Chemy 220

TEXTBOOK: Organic Chemistry. Houghton Mifflin Co.13th

Edition. 2012
By H. Hart, D.J. Hart, Hadad and L.E. Craine
Grp no. 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
Valence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
electron
❖ Noble Gases
→ Have 8 electrons in their valence shell.
→ They obey octet rule.
→ They are stable.
 Bonding

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding

Different types of covalent bond
Electronegativity: It is the ability of the atom to attract the bonded pair of electrons to itself.
If the electronegativity difference between the bonded atom is:

❖ More than 2 –ionic bond

❖ Less than 2 – polar covalent bond
❖ Zero - non polar covalent bond

❖ Polarity is expressed in terms of dipole moment

Which one is more more polar ? HF or HCl?

Which bond is more polar? N-H bond in NH3 or O-H bond in H2O?
H Cl

H F

CH3 F

CH3OH

CH3NH2
 SHAPES OF ORBITALS
s- orbital
p-orbital
Orbital view of bonding

1. s-s overlapping result in sigma bonds (by axial overlapping)

2. s-p overlapping result in sigma bonds(by axial overlapping)

3. p-p overlapping

a. p-p overlapping ----sigma bonds(by axial or head to head overlapping)

b. p-p overlapping ----pi bond (by lateral overlapping)

Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds

 Formation of pi bonds

Formation of sigma bond

Mixing up of orbitals having different shapes and slightly different energies to form equal number of hybrid orbitals having
same shape and energy is called hybridization.

Hybridization from lewis structure

sp hybridization

sp2 hybridization

sp3 hybridization
sp3 hybridization in methane
sp2 hybridization in ethene
sp hybridization in ethyne CH≡CH
WEDGE AND DASH FORMULA OF METHANE

❖ Solid line are on the plane of the paper

❖ Dashed wedge (dash) is behind the plane of the paper

❖ Solid wedge (wedge) is out of the plane of the paper

 Classification based on molecular frame work

Acyclic
cyclic

1.Alkane
(saturated
Heterocyclic Carbocyclic
compounds)

2.Alkenes
Unsaturated
3. Alkynes

alicyclic Aromatic
classification based on the functional group
 Type of Functional group Prefix Suffix IUPAC names
compounds
nitro Nitro- - Nitroalkane
-NO2
Ether -OR Alkoxy- - Alkoxyalkane
Halide Halo- - Haloalkane
-X(-F,-Cl,-Br,-I)
Alkene -ene Alkene

Alkyne -yne Alkyne

Amine Amino- -amine Alkanamine

-NH2
Alcohol Hydroxy- -ol Alkanol
-OH
Thiol -SH -thiol Alkanethiol
Aldehyde O Formyl- -al Alkanal
Oxo- -carbaldehyde Alkanecarbaldehyde
C H
Ketone Oxo- -one Alkanone
O
C
Cyanide Cyano -nitrile Alkanenitrile
-C N
Amide -amide Alkanamide
O
C NH2
Acid O -oylchloride Alkanoylchloride
chloride
C Cl
Ester O Alkylalkanoate
C OR

Acid O -oic acid Alkanoic acid

-carboxylic acid Alkanecarboxylic acid
C OH

Decreasing order of preference of a few functional groups is given as follows:

Acid >Ester >Acid chloride >Amide > Cyanide >Aldehyde >Ketone >Alcohol >Amine >Alkene,
Alkyne