251

Reference: 4
FURTHER COMPUTER-ANALYZED D ATA OF T H E
WAGENINGEN B-SCREW SERIES
by

M.W.C. OOSTERVELD and P. VAN OOSSANEN ")

Summary
In t h i s p a p e r t h e o p e n - w a t e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the Wa g e n i n g e n B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s a r e g i v e n i n
p o l y n o m i a l s f o r use i n p r e l i m i n a r y s h i p design studies b y means o f a c o m p u t e r. T h e s e p o l y n o m i a l s
w e r e obtained w i t h the aid o f a m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n analysis o f t h e o r i g i n a l o p e n - w a t e r test data o f
the 120 p r o p e l l e r m o d e l s c o m p r i s i n g t h e B - s e r i e s . A l l t e s t d a t a w a s c o r r e c t e d f o r R e y n o l d s e f f e c t s
by m e a n s o f an * e q u i v a l e n t p r o f i l e ' m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d b y L e r b s . F o r t h i s R e y n o l d s n u m b e r e f f e c t a d -
d i t i o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s a r e g i v e n . C r i t e r i a a r e i n c l u d e d to f a c i l i t a t e t h e choice o f expanded blade a r e a
and b l a d e t h i c k n e s s . F i n a l l y , a n u m b e r o f new t y p e o f d i a g r a m s a r e g i v e n w i t h w h i c h t h e o p t i m u m
d i a m e t e r and o p t i m u m R P M can e a s i l y be d e t e r m i n e d .

1. Introduction
In p r e l i m i n a r y ship d e s i g n s t u d i e s i n w h i c h t h e of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r a n d o f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e
ship size. s p e e d , p r i n c i p a l dimensions and p r o - blade p r o f i l e a t a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r a d i u s i s t a k e n
p o r t i o n s a r e to b e d e t e r m i n e d , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f into account i n the p o l y n o m i a l s . A s s u c h t h e f o l l -
computers i s r a p i 5 l l y increasing. H e r e . t h e owing r e l a t i o n s have been determined:
h y d r o d y n a m i c a s p e c t s . i n c l u d i n g r e s i s t a n c e data.
= fl(J. P / D . A E / A 0 . Z . R . t / c )
w a k e and t h r u s t d e d u c t i o n d a t a a n d t h e p r o p e l l e r (1)
characteristics are of importance. K = f 2(J. P / D . A E / A 0 ' Z . R n. Z R t/c)
In t h i s p a p e r the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s c r e w p r o -
p e l l e r s a r e g i v e n i n a f o r m suitable f o r use i n
p r e l i m i n a r y design p r o b l e m s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r - 2. Geometry o f B-series screws
istics are obtained f r o m open-water test results A s y s t e m a t i c s c r e w s e r i e s i s f o r m e d by a n u m -
with t h e Wageningen B - s c r e w s e r i e s [ 1 ] " ) . b e r of s c r e w m o d e l s o f w h i c h o n l y t h e p i t c h r a t i o
B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s are frequently used i n p r a c - P/D i s varied. A l l other characteristic screw
t i c e and p o s s e s s s a t i s f a c t o r y e f f i c i e n c y a n d a d e - dimensions such as the d i a m e t e r D. t h e number

quate c a v i t a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s . A t p r e s e n t about 120 of b l a d e s Z , t h e b l a d e - a r e a r a t i o A E / A o , t h e

s c r e w m o d e l s o f the B - s e r i e s have been tested. blade o u t l i n e , t h e s h a p e o f b l a d e s e c t i o n s * t h e
Some y e a r s a g o t h e f a i r i n g o f t h e B - s c r e w blade t h i c k n e s s e s and the h u b - d i a m e t e r r a t i o d / D

s e r i e s t e s t r e s u l t s was s t a r t e d b y m e a n s o f a r e - a r e the s a m e . T h e s e s c r e w s e r i e s now c o m p r i s e s

gression analysis I n addition, the test results models w i t h blade n u m b e r s r a n g i n g f r o m 2 to 7.
w e r e c o r r e c t e d f o r Reynolds n u m b e r effects by blade a r e a r a t i o s r a n g i n g f r o m 0 . 3 0 t o 1 . 0 5 a n d
using a method developed b y L e r b s [ 2 ] P r e - pitch r a t i o s r a n g i n g f r o m 0 . 5 t o 1 . 4 .
liminary r e s u l t s o f these investigations w e r e Ta b l e 1 g i v e s the o v e r a l l g e o m e t r i c p r o p e r t i e s
g i v e n by Va n L a m m e r e n et al [3] and by O o s t e r v e l d of t h e o r i g i n a l W a g e n i n g e n B - s e r i e s . T h e r e -
and V a n O o s s a n e n [ 4 ] . q u i r e d c o o r d i n a t e s o f the p r o f i l e s c a n be c a l c u l a t -
T h e f a i r i n g o f the B - s c r e w s e r i e s t e s t r e s u l t s ed by means o f f o r m u l a s . a n a l o g o u s t o t h e f o r m -
has n o w b e e n c o m p l e t e d . T h e t h r u s t and t o r q u e ulas g i v e n by Va n G e n t a n d Va n O o s s a n e n [ 5 ] a n d
Van O o s s a n e n 161. v i z
coefficients K r a n d K Q o f the s c r e w s a r e ex-
pressed a s p o l y n o m i a l s i n t h e advance r a t i o J.
Yface - V 1 ( t m a x
the p i t c h r a t i o P / D . t h e b l a d e - a r e a r a t i o A E / A o , for P 0
and t h e b l a d e n u m b e r Z I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t Yback = ( V 1 + 1 / 2 ) 0 - m a x t t . e ) 4 e
N e t h e r l a n d s S h i p M o d e l B a s i n . Wa g e n i n g e n . t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . (2)
• . ) N u m b e r s i n b r a c k e t s r e f e r t o the l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e s a t t h e end o f t h i s and
paper
 252

•••.•
Ta b l e 1 POSITION O F G E N E R ATO R L I N E
POSITION O F M A X I M U M T H I C K N E S S

D i m e n s i o n s o f Wa g e n i n g e n B - p r o p e l l e r s e r i e s .

Dimensions o f f o u r - , f i v e - . s i x - and s e v e n bladed TE

B-screw series.
PITCH O R REFERENCE L I N E
sr/D=Ar-BrZ p=-1 p.0
LE r LEADING EDGE
Cr Z TE r TRAILING E D G E
r/R r - Ar B r
MI r L O C AT I O N O F M A X I M U M THICKNESS
Dr L O C A T I O N O F DIPECTRIX
D AE/A O
Figure 1. D e f i n i t i o n of geometric blade section p a r a m e -
0,2 1.662 0.617 0.350 0.0526 0 . 0 0 4 0 t e r s o f Wageningen B - a n d B B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s .
0.3 1.882 0.613 0,350 0.0464 0 . 0 0 3 5
0.4 2 . 050 0.601 0.351 0.0402 0 . 0 0 3 0
0.5 2.152 0.586 0.355 0.0340 0 . 0 0 2 5
Yface = V 1 ( t m a x - t 1 . e . )
0.6 2.187 0.561 0.389 0.0278 0 . 0 0 2 0
0.7 2.144 0.524 0.443 0.0216 0 . 0 0 1 5 =-(V -t-NT )(1., - t ) + t } f o r P T• 0
Yback 1 2 m a x 1.e. 1 . e.
0.8 1.970 0.463 0.479 0.0154 0 . 0 0 1 0 (3)
0.9 1.582 0.351 0.500 0.0092 0 . 0 0 0 5
1.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0030 0 . 0 0 0 0
F r o m F i g u r e 1 i t follows that:
Dimensions o f three-bladed B - s c r e w series. = vertical o r d i n a t e o f a point on a
Yface' 5rback
blade s e c t i o n o n t h e f a c e a n d o n
sr/D=Ar-BrZ the b a c k w i t h respect_ t o t h e p i t c h
Cr line.
r/R •Z b f / cr Ar B r m a x i m u m thickness of blade s e c -
D A E/A tmax
tion.

1 . 633 0.616 0.350 0.0526 0 . 0 0 4 0 - extrapolated blade section t h i c k -

0.2 tt e . • t 1. e.
0.3 1 . 832 0 . 6 11 0.350 0.0464 0 . 0 0 3 5 ness a t t h e t r a i l i n g a n d l e a d i n g
2 . 000 0.599 0.350 0.0402 0 . 0 0 3 0 edges.
0.4
0.5 2.120 0.583 0.355 0.0340 0 . 0 0 2 5 V1* V 2 - t a b u l a t e d f u n c t i o n s d e p e n d e n t o n
r / 11 a n d P.
0.6 2.186 0.558 0.389 0.0278 0 . 0 0 2 0
0.7 2.168 0.526 0.442 0.0216 0 . 0 0 1 5 p = n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l coordinate along

0.8 2 . 127 0.481 0.478 0.0154 0 . 0 0 1 0 pitch line f r o m position o f m a x i -

0.9 1 . 657 0.400 0.500 0.0092 0 . 0 0 0 5 mum t h i c k n e s s t o leading edge

1. 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0030 0 . 0 0 0 0 (where P = 1 ) . a n d f r o m p o s i t i o n

of m a x i m u m t h i c k n e s s t o t r a i l i n g
A r Br = constants i n equation f o r S r / D edge ( w h e r e p - - 1 ) .

- d i s t a n c e between leading edge and generator Va l u e s o f V i a n d V 2 a r e g i v e n i n Ta b l e s 2 a n d

line a t r 3. T h e v a l u e s of e . a n d t t . e. a r e u s u a l l y c h o s e n
in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h r u l e s l a i d d o w n b y c l a s s i f i c a -
b r = distance between leading edge and location o f tion societies or i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h m a n u f a c t u r -
maximum thickness
ing r e q u i r e m e n t s . I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e g e o -
metry o f this propeller series, i t is r e m a r k e d
Cr- c h o r d length of blade section at radius r
that a t t h e N e t h e r l a n d s S h i p M o d e l B a s i n m o d i -
ad
Sr - m a x i m u m b l a d e s e c t i o n t h i c k n e s s a t r a d i u s r f i e d B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s a r e now used and d e s i g n -
ed. w h i c h have a s l i g h t l y w i d e r b l a d e c o n t o u r n e a r
the b l a d e t i p . T h e s e p r o p e l l e r s a r e d e n o t e d a s
'BB' p r o p e l l e r s . F o r the sake of completeness,
Ta b l e 4 i s i n c l u d e d w h i c h g i v e s t h e p a r t i c u l a r s
of this s e r i e s . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
of these B B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s m a y h e c o n s i d e r -
ed i d e n t i c a l w i t h the o r B - s e r i e s propellers.
 253

Ta b l e 2
Va l u e s o f V i f o r u s e i n e q u a t i o n s 2 a n d 3

-1.0 -.95 -.9 -.8 -.7 -.6 -.5 -.4 -.2 0

.7-1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.5 .0522 .0420 .0330 .0100 .0100 .0040 .0012 0 0
.4 .1467 .1200 .0972 .0630 .0395 .0214 . 0 11 6 .0044 0
.3 .2306 .2040 .1790 .1333 .0943 .0623 .0376 .0202 .0033
.25 .2598 .2372 .2115 .1651 .1246 .0899 .0579 .0350 .0084
.2 .2826 .2630 .2400 .1967 .1570 .1207 .0880 .0592 .0172
.15 .3000 .2824 .2650 .2300 .1950 .1610 .1280 .0955 .0365

r > \ 1 " +1.0 +.95 +.9 +.85 +.8 +.7 +.6 +.5 +.4 +.2 0
/B \
.7-1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.6 .0382 .0169 .0067 .0022 .0006 0 0 0 0 0 0
.5 .1278 .0778 .0500 .0328 .0211 .0085 .0034 .0008 0 0 u
.4 .2181 .1467 .1088 .0833 .0637 .0357 .0189 .0090 .0033 0 0
.3 .2923 .2186 .1760 .1445 .1191 .0790 .0503 .0300 .0148 .0027 0
.25 .3256 .2513 .2068 .1747 .1465 .1008 .0669 .0417 .0224 .0031 0
.2 .3560 .2821 .2353 .2000 .1685 . 11 8 0 .0804 .0520 .0304 .0049 0
.15 .3860 .3150 .2642 .2230 .1870 .1320 .0920 .0615 .0384 .0096 0

Ta b l e 3

Va l u e s o f V2 f o r u s e i n e q u a t i o n s 2 a n d 3

r R - 1 . 0 - . 9 5 - . 9 - . 8 - . 7 - . 6 -.5 -.4 -.2

.9-1.0 .0975 .19 .36 .51 .64 .75 .84 .96 1

.85 .0975 .19 .36 .51 .64 .75 .84 .96 1
.8 .0975 .19 .36 .51 .64 .75 .84 .96 1
.7 .0975 .19 .36 .51 .64 .75 .84 .96
.6 .0965 .1885 .3585 .5110 .6415 .7530 .8426 .9613 1
.5 .0950 .1865 .3569 .5140 .6439 .7580 .8456 .9639 1
.4 .0905 .1810 .3500 .5040 .6353 .7525 .8415 .9645
.3 .0800 .1670 .3360 .4885 .6195 .7335 .8265 .9583 1
.25 .0725 .1567 .3228 .4740 .6050 .7184 .8139 .9519 1
.2 .0640 .1455 .3060 .4535 .5842 .6995 .7984 .9446 1
.15 .0540 .1325 .2870 .4280 .5585 .6770 .7805 .9360 1

r/R +1.0 +.95 +.9 +.85 +.8 +.7 +.6 +.5 +.4 4.2 0

.9-1.0 0 ,0975 .1900 .2775 .3600 .51 .6400 .75 .8400 .9600 1
.85 0 .1000 .1950 .2830 .3660 .5160 .6455 .7550 .8450 .9615 1
.8 0 .1050 .2028 .2925 .3765 .5265 .6545 .7635 .8520 .9635
.7 0 .1240 .2337 .3300 .4140 .5615 .6840 .7850 .8660 .9675 1
.6 0 .1485 .2720 .3775 .4620 .6060 .7200 .8090 .8790 .9690 1
.5 0 .1750 .3056 .4135 .5039 .6430 .7478 .8275 .8880 .9710 1
.4 0 .1935 .3235 .4335 .5220 .6590 .7593 .8345 .8933 .9725 1
.3 0 .1890 .3197 .4265 .5130 .6505 .7520 .8315 .8920 .9750 1
.25 0 .1758 .3042 .4108 .4982 .6359 .7415 .8259 .8899 .9751 1
.2 0 .1560 .2840 .3905 .4777 .6190 .7277 .8170 .8875 .9750 1
.15 0 .1300 .2600 .3665 .4520 .5995 .7105 .8055 .8825 .9760 1
254

Ta b l e 4
J KT
Particulars of BB-series propellers. (7)
0 K Q
cr • Z T h e e f f e c t of a R e y n o l d s n u m b e r v a r i a t i o n o n t h e
r/R a r / cr b r/ c r test results has been taken into account by using
D A E/ A O
the m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d by L e n s [2] f r o m the char-
0.200 1.600 0.581 0.350 a c t e r i s t i c s o f e q u i v a l e n t blade s e c t i o n s T h i s m e -
0.300 1 . 832 0.584 0.350 thod has been f o l l o w e d a l s o i n R e f e r e n c e s 7, 8 , 9
0.400 2 . 023 0.580 0.351 and 1 0 .
0.500 2.163 0,570 0.355 In the L e r b s e q u i v a l e n t p r o f i l e m e t h o d the b l a d e
0.600 2.243 0.552 0.389 s e c t i o n at 0 . 7 5 R i s a s s u m e d t o b e e q u i v a l e n t f o r
0.700 2 . 247 0.524 0.443 the w h o l e b l a d e . A t a s p e c i f i c v a l u e o f t h e a d -
0.800 2 . 132 0.480 0.486 vance c o e f f i c i e n t J . t h e l i f t a n d d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t
0.850 2.005 0.448 0.498 C L and C D a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a n g l e o f a t t a c k
0.900 1 . 798 0.402 0.500 a, f o r t h e b l a d e s e c t i o n . a r e d e d u c e d f r o m t h e
0.950 1 . 434 0.318 0.500 K T- and KQ -values f r o m the open-water test.
0.975 1.122 0.227 0.500 Reynolds n u m b e r e ff e c t s a r e o n l y c o n s i d e r e d
to i n f l u e n c e t h e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t
ar = d i s t a n c e between leading edge profile. I t is f u r t h e r m o r e assumed that this i n -
and g e n e r a t o r l i n e a t r fluence i s i n accordance w i t h a v e r t i c a l s h i f t o f

b r = d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n l e a d i n g edge
and l o c a t i o n o f m a x i m u m
thickness at r
at
Cr = c h o r d l e n g t h a t r
the C D - c u r v e . e q u a l t o t h e c h a n g e i n t h e m i n i -
m u m v a l u e o f the d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t . T h i s m i n i m u m
value is for thin p r o f i l e s c o m p o s e d of m a i n l y f r i c -
tional r e s i s t a n c e . t h e effect o f the p r e s s u r e g r a -
dient being s m a l l .
A c c o r d i n g to H o e r n e r [ 11 ] . t h e m i n i m u m d r a g
coefficient o f a p r o f i l e i s :

3. Analysis o f model test data 2 Cf(1 + 2 - ( 8 )

C r Dmin c 0 . 7 5 R
The o p e n - w a t e r t e s t r e s u l t s o f B - s e r i e s p r o -
p e l l e r s a r e g i v e n i n the conventional way i n the in w h i c h ;

f o r m o f the t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s K T a n d O. 075
K . e x p r e s s e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f J and the p i t c h Cf (9)
ratio P / D . where:
[O. 43429 ln(RnO. 75R) 2 ] 2

KT - (4) w h e r e ;
pn2 D4 for C_0.75R
see page 10
KQ - ( 5 ) C R n 0 75R (10)
pn Q 2 D5 0 . 7 5 R IF-V2A ± ( 0 • 7 5 7 n D ) 2

Cf is t h e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t o f a f l a t p l a t e i n a t u r -
(6)
bulent f l o w and the t e r m 1 + 2 - t represents
cO. 7 5 R
in w h i c h
the e f f e c t of the p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t C O . 75R i s t h e
T = propeller thrust. chord length a t 0 . 7 5 R and v t h e k i n e m a t i c a l v i s -
Q p r o p e l l e r torque. c o s i t y.
p = f l u i d d e n s i t y. On s e t t i n g o u t t h e m i n i m u m v a l u e o f t h e d r a g
n = revolutions o f propeller p e r second. coefficient a s obtained f r o m t h e p o l a r c u r v e f o r
D = p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r. each p r o p e l l e r o n a b a s e o f R e y n o l d s n u m b e r , a
VA v e l o c i t y o f a d v a n c e . large s c a t t e r i s apparent as shown i n F i g u r e 2.
The o p e n - w a t e r e f f i c i e n c y i s d e f i n e d a s : When t h i s m i n i m u m v a l u e o f t h e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t
 255

P/0 :1 0 F O R ALL POINTS

• B 3 - BO X B 5 - 4 5
0 024
• B 3 - 80 x B 5 - 45
0 B 3 - 65 * B 5 - GO
0 020 0 B 3 - 65 • 9 5 - GO
0 B 3 - 50 A B 5 - 7 5
O B - 50 A 13 5 - 7 5
0

fil
B

B
3

4
- 35

- 40
1,

v
B 5

B 6
- 105

- 5 0
8 0 B 3 - 35 7 B e - l o s

0 B 4 - 40 V BG - 50
0 020 A B 4 - 5 5 1 B 6 - 6 5 A B 4 - 55 U B 6 - G5
B 4 - 7 0 0 B G - 8 0 . - 70 0 B - 80
AV E R A G E R E L A T I O N
A B 4 - 8 5 0 B 7 - 5 5
0016
B . - es a B 7 5 5
FOR P / D : 1 0
+ B 4 - 100 13 B - 7 0 + B 4 - 100 B - 70

13 B - 85 B 7 - 85
COrnin
0 016
/,'

0 0 1
/ '

2 x I T T C 1 9 5 7 TURBULENT FLOW LINE

0 012 V

VA
•
CD 0 008

_ T H R E E - DIMENSIONAL
A A •

0 008 9 VA 7 - 1 - * • • • •
EFFECT O N C o „ „ , . .
0

0 004
010 0 1 5 020 0 2 5
A
0 2 1 1 BLASIUS LAMINAR F L O W LINE

0 0 0 4
Figure 3. T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l e f f e c t o n m i n i m u m d r a g
c o e ff i c i e n t o f e q u i v a l e n t p r o f i l e o f B - s e r i e s p r o p e l l e r s .

0 i a l s f o r s p e c i f i c c o m b i n a t i o n s o f Z.• A E / A 0 ' P / D ,
1 x105 2 1 1 1 0 3 . 1 0 5 R n 4 x105
Figure 2. Uncorrected value o f m i n i m u m d r a g coeffi-
cient of equivalent profile o f B - s e r i e s propellers.
AE/Ao
is s e t out a g a i n s t f o r each pitch-diameter
r a t i o , i t is seen t h a t b e l o w a s p e c i f i c v a l u e o f t h e
blade a r e a - b l a d e number ratio an i n c r e a s e i n the
CD v a l u e o c c u r s F o r a p i t c h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o
eqUalT6 1 . 0 , t h i s i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3 . T h e e x -
i s t e n c e o f such a c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e C D min v a l u e
w i t h p r o p e l l e r g e o m e t r y p o i n t s to the f a c t t h a t t h e
s c a t t e r i n F i g u r e 2 i s not e n t i r e l y due t o R e y n o l d s
number effects a n d experimental e r r o r s . I t is
obvious that the d r a g coefficient i s influenced b y
a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l e f f e c t . I t i s n e c e s s a r y,
the b e f o r e c o r r e c t i n g for Reynolds number
a c c o r d i n g to the g i v e n e q u a t i o n s , t o s u b t r a c t t h i s
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l e f f e c t f r o m the C D mv I na l u e .
An e s t i m a t i o n o f this e ff e c t was obtained by ap-
p l y i n g r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s o f which the r e s u l t s
5 x105
a and Rn. T h e r e s u l t i n g values f o r m e d the input
for the development of a t h r u s t coefficient and a
torque c o e f f i c i e n t p o l y n o m i a l . T h e t h r u s t a n d
torque coefficients w e r e then expressed as p o l y -
nomials i n the advance coefficient J . p i t c h r a t i o
P / D , b l a d e a r e a r a t i o A E / A o and blade n u m b e r
Z and w i t h t h e a i d o f a m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l -
ysis method t h e s i g n i f i c a n t t e r m s o f the poly-
nomials and the values o f the corresponding c o -
e f f i c i e n t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d . F o r R n = 2x106 t h e
polynomials o b t a i n e d i n t h i s w a y a r e given i n
Ta b l e 5 . T h e c h o i c e o f a R e y n o l d s n u m b e r v a l u e
of 2 x 1 0 6 f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o n t h e m o d e l
scale f o l l o w e d f r o m the f a c t t h a t the c o r r e s p o n d -
ing C D m i i . v a l u e s i s a n a v e r a g e o f a l l m o d e l
CDmin. v a l u e s .
4. Reynolds number effect on propeller
chararacteristics
In f o r m u l a t i n g t h e m i n i m u m v a l u e o f t h e d r a g
coefficient as a function o f the Reynolds n u m b e r

a r e g i v e n b y Va n O o s s a n e n [ 6 ] .
T h e thus o b t a i n e d l i f t and d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s w e r e
e a c h e x p r e s s e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f b l a d e n u m b e r,
blade a r e a r a t i o , p i t c h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o and angle
of a t t a c k i n polynomials by means of a multiple
(see equation 8 ) , i t is p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e t h r u s t
and t o r q u e values v a l i d f o r f u l l - s c a l e b y c o r r e c t -
ing t h i s C D - v a l u e .
This w a s ' p e r f o r m e d f o r Reynolds n u m b e r s
equal t o 2 x 1 0 7 . 2 x 1 0 8 a n d 2 x 1 0 9 f o r a s e l e c t e d

regression analysis method. B y applying this g r i d o f J . P / D . A E / A o a n d Z - v a l u e s . To g e t h e r

p r o c e s s in reverse. t h r u s t and torque coefficient w i t h the v a l u e s f o r R n 2 x 1 0 6 , t h e s e K T a n d K Q
values w e r e t h e n calculated. T h e basis f o r this values f o r m e d the i n p u t f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

r e v e r s e p r o c e s s w a s f o r m e d by calculating C L a K T a n d E Q polynomial f o r t h e additional

Reynolds n u m b e r e f f e c t above 2x106. T h e s e p o l y -
and C D c o e f f i c i e n t s f r o m the C L and C D p 0 l y n 0 m -
256

n o m i a l s a r e g i v e n i n Ta b l e 6 . T h e a c t u a l v a l u e
to b e s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o t h e s e p o l y n o m i a l s i s t h e
c o m m o n l o g a r i t h m of the a c t u a l R e y n o l d s n u m b e r.
Thus i f R n = 2 x 1 0 7 , t h e v a l u e t o b e s u b s t i t u t e d i s
7.3010.
To d e m o n s t r a t e h o w t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r e f -
fect i s dependent o n t h e n u m b e r o f p r o p e l l e r
blades, t h e b l a d e a r e a ratio, the p i t c h - d i a m e t e r
r a t i o and the a d v a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t , d i a g r a m s h a v e
been p r e p a r e d e a c h o f w h i c h g i v e s t h e e f f e c t o f
one o f t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s o n K T a n d K Q w i t h i n -
c r e a s i n g R e y n o l d s n u m b e r. T h e e f f e c t of the n u m -
ber o f blades i s shown in F i g u r e 4 w h i l e the e f -
f e c t of t h e e x p a n d e d b l a d e a r e a r a t i o i s s h o w n i n
Figure 5 . F i g u r e 6 gives the e ff e c t o f the p i t c h -
diameter r a t i o and Figure 7 shows the effect of
the a d v a n c e c o e f f i c i e n t J . T h e r e s u l t s s h o w n a r e
f o r the p r o p e l l e r s g r o u p e d a r o u n d t h e B 5 - 7 5 ( Z =
5, A E / A o = 0 . 7 5 ) p r o p e l l e r w i t h a p i t c h - d i a m e t e r
ratio o f 1 . 0 , w o r k i n g a t a n advance coefficient
equal t o 0 . 5 .

Ta b l e 5

C o e f f i c i e n t s a n d t e r m s o f the K T a n d K Q p o l y n o m i a l s f o r t h e Wa g e n i n g e n B - s c r e w
Series f o r R n = 2 x 1 0 6.

K I 1- c,.,.„„ • or.(p/D),.(AE/A0)..(z)
(J).(P/D)'.(AE/A0)u.(e) I

Kr : v K :
(J) ( P / D ) ( A E / A 0 ) (z) (J) (P D I (A, ' A . ) (/)

• 0.00880496 0 0 0 0 • 0.00379368 0 0 0 0
-0.204554 1 0 0 0 • 0.00886523 2 0 0
• 0.166351 0 1 0 0 0.032241 1 1 0 ()
0.158114 0 ' ' 0 0 - 0.00344778 0 (1 0
-0.147581 2 0 1 0 -- 0.0408811 0 1 1 ()
- 0.481497 1 1 1 0 0.108009 1 1 1 0
-- 0.415437 0 " 1 0 0.0885381 2 I 1 ()
0.0144043 0 0 0 1 • 0.188561 0 ()
- 0.0530054 2 0 0 I - 0.00370871 1 0 ()
-- 0.0143481 0 1 0 i • 0.00513696 0 1 () 1
* 0.0606826 1 1 0 1 • 0.0209449 1 1 (I 1
-0.0125894 0 0 1 1 • 0.00474319 2 I 0 1
4- 0.0109689 1 0 1 1 - 0.00723408 " 0 1
-0.133698 0 3 0 0 : 0.00438388 1 1 1
-4- 0.00638407 0 6 0 0 - 0.0269403 0 2 1 1
-0.00132718 2 6 0 0 • 0.0558082 3 0 ()
-t- 0.168496 3 0 1 0 • 0.0161886 0 3 1 ()
-0.0507214 0 0 2 0 0.00318086 1 3 1 0
* 0.0854559 2 0 2 0 • 0.015896 0 0 0
-0.0504475 3 0 1 0 • 0.0471729 1 0
4 0.010465 1 6 2 0 • 0.0196283 3 0
- 0.00648272 2 6 2 0 - 0.0502782 0 1 0
- 0.00841728 0 3 0 1 - 0.030055 3 1
2 ' ()
-1- 0.0168424 I 3 0 1 , 0.0417122
I - 0.0397722 0 3 ()
-0.00102296 3 3 0
0 6 0
-0.0317791 0 3 1 1 - 0.003500-24
1 - 0.0106854 3 0 0
-4- 0.018604 1 0 2
3 3 0 1
-0.00410798 0 2 2 1 ( 0 00110903
2 - 0.000313912 0 6 0
-0.000606848 0 0 0
3 0 1
-0.0049819 1 0 0 2 -I 0.0035985
0 6 1
i- 0.0025983 2 0 0 2 - 0.00142121
- 0.00383637 1 0
-0.000560528 3 0 0 2
-t 0 0126803 0 2 2
- 0,00163652 1 2 0 2
- 0.00318278 2 3 1
- 0.000328787 1 6 0 2
-I 0.00334268 0 6 1
, 0.000116502 2 6 0 2
• 0.000690904 0 0 1 2 - 0.00183491 i 1 0
3 -, 1
• 0,00421749 0 3 1 2 I 0.000112451
• 0.0000565229 3 6 1 2 0.0000297228 3 6 0
0.00146564 0 3 2 2 • 0.000269551 1 0 1
4 0.00083265 2 0 1
0 1 1
- 0.00155334
• 0.000302683 0 6 1
0 0001843 0 0
0.000425399 0 3 •-(
R„ 2 • 10" 0 0000869243 3 3
0 0004659 0 6
0 000()s54 I 94 I 6 2
 257

Ta b l e 6 P/0 =1 0 ; Z = 5 ; 3 = 0 5
Polynomials f o r Reynolds number effect A E / A 0 0 45
= 0 60 0.002

(above R i l 2 x 1 0 6 ) o n K T a n d K Q . z 075

0 30
AK = 0.000353465 = 05

- O. 0 0 3 3 3 7 5 8 ( A E / A 0 ) J 2 0.001

-O. 0 0 4 7 8 1 2 5 ( A E / A 0 ) ( P / D ) J
+O. 0 0 0 2 5 7 7 9 2 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301)2 • ( A / A 0 ) , 1 2 A KT

+0. 0 0 0 0 6 4 3 1 9 2 ( 1 o g R n - 3 0 1 ) ( P / D ) J 2
- O. 0 0 0 0 11 0 6 3 6 ( l o g R n - 0 . 301)2 ( P / D ) 6 J2
- O. 0000276305 ( l o g R 1 - 0 . 301)2 z ( A E / A 0 ) , 1 2
A Ko
+O. 0 0 0 0 9 5 4 ( 1 o g R 1 - 0 . 301) z (A / A 0 ) ( P / D ) J
+0. 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 4 9 ( 1 o g R 1 - 0 . 301) ( A E / A o ) ( P / D ) 3 -0 001
- O. 000591412
AKQ =
- 0. 00696898(P/D)
- O. 0000666654 z ( P / D ) 6
-0 002
+0 . 0 1 6 0 8 1 8 ( A E / A o ) 2
-O. 0 0 0 9 3 8 0 9 1 ( 1 o g R i i - 0 . 301) ( P / D )
-O. 00059593(1ogR1- O. 301) ( P / D ) 2
+O. 0 0 0 0 7 8 2 0 9 9 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301)2 ( P / D ) 2 -0 003

+O. 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 9 9 ( 1 o g R 1 - 0 . 301) z ( A E / A 0 ) , 1 2
- O. 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 5 2 8 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301)2 z ( A E / A 0 ) ( P / D ) J
+O. 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 1 7 1 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301) z ( P / D ) 6
-0 004
- O. 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 4 3 4 1 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301)2 z ( P / D ) 6 2,006 2 K107 2 x108 2 K109

-O. 00400252(1ogRn- O. 301) ( A E / A 0 ) 2

F i g u r e 5 . I n f l u e n c e o f blade a r e a r a t i o on Reynolds n u m -
+O. 0 0 0 2 2 0 9 1 5 ( 1 o g R n - 0 . 301)2 ( A E / A 0 ) 2 b e r e f f e c t on t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s .

0 002
0 002
.05 Z 5 , A E / 4 0 r 015
P/0 = 1 0 ; AE/A0 = 0 75 J = 0 5
Z r3 P / D =0 6
=4 r 0 8

Z=5 = 1.0

- . 1 2 0001
Z -6 0 001
m7 =1 4

A KT K

AK0 A Ko

- 0 001 -0 001

-0 002 -0 002
A K0 A K O

1 -0 003 1 1
-0 003
2x106 2 1 0 7 2 K108 2,009
2 K106 23,107 R n 2 , 0 0 8 Rn

F i g u r e 4 I n f l u e n c e o f number of blades on Reynolds num- F i g u r e G. I n f l u e n c e o f p i t c h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o on Reynolds

b e r e f f e c t on t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o e ff i c i e n t s . number e f f e c t on t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s .
258

It should b e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e i n c r e m e n t i n 0 005
P/D ,1 Z 5 AE/Ao 0 75
K T ( A K T ) and the i n c r e m e n t in KQ ( A K Q) p r e s e n t - J 0
ed i n F i g u r e s 4 t o 7 a r e r e l a t i v e t o a R e y n o l d s 02
0,4
n u m b e r v a l u e o f 2x106. T h e v a l u e o f t h e R e y n o l d s 3 0 G 0004
number i s d e t e r m i n e d b y equation 10. S t r i c t l y, 08
10 /

therefore. t h e A K T a n d A K Q , values f o r a
Reynolds n u m b e r e q u a l t o 2 x 1 0 u s h o u l d e q u a l
z e r o . A s shown i n F i g u r e s 4 t o 7 . t h i s i s n o t t h e 0 003

c a s e . T h i s is due t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n m u l t i p l e r e -
gression a n a l y s i s m e t h o d s to p r e s c r i b e that the
r e s u l t i n g r e l a t i o n m u s t have a s p e c i f i c v a l u e f o r a 0 002
p a r t i c u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n of v a l u e s f o r t h e i n d e p e n -
dent v a r i a b l e s . AK,

0 001
5. Effect o f variation i n blade thickness on
propeller characteristics
The e f f e c t o f b l a d e t h i c k n e s s o n t h e t h r u s t a n d
torque c o e f f i c i e n t s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a n
a n a l o g o u s m a n n e r as u s e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t
of R e y n o l d s n u m b e r a s d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 4.
A c h a n g e i n the t / c - v a l u e o f the equivalent p r o - -0001

peller blade section at 0.75R is again only con-

AK0
sidered t o influence t h e v a l u e o f the m i n i m u m
d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t . T h u s , a s was the c a s e i n a n a l y s - -0 002
ing t h e e f f e c t o f R e y n o l d s n u m b e r , t h e d r a g c o -
e f f i c i e n t o f the e q u i v a l e n t blade s e c t i o n a s a f u n c -
t i o n o f angle o f a t t a c k ( o r a d v a n c e r a t i o ) i s s h i f t -
ed v e r t i c a l l y u p w a r d s o r d o w n w a r d s i n a c c o r d - -0 003
1
ance w i t h the change i n t h e v a l u e o f t h e m i n i m u m 2,007 R , 2 1 0
dragcoefficient C n T h i s situation, t h e r e -
—min. F i g u r e 7 . I n f l u e n c e o f advance r a t i o o n R e y n o l d s n u m b e r
f o r e . l e a d s to the i d e a t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f a s p e c i f i c e ff e c t on t h r u s t and t o r q u e c o e f f i c i e n t s .
change i n t h e t / c - v a l u e a t 0 7 5 R can be r e p r e -
sentedby a specific change i n Reynolds n u m b e r.
The p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e n in Ta b l e s 5 and 6 a r e f o r
where
a blade thickness-chord length r a t i o equal to:
R1 effective R e y n o l d s n u m b e r f o r a
n0.75R
(0.0185- 0.00125Z)Z change i n ( t / c ) 0 . 7 5 R
t/c0.75R= ( 1 1 )
2.073 A E / A o and
new t / c v a l u e a t 0 . 7 5 R .
By r e a r r a n g i n g equation 8, 9 and 10 a change i n (t/c)10.75R -
t h i s v a l u e of t / c c a n b e s h o w n t o c o r r e s p o n d t o a Thus, w h e n i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t an i n c r e a s e o r
new v a l u e o f t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r g i v e n b y ; decrease i n b l a d e section thickness ( r e l a t i v e to
e q u a t i o n 11) does n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f e c t i v e c a m -
1 4 2 ( 1 / C ) 7 5 R
b e r and p i t c h . t h e e f f e c t o n t h r u s t a n d t o r q u e c a n
R1 exp 4 . 6 0 5 2 be a s c e r t a i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g a n e f f e c t i v e n e w
n0.75R
1 + 2 0 1 0 1 0 7 5 R value for the Reynolds number according to equa-
tion 1 2 a n d t h e n d e t e r m i n i n g . h y m e a n s o f the
polynomials presented in 'Fable 5 and Ta b l e G. t h e
- (12) a s s o c i a t e d v a l u e s o f K:1, a n d IKQ,
75R 4 . 6 0 5 2 ) 1

6. Choice o f blade area r a t i o based on cavitation
criteria
A r e a s o n a b l e i n d i c a t i o n as to the r e q u i r e d b l a d e
a r e a r a t i o o f f i x e d p i t c h p r o p e l l e r s can b e o b t a i n -
ed b y m e a n s o f a f o r m u l a g i v e n b y K e l l e r [ 1 2 ] .
viz:
AE ( 1 . 3 + 0 . 3 Z ) T
+K (13)
AO ( P o - - P v ) • D 2
where
AE
— = expanded blade a r e a r a t i o .
A
0 D = p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r.
Z = n u m b e r o f blades,
T -= p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t i n k g .
Po = s t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t c e n t r e l i n e o f p r o p e l l e r
shaft in k g / m ' ,
P v - vapour pressure in kg/m2,
K = c o n s t a n t w h i c h c a n b e put e q u a l t o 0 f o r f a s t
twin-screw ships,
K = 0 . 1 0 f o r other t w i n - s c r e w ships,
K = 0.20 for single-screw ships.
7. Choice o f characteristic thickness chord length
ratio based on cavitation criteria and strength
In a n u m b e r o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s [ 1 3 . 5 ] , i t i s
shown t h a t the m i n i m u m a l l o w a b l e blade s e c t i o n
t h i c k n e s s based on s t r e n g t h c r i t e r i a does n o t g i v e
the l a r g e s t m a r g i n a g a i n s t c a v i t a t i o n when o p e r a -
t i n g in a n o n - u n i f o r m v e l o c i t y f i e l d . I n a p r o p e l -
l e r d e s i g n t h e p r o p e r c o m p r o m i s e between the
conflicting c h a r a c t e r s o f t h i c k blade sections
(having a l a r g e c a v i t a t i o n - f r e e a n g l e o f a t t a c k
range) and thin blade sections (being f r e e o f ca-
vitation at low cavitation numbers at shock-free
e n t r y o f the flow) m u s t be made.
For e v e r y type o f thickness and camber d i s -
t r i b u t i o n u s e d , t h e r e i s o n l y one o p t i m u m t / c -
value f o r a s p e c i f i c v a l u e o f the c a v i t at i on n u m -
b e r . F o r p r o p e l l e r blade s e c t i o n s w i t h a n e l l i p t i c
type o f t h i c k n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n the o p t i m u m t / c -
value, g i v i n g the l a r g e s t c a v i t a t i o n - f r e e l i f t co-
e f f i c i e n t r a n g e , c a n be a p p r o x i m a t e l y g i v e n b y :
( t / c ) o p t O . 30- - 0 . 0 1 2 ( 1 4 )
where
a c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r o f the blade section i n the
v e r t i c a l u p r i g h t blade position.
Relation 1 4 i s only valid f o r s m a l l blade sec-
t i o n c a m b e r s and v a l u e s o f t h e c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r
259
between 0 . 1 a n d 0 . 6 . A h a n d y f o r m u l a f o r the
value o f the c a v i t a t i o n n u m b e r o f the blade s e c -
tion a t 0 . 7 5 R i n the v e r t i c a l u p r i g h t blade p o s i -
tion is:
200+20(h-0.375D)
a - (15)
V2 + (O. 04ND)2
A
in w h i c h
h -= d i s t a n c e i n m e t e r o f p r o p e l l e r s h a f t t o e f -
fective water surface,
VA = v e l o c i t y of advance o f p r o p e l l e r i n m / s e c . ,
N = revolutions per minute,
The r e s u l t i n g t h i c k n e s s - c h o r d l e n g t h r a t i o o f
the e q u i v a l e n t b l a d e s e c t i o n a t 0 . 7 5 R m u s t a l s o
possess s a t i s f a c t o r y s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s . M a n y
m e t h o d s have been d e v i s e d to d e t e r m i n e the m i n i -
m u m a c c e p t a b l e v a l u e o f the blade thickness a t
various p r o p e l l e r r a d i i . H o w e v e r, i n this p r e -
l i m i n a r y d e s i g n stage. i n w h i c h t h e o n l y i n t e r e s t
of the n a v a l a r c h i t e c t is f o c u s s e d o n a p a r a m e t r i c
study to d e t e r m i n e o v e r a l l p r o p e l l e r p a r a m e t e r s .
it is quite s u f f i c i e n t t o u s e a v e r y s i m p l e f o r m u l a
to e n s u r e t h a t t h e c h o s e n t / e - v a l u e i s n o t t o o
s m a l l . I n this r e g a r d it should be noticed that f o r
n o r m a l m e r c h a n t s h i p s equation 14 always leads
to l a r g e r t / c - v a l u e s t h a n . e . g . , t h e t / c - v a l u e
f o r t h e B - s e r i e s a c c o r d i n g t o e q u a t i o n 11 .
A s i m p l e f o r m u l a f o r the m i n i m u m b l a d e t h i c k -
ness at O. 75R can be d e r i v e d f r o m S a u n d e r s [ 1 4 ] ,
viz:
0.0028+0.21
t m i n 0 . 7 5 R -=D 3 I ( 2 3 7 5 - 11 2 5 P / DD2N2
)Ps
l y 4.123ND3(Sc +12.788)-
(16)
where
tmino.75R m i n i m u m blade thickness at 0.75R
in f e e t .
D --- p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n f e e t .
P = shaft horsepower p e r blade.
N = revolutions per minute.
Sc m a x i m u m a l l o w a b l e s t r e s s i n
pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h ( p s i ) .
In t h i s f o r t h e bending m o m e n t due t o the
centrifugal f o r c e effect i s neglected, w h i c h i s
c o r r e c t o n l y f o r p r o p e l l e r s kvith z e r o r a k e . T h e
additional f o r m u l a f o r t h e c h o r d length f o r de-
260

t e r m i n i n g the m i n i m u m v a l u e o f t / c a t 0 . 7 5 R i s : VA - a d v a n c e v e l o c i t y o f p r o p e l l e r i n k n o t s .
Since t h e v a l u e o f B a n d 5 a r e d e p e n d e n t o n
2. 0 7 3 A E / A 0 • D P1
CO. 75R (17) the s y s t e m o f u n i ts u s e d , i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t o
r e p l a c e t h e s e v a r iable b y t h e n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l
8. Diagrammatical representation of polynomials: variables K Q 1 / 4 . J - 5 / 4 a n d J - 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y.
determination o f optimum diameter and such t h a t
optimum propeller revolutions
For m a n y purposes. i t is s t i l l useful t o have
0.17:391/B K Q • J 1/4 -5/4
atone's disposal d i a g r a m s g i v i n g the c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s o f o p e n - w a t e r t e s t s I t was, t h e r e f o r e , d e - and (19)
cided t o m a k e a new s e t of d i a g r a m s f o r the B -
0.0098756 -
s e r i e s based on the K T a n d K Q p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e n
in Ta b l e s 5 a n d 6 .
Figure 8 g i v e s t h e K T - K Q - J d i a g r a m o f the
B5-75 propeller for a Reynolds n u m b e r o f 2x106.
F o r the case t h a t the o p t i m u m p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r
is t o b e c a l c u l a t e d w h e n t h e p o w e r . t h e r o t a t i v e
p r o p e l l e r speed a n d t h e a d v a n c e v e l o c i t y i s s p e -
c i f i e d , u s e is g e n e r a l l y made of the v a r i a b l e s B P1'
and 6 d e f i n e d a s :

B Pl= N• P 1 / 2 . VA - 5 / 2 ( 1 8 )

6 = N • D• VA 1
in w h i c h
N = n u m b e r of p r o p e l l e r r e v o l u t i o n s p e r m i n u t e .
P = s h a f t h o r s e p o w e r i n b r i t i s h u n i t s ( 1 H P --= B 5 • 75 1573

76kgm/sec.).
F i g u r e 8 . K T - K Q - J d i a g r a m of B 5 - 7 5 p r o p e l l e r a c c o r d -
- D = p r o p e l l e r d i a m e t e r in feet. ing t o p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e n i n Ta b l e 5 ( R n = 2 x 1 0 6 ) .

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0 1 7 3 9 V B p I K C ; ' 4 •
V2 - 2 P S H A F T HORSEPOWER (BRITISH)
85'1 P VA VA • Vs ( I - W I 1973
B 5-75
VS"• S IP SPEED IN KNOTS
w • WAKE FRACTION

F i g u r e 9 . K Q 1 / 4 • J - 5 / 4 - J - 1 d i a g r a m o f B 5 - 7 5 p r o p e l l e r a c c o r d i n g t o p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e n i n Ta h l e 5 ( R n 2 x 1 0 6 )
f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m u m d i a m e t e r.
 261

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1 1 1 1 e l l " ; P P ' 1 4 ' 1 = 7 ' a J / # 4 1 4 ; 1 ;

1 1 1 1 0 1 1 a g l d 0 A 0O . Pd t * •L I w
g.5f:e:tP1‘7'-'51I:_.0
03 0 4 0 5 06 0 7 08 0 9 10 1 . 1
D • P R O P E L L E R DIAMETER IN F E E T
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B 5-75 VA • Vs (1-W) 1974
B p 2 P V 2 A 5 t
Vs • S H I P S P E E D IN KNOTS
W • WA K E FRACTION

F i g u r e 1 0 . K o 1 / 4 • J - 3 / 4 - J - 1 d i a g r a m o f B 5 - 7 5 p r o p e l l e r a c c o r d i n g to p o l y n o m i a l s g i v e n i n Ta b l e 5 ( R n - 2 x106)
f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m u m d i a m e t e r.

8 5 - 4 5 B 5 4 5
9 5 - GO 95 6 0
•— B 5 - 75 — — 9 5 - 75
07 9 5 9 0 07 8 5 9 5
B 5 - 105

06 06

14 50 110 14 50

05 05

12 40 12 —4 0

04

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08 2.0 0 1 3 * 2 0

06 10 0 6
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F i g u r e 11 . Va l u e s o f p i t c h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o and J - 1 c o r - Figure 12. Va l u e s o f p i t c h - d i a m e t e r r a t i o and J - 1 c o r -

r e s p o n d i n g to o p t i m u m d i a m e t e r (based on K Q 1 / 4 . J - 5 / 4 ) . responding to o p t i m u m R P M (based on K Q 1 / 4 • J - 3 / 4 ) .

262
The s q u a r e r o o t o f B 1P i s a d o p t e d s i n c e t h e n a
l i n e a r s c a l e can be used in the r e s u l t i n g d i a g r a m s
for t h i s variable. F i g u r e 9 shows the result f o r
the B 5 - 7 5 p r o p e l l e r f o r a R e y n o l d s n u m b e r o f
2x106_
In the case t h a t t h e o p t i m u m p r o p e l l e r s p e e d i s
to b e d e t e r m i n e d w h e n t h e p o w e r , t h e p r o p e l l e r
diameter and the advance velocity is specified.
use c a n b e m a d e o f t h e p o w e r c o n s t a n t B 2P ' d e -
fined as:
(20)
BP2 = P 1 / 2 - D - l • V A - 3 / 2
i n w h i c h t h e v a r i a b l e s P, D a n d V A a r e d e f i n e d
as i n e q u a t i o n s 1 8 . T h i s p o w e r c o n s t a n t c a n b e
replaced b y t h e n o n - d i m e n s i o n a l e x p r e s s i o n
K1 / 4 • J-3/4 as follows:
1 . 7 5 - V B P2 = K , Q 1 / 4 • J - 3 / 4 ( 2 1 )
H e r e a l s o the s q u a r e r o o t o f B P2 i s a d o p t e d s i n c e
then a l i n e a r s c a l e o n t h e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s c a n b e
used i n t h e r e s u l t i n g d i a g r a m . F i g u r e 1 0 s h o w s
the r e s u l t f o r t h e B 5 - 7 5 p r o p e l l e r f o r a R e y n o l d s
n u m b e r of 2x106. A t the N e t h e r l a n d s Ship M o d e l
Basin, d i a g r a m s o f the type shown in F i g u r e s 9
and10 have been prepared f o r a l l B - s e r i e s p r o -
p e l l e r s f o r a Reynolds n u m b e r value o f 2x106.
A d i a g r a m g i v i n g the values o f the p i t c h - d i a -
m e t e r r a t i o P i / D , t h e o p e n - w a t e r e f f i c i e n c y rio
and J - 1 . c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e v a l u e o f t h e o p t i -
m u m d i a m e t e r, b a s e d o n K Q 1 / 4 . J - 5 / 4 , i s g i v e n
i n F i g u r e 11 . F i g u r e 1 2 g i v e s t h e a n a l o g o u s d i a -
g r a m f o r the v a l u e o f t h e o p t i m u m n u m b e r o f r e -
volutions. B o t h d i a g r a m s a r e f o r t h e 5-bladed
B-series propellers.
References
9 .
1 . Tr o o s t . L . . ' O p e n - w a t e r t e s t s w i t h m o d e r n p r o p e l -
l e r f o r m s ' . T r a n s . N E C , 1 9 3 8 , 1 9 4 0 and 1 9 5 1 .
2. L e r b s . H . W . . ' O n t h e e f f e c t o f s c a l e a n d r o u g h n e s s
on f r e e r u n n i n g p r o p e l l e r s ' , J o u r n a l ASNIE. 1 9 5 1 .
3. L a m m e r e n . W . P. A . v a n , M a n e n , J . D. v a n a n d
O o s t e r v e l d . M . W . C . , T h e Wa g e n i n g e n B - s c r e w
series'. Tr a n s . SNAME. 1969.
4 . O o s t e r v e l d . M . W . C. and Oossanen. P. v a n , ' R e c e n t
developments i n m a r i n e p r o p e l l e r h y d r o d y n a -
mics'. J u b i l e e Meeting of NSMB. 1972.
5. G e n t , W . v a n a n d O o s s a n e n . P . v a n , ' I n f l u e n c e o f
wake on p r o p e l l e r l o a d i n g and c a v i t a t i o n ' . P a p e r
p r e s e n t e d at 2nd L i p s P r o p e l l e r S y m p o s i u m ; M a y
1973. I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h i p b u i l d i n g P r o g r e s s . 1 9 7 3 .
6. O o s s a n e n . P . v a n , ' C a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r f o r m a n c e a n d
c a v i t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p r o p e l l e r s i n c l u d i n g
e ff e c t s o f n o n - u n i f o r m f l o w a n d v i s c o s i t y ' .
D o c t o r ' s thesis, D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f Te c h n o l o g y,
1974: N e t h e r l a n d s S h i p M o d e l B a s i n , P u b l i c a t i o n
7. LindNgoren4,57B.1,97'4Model t e s t s w i t h a f a m i l y o f t h r e e
and f i v e b l a d e d p r o p e l l e r s ' . P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 4 7 .
An
P 11-19.61a.nd E i j a r n e , E . . ' T h e S S PA s t a n d a r d
8 L i n dSpropellergSre family open-water c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ' ,
P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 6 0 , S S PA . 1 9 6 7 .
9. N e w t o n , R . N . a n d R a d e r, H . P. ' ' P e r f o r m a n c e d a t a
of propellers for high-speed c r a f t ' , T r a n s . R I N A .
l9
10. S c h m i d t . D . , ' E i n f l u s s d e r R e y n o l d z a h l u n d d e r
R a u h i g k e i t a u f die p r o p e l l e r - c h a r a c t e r i s t i k b e -
rechnetnach d e r Methode des 5quivalenten P r o -
f i l s ' . S c h i f f b a u f o r s c h u n g 11 , 1 9 7 2 .
11. H o e r n e r , S . F. , ' F l u i d d y n a m i c d r a g ' , P u b l i s h e d b y
h a u t h o r , m1.97,
12 K e l l e r , El nige a s p e c t e n b i j h e t o n t w e r p e n
s c h e e p s s c h r o e v e n ' . S c h i p en W e r f , N o . 2 4 ,
P. v a n . ' A method f o r m i n i m i z i n g t h e o c -
13 0 o s sel ua9 n6rce
e6ron,f c a v i t a t i o n o n p r o p e l l e r s i n a w a k e ' ,
International ShipbuildingProgress, Vo l . 18, N o .
l
,
. p a gEe. 6. •Saunders,
e . 14. Hydrodynamics i n s h i p design'
20. p u b l i sHh e d by the Society of Naval
2vAnor51c,
h2itects and M a r i n e E n g i n e e r s , 1 9 5 7 .