y i t a t i n g p r o p e l l e r c a u s e s
a r e d u c t i o n o f the v i b r a t o r y b l a d e l o a d s . F o r t h e
e x t r e m e c a s e , w i t h the p r o p e l l e r r a c e f u l l y v e n -
t i l a t e d . b l a d e t h r u s t and t o r q u e f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e
very close t o the v a l u e s o f a f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g
p r o p e l l e r.
d)Quasi-steady c a l c u l a t i o n s based on the e q u i v -
alent b l a d e s e c t i o n ( 0 . 7 11 ) a p p r o a c h a n d a x i a l
flow t e s t data a p p e a r t o be f e a s i b l e f o r the a s -
sessment o f the v i b r a t o r y blade l o a d s a n d f a -
tigue s t r e s s e s of s u b c a v i t a t i n g and s u p e r c a v i t a t -
ing p r o p e l l e r s in o b l i q u e f l o w . O n l y a p p r o x i m a t e
r e s u l t s can be expected in t h e p a r t i a l l y c a v i t a t i n g
range.
e)T h e e m p i r i c a l t a n g e n t i a l f l o w c o r r e c t i o n C
- m a i n l y a l l o w i n g f o r the i n d u c e d v e l o c i t y e f f e c t s
of t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g b l a d e s o n the i n f l o w c o n d i -
tions o f the blade c o n s i d e r e d ( a s y m m e t r i c a l i n
into the propeller disc) - depends o n t h e
degree o f c a v i t a t i o n a t t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s .
Simple q u a s i - s t e a d y c a l c u l a t i o n s n e g l e c t i n g t h i s
correction w o u l d s e r i o u s l y underestimate t h e
vibratory loads o f propellers in oblique flow a t
medium and high cavitation n u m b e r s . N o o r a l -
most no c o r r e c t i o n i s r e q u i r e d f o r f u l l y c a v i t a t i n g
conditions.
f) C a l c u l a t i o n s b a s e d o n t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d
s u g g e s t t h a t the v i b r a t o r y b l a d e l o a d s o f t h e f u l -
ly c a v i t a t i n g p r o p e l l e r (cy = 0 . 3 . = 11 0 ) a r e
o n l y in the o r d e r o f 30'.; o f t h o s e o f a c o m p a r a b l e
non-cavitating type i f designed f o r t h e s a m e
thrust loading ( C T = 0.35). Because, g e n e r a l l y
speaking, the r e l a t i v e l o a d f l u c t u a t i o n s i n c r e a s e
as C T i s r e d u c e d , t h e v i b r a t o r y b l a d e l o a d s o f
high-speed p r o p e l l e r s would be p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h
i f they w e r e n o t r e d u c e d b y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f c a v -
itation.
g)The v i b r a t o r y s h a f t l o a d s o f a 3 - b l a d e d p r o -
peller (sum of 3 blade loads) i n oblique f l o w a r e
very l o w, e v e n i n c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
h)No f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n c o u l d b e d r a w n o n t h e
phase d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n b l a d e p o s i t i o n a n d
blade l o a d ; i t c a n o n l y b e s a i d t h a t a t a t m o s -
p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n s t h e p e a k v a l u e s o c c u r n e a r the
3 o r 9 o i c l o c k p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o the m e a n c h o r d
line. I n t h e p a r t i a l l y c a v i t a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s t h e
t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e m a x i m a s e e m t o l a g b e h i n d the
angle o f i n c i d e n c e .
i) A l t h o u g h r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n s m a y
be e x p e c t e d w i t h t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d , f u r t h e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w o u l d be d e s i r a b l e i n t o t h e e f f e c t s
of blade g e o m e t r y (such as b l a d e a r e a r a t i o . s e c -
tion s h a p e . s k e w , p i t c h and p i t c h d i s t r i b u t i o n ) ,
shaft inclination, loading, p a r t i a l c a v i t a t i o n , u n -
steady e ff e c t s . e t c .
j) It is f e l t that i n c l i n e d s h a f t e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d
be i n c l u d e d i n c o m p a r a t i v e p r o g r a m m e s , s u c h
as c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e I V T C . a n d t h a t m o r e u s e
should b e m a d e t o c o m p a r e s u c h t e s t r e s u l t s
with unsteady p r o p e l l e r t h e o r i e s , a s a s p e c i a l
case o f a p r o p e l l e r i n u n s t e a d y f l o w . P r o b l e m s
arising f r o m non-identical w a k e f i e l d s d u e t o

s c a l e o r v i s c o s i t y e f f e c t s e t c . c o u l d thus be a -
voided.
7. Acknowledgement
T h e s u p p o r t g i v e n b y the D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a d e
and I n d u s t r y . H o v e r c r a f t B r a n c h . U . K . f o r t h e
initial part, o f t h i s investigation i s gratefully
a c k n o w l e d g e d . T h e a u t h o r s w i s h to t h a n k Vo s p e r
Thornycroft L t d . and A B Karlstads Mekaniska
Werkstad f o r t h e i r p e r t o publish this
p a p e r.
8. References
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p r o p e l l e r ' , S y m p o s i u m o n Te s t i n g Te c h n i q u e s in
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p r o p e l l e r s c o n s i d e r i n g steady and unsteady s h a f t
and b l a d e f o r c e s , s t a t i o n a r y and n o n - s t a t i o n a r y
environmental c o n d i t i o n s ' , P r o c e e d i n g s 1 3 t h
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9. L i s t f symbols
I n t e r n a t i o n a l To w i n g Ta n k C o n f e r e n c e , B e r l i n /
Hamburg, 1 9 7 2 . distance o f point o f
27. Schwanecke, H . a n d L a u d a n , J . , ' E r g e b n i s s e d e r a - thrust application f r o m
i n s t a t i o n d r e n P r o p e l l e r t h e o r i e ' , J b . S . T. G. , T T Z O shaft C.
Vo l . 6 6 , 1 9 7 2 ( s e e a l s o I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h i p b u i l d - distance o f p o i n t of tan-
ing P r o g r e s s , V o l . 2 0 , N o . 2 3 2 , 1 9 7 3 ) . QZ0
gential f o r c e a p p l i c a t i o n
28. Ts a k o n a s , S . , J a c o b s , W . R . a n d A l i , M A R . , ' A n aF - F
ZO from shaft C. L.
'exact' linear l i f t i n g - s u r f a c e theory f o r a m a r i n e
propeller in a non-uniform f l o w f i e l d ' , J o u r n a l propeller disc area
of Ship R e s e a r c h , V o l . 1 7 , N o . 4 , 1 9 7 3 . Ao = D 2 -rT / 4
29. Ta n i b a y a s h i , H . , ' P r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c h t o u n s t e a d y expanded b l a d e a r e a o f
AE
problems o f p r o p e l l e r s ' , I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h i p - propeller
building P r o g r e s s , V o l . 2 0 , N o . 226, 1973. empirical c o r r e c t i o n
C
30. R a d e r, H . P . , C o n t r i b u t i o n t o p a p e r s b y H . W . L e r b s factor
and A . J . Ta c h m i n d j i / W . B . M o r g a n , 2 n d . S y m -
posium - N a v a l H y d r o d y n a m i c s , W a s h i n g t o n , thrust l o a d i n g c o e f f i -
1958. C T - p 2 2 Tr cient
V D
31. M a n e n , J . D . v a n , ' T h e e f f e c t o f c a v i t a t i o n o n t h e 2 4
interaction between p r o p e l l e r and ship's h u l l ' , D propeller diameter
International S h i p b u i l d i n g P r o g r e s s , V o l . 1 9 ,
diameter o f p r o p e l l e r
No. 2 0 9 , 1 9 7 2 . dH
hub
32. G o r s h k o f f , A . S . , ' I n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n a c a v i t a t i n g
p r o p e l l e r and a s h i p (State o f A r t ) ' . P r o c e e d i n g s
natural frequency
fo
13th. I n t e r n a t i o n a l T o w i n g T a n k C o n f e r e n c e , exciting frequency
fe
Berlin/Hamburg, 1972. tangential blade f o r c e
F z o
33. H a f s t r i i m , H . G . a n d P e h r s s o n , L . , ' A S w e d i s h a l l - propeller F r o u d e n u m -
Fnp
gas-turbine torpedo boat with controllable pitch ber
p r o p e l l e r s • . A . S . M. E. Gas Tu r b i n e C o n f e r e n c e . immersion o f centre o f
Zürich. 1966. h
P
propeller
34. H u n t , R . D . , ' O p e r a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o n V T 1 ' s ' , I n -
V advance c o e f f i c i e n t
s t i t u t i o n o f P r o d u c t i o n E n g i n e e r s , Second I n t e r - = -
nD
national H o v e r c r a f t C o n f e r e n c e , S o u t h a m p t o n ,
K r e d u c e d f r e q u e n c y at 0 . 7
A p r i l 1971. 0.7 radius
35. A l b r e c h t , K . , ' N e u e s P r o p e l l e r - und K a v i t a t i o n s -
laboratorium b e i K a M e Wa ' , Hansa, V o l . 109, propeller t h r u s t coeffi-
1972. KT 2 4 cient in axial f l o w
pn D
36 L a g r e n . Y . a n d N o r d s t r 6 m . H . . C o n t r i b u t i o n t o
Reference 1 3 , S y m p o s i u m o n Te s t i n g T e c h -
niques i n Ship C a v i t a t i o n R e s e a r c h , T r o n d h e i m , K-T 2 4 KT O p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t c o e f f i -
pn D cient in oblique f l o w
1967.
37. S e a r s , W . 11 , , ' S o m e a s p e c t s o f n o n - s t a t i o n a r y a i r - Q propeller torque coeffi-
K -
foil t h e o r y a n d i t s p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s ' , 2 5
cient in axial f l o w
Journ. A e r o n . Sciences, V o l . 8 , N o . 3 , 1941. pn D
38. H a d l e r , J . B . a n d H u b b l e , E . N . , ' P r e d i c t i o n o f the
K -K propeller torque coeffi-
Dower p e r f o r m a n c e o f the S e r i e s 6 2 p l a n i n g h u l l 2 5 Q
QQJ pn D v i cient in oblique f l o w
forms', Tr a n s . S . N . A . M . E . , Vo l . 79, 1971.
39. C o x , G . G . , ' S t a t e - o f - t h e - A r t f o r s u p e r c a v i t a t i n g 1 section l e n g t h of p r o p e l -
propeller design methods', Proceedings 12th. ler blade
I n t e r n a t i o n a l , To w i n g Ta n k C o n f e r e n c e , R o m e ,
normal f o r c e of propel-
1969. NO ler in oblique flow
40. M a n e n , J . D . v a n , ' D u r c h d i e S c h r a u b e e r r e g t e
Schiffschwingungen•, S c h i f f s t e c h n i k , V o l . 1 2 . n propeller shaft speed
No. 6 1 , 1 9 6 5 . n 'apparent' shaft speed at
41. M a n e n , J . D. v a n , ' O n t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f a t e s t w i t h angular position 0
a propeller model i n a cavitation tunnel w i t h a blade b e n d i n g m o m e n t
simulated n o n - u n i f o r m f l o w ' , S y m p o s i u m o n Mz
due t o t h r u s t i n o b l i q u e
Te s t i n g Te c h n i q u e s in Ship C a v i t a t i o n R e s e a r c h , flow
Tr o n d h e i m , 1 9 6 7 .
 147

propeller pitch T 7 1 + ' blade t h r u s t i n o b l i q u e

ZO Z O r Z O
undisturbed s t a t i c flow
pressure a t c e n t r e o f mean b l a d e t h r u s t i n
IZO
propeller oblique f l o w
vapour p r e s s u r e fluctuating component of
Tz0
propeller radius blade t h r u s t i n o b l i q u e
flow
R e y n o l d s n u m b e r of p r o - AT peak t o p e a k v a l u e o f
9 1,i
a n - 11 ) ) peller section at 0.7R blade t h r u s t v a r i a t i o n i n
0 oblique f l o w
p r o p e l l e r t o r q u e i n axial V free-stream velocity
floxv Va axial inflow v e l o c i t y
propeller torque i n ob- Vt tangential inflow velocity
lique f l o w blade s p i n d l e t o r q u e i n
ZO
p r o p e l l e r m e a n t o r q u e in oblique f l o w
oblique f l o w wake f r a c t i o n a c c o r d i n g
fluctuating component of to t h r u s t i d e n t i t y ( Ta y l o r )
propeller t o r q u e i n ob- number o f blades

lique f l o w angle b e t w e e n p r o p e l l e r
blades
peak t o p e a k v a l u e o f
propeller torque v a r i a - angular b l a d e p o s i t i o n
tion r e l a t i v e to m i d c h o r d l i n e

blade t o r q u e i n o b l i q u e wavelength o f d i s t u r b -
Qz0 ance
flow
mean b l a d e t o r q u e i n kinematic viscosity
-
oblique f l o w o v
free-stream cavitation
fluctuating component of p 2
number
blade t o r q u e i n o b l i q u e 2 V
flow a
0
AQ peak t o p e a k v a l u e o f local c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r
ZO 0.7 0 77 2
blade t o r q u e v a r i a t i o n in 1+ ( ) at 0 . 7 R
oblique f l o w
local c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r
propeller thrust in axial a ( . 0 ) 0 7
flow at 0 . 7 i n o b l i q u e f l o w
T ( e q u a t i o n (8a))
propeller t h r u s t i n ob-
O propeller shaft inclina-
lique f l o w
tion
p r o p e l l e r m e a n t h r u s t in
density o f m e d i u m
oblique f l o w
- 2 Tr n circular frequency
fluctuating component of
propeller t h r u s t i n ob-
lique f l o w
AT peak t o p e a k v a l u e o f
propeller t h r u s t v a r i a -
tion