Probability Distributions

Quarter 3 - Week 1

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties; and
computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Review: Probability of an Event E
The probability of an event E, denoted by P (E) is the chance or likelihood of that
event occuring.
The probability of all other events that an event E occurs is given by
number of outcome when Event E occurs
P (E) =
number of outcomes in Sample Space S

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Review: Probability of an Event E
The probability of an event E, denoted by P (E) is the chance or likelihood of that
event occuring.
The probability of all other events that an event E occurs is given by
number of outcome when Event E occurs
P (E) =
number of outcomes in Sample Space S
or simply
n(E)
P (E) = .
n(S)

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Review: Probability of an Event E
The probability of an event E, denoted by P (E) is the chance or likelihood of that
event occuring.
The probability of all other events that an event E occurs is given by
number of outcome when Event E occurs
P (E) =
number of outcomes in Sample Space S
or simply
n(E)
P (E) = .
n(S)

Remarks:
If E is certain to occur, P (E) = 1.

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Review: Probability of an Event E
The probability of an event E, denoted by P (E) is the chance or likelihood of that
event occuring.
The probability of all other events that an event E occurs is given by
number of outcome when Event E occurs
P (E) =
number of outcomes in Sample Space S
or simply
n(E)
P (E) = .
n(S)

Remarks:
If E is certain to occur, P (E) = 1.
If E is impossible to occur, P (E) = 0.

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Review: Probability of an Event E
The probability of an event E, denoted by P (E) is the chance or likelihood of that
event occuring.
The probability of all other events that an event E occurs is given by
number of outcome when Event E occurs
P (E) =
number of outcomes in Sample Space S
or simply
n(E)
P (E) = .
n(S)

Remarks:
If E is certain to occur, P (E) = 1.
If E is impossible to occur, P (E) = 0.
0  P (E)  1
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
Example:
1 What is the probability of obtaining an even number when rolling a six-sided die?

2
Pleven or or 0.5 or 50
A box contains marbles of the following colors: 3 red, 7 blue, and 11 green. What
is the probability that a marble selected will be green?

P Green
3 A card is drawn randomly from a deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of drawing
an ace?
or
4
Place
Suppose you ask a friend to randomly choose an integer between 1 and 10,
inclusive. What is the probability that the number will be less than 5 or even?
1 34 3,4 6,8110
2702
2 1 2

2 4,6 8110
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
Probability Distributions of Discrete Random Variables

Definition
For a discrete random variable, we may either create a table or use a formula to give
probabilities for each possible value. The correspondence between each possible value
and probability is known as the probability distribution function (pdf) for the
variable.

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Probability Distributions of Discrete Random Variables

Definition
For a discrete random variable, we may either create a table or use a formula to give
probabilities for each possible value. The correspondence between each possible value
and probability is known as the probability distribution function (pdf) for the
variable.

Properties of the Probabilities of Discrete Random Variables

The probability of each value is between 0 and 1, that is 0  P (X)  1.
The sum of all the probabilities is equal to 1. ⌃P (X) = 1

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Probability Distributions of Discrete Random Variables

Definition
For a discrete random variable, we may either create a table or use a formula to give
probabilities for each possible value. The correspondence between each possible value
and probability is known as the probability distribution function (pdf) for the
variable.

Properties of the Probabilities of Discrete Random Variables

The probability of each value is between 0 and 1, that is 0  P (X)  1.
The sum of all the probabilities is equal to 1. ⌃P (X) = 1

Example 1: Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We want to find out the
number of defective cell phone(s) that occur. If we let X as the number of defective
cell phones, construct the probability distribution for random variable X.

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Example 2: Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Construct the probability distribution for random variable
Z.
Step4 construct the Probability Distribution Table

ofThaldotivattab
2 3 44 I 416 or 14
f
2 0,1
Step2 List all possibleoutcomes 2 416 or
of the experiment 3 416 or

Let H Head and T Tail

4 16
iEiIe
s
astnttaaiar
ftp.t i
ii t.FI
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 I.I
Statistics and Probability
 Example 2: Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Construct the probability distribution for random variable
Z.

0 What is the probability that eyes will occur

p 3 or

What is the probability that deeds will occur

P Z 2 P3 P4 p 2
What is the probability that
atmosts heads will occur
15
P Z 3 Plo PCD PID P 3
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
16
Example 3: A company tracks the number of sales new employees make each day
during a 100-probationary period. The results for one new employee are shown at the
table below. Construct and graph a probability distribution.
Sales per day X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of days f 16 19 15 21 9 10 8 2

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Example 4: The probabilities that a customer buys 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 items in a
convenience store are 0.32, 0.12, 0.23, 0.18, and 0.15, respectively. What is the
probability that a customer buys
a. exactly three items?

P n 0.12
b. three or more items?

on
c. at least two items?

P X 2 1 00
d. at most three items?

P 3 0.44
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
Example 5: Let X be the number of boys in a family with four children. The
probability distribution is presented below:

a. What is the probability that a family has exactly 1 boy?

4
PCD 16
b. What is the probability that a family has at least 3 boys?
5
P X 3 F P 4
c. What is the probability that a family has exactly 5 boys?
16

P 5 0.00
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
Example 6: A company gave psychological test to prospective employees. The random
variable X represents the possible test scores. Use the histogram to find the probability
that a person selected at random from the survey’s sample had a test score of

1 exactly one

P 1 0.25
2 at most three

37 0 90
3 more than two

P 2 0.35
4 less than four

P 4 0.10 0.90
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
 Example 7: A survey asked a sample of people how many times they donate blood
each year. The random variable X represents the number of donations in one year.
Use the histogram to find the probability that a person selected at random from the
survey’s sample donated blood

1 more than once in a year

P 2
1 0.45
at most six times in a year

P 6 1.00
3 less than three times in a year.

PIX 23 0.80
Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability
Additional Example 1
A family has three children. Let Z represent the number of girls.
1 Construct a probability distribution for the random variable Z.
2 Draw the graph of the probability distribution.
3 What is the probability that a family having three children has:
a. exactly 1 boy?

b. exactly 2 girls?

c. at most 1 girl?

d. at least 2 girls?

e.. no girl at all?

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability

Additional Example 2
A shipment of five computers contains three that are slightly defective. A retailer
receives three of these computers at random.
1 Let X be the number of slightly defective computers purchased. Find the values of
X.
2 Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X.
3 Draw the corresponding graph for the probability distribution.
4 What is the probability that the shipment will contain:
a. Exactly one slightly defective computer?

b. At least 1 slightly defective computer?

c. At most 2 slightly defective computer?

Second Semester, Quarter 3 - Lesson 1.2 Statistics and Probability