How the charge affect the electrophoretic mobility of two particles if the size is equal for

both:
- Particle with larger charge will have greater mobility

Using the seebeck effect, a thermocouple with Cu-Fe has an alpha factor equal to 0.016
mV/K. What would changing the metal wire to Cu-Cu combination result in?
- Nonfunctional thermoelectric circuit

In the iontophoresis the term “current density” is used. What does it mean?
- It shows the current flow through cross section area. The unit for current density is
A/m2

Which factors does not influence the electrophoretic mobility

- Color

What determines the color of light?

- Frequency

Over years, when the magnetic convulsive therapy was developed, which technical
aspect and how was it improved?
- Improvement of having higher frequency for changing magnetic field

Magnetic convulsive therapy is done by using:

- A full anesthesia

How will this filter appear when it is placed in a room with a green light?

- Dark

Why is Magnetic seizure therapy more precise than the direct application of electricity
on the scalp?
- Takes advantage of noninvasive nature of magnetic fields to be more precise

What is the range of Hooke’s law validity?

- There is no specific range of Hooke’s law validity.
In the Ohm’s law, the relationship between the potential difference and the electrical
current is:
- Linear

The theoretical temperature-resistance relationship for

thermistor is exponential in certain areas. (Fill in the gap)

The theoretical temperature-electromotive force relationship for

Thermocouple is linear

The inside of the axon is filled with:

- An ionic liquid

Seebeck-peltier-thomson’s effect are related to each other through:

- Lord Kelvin’s relationship

How does the Peltier effect work? Select the correct statement:
- Heat absorption at one side and heat rejection of another side of the Peltier element.

The current generated the thermocouple is …….. current. (fill in the gap).
- Direct

The direction and the magnitude of the cardiac dipole change in time:
- True

What do two unlike poles do when they are brought close together?
- They attract

What kind of mathematical relationship is for the thermistor with a positive

temperature coefficient (PTC):
- The resistance of the thermistor increases if the temperature increases.

Where agarose gel electrophoresis is used?

- Detect length of DNA

The wavelength of X-rays is in range

- X-rays are high-frequency, and thus high-energy, electromagnetic radiation. They
have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometres (10^-10) (svaret), and thus
frequencies from 3×1019 to 3×1016 Hz. They are found to reside between ultraviolet
radiation and gamma rays on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Fluid in order to perform zone electrophoresis is:

- Buffer solution
The units for electromotive force are:
- Volts

What is electric current:

- Directed flow of charged particles

Why there is an interaction force between two parallel wires that carry an electric
current? *inserted picture*
- There is a magnetic field around them

Electromyography is a method that allows to evaluate:

- Disorders of muscles and nervous system

Over years, when the magnetic convulsive therapy was developed, which technical
aspect and how was it improved?
- Improvement of having higher frequency for changing magnetic field

What is the method to cure hyperhidrosis ( excessive sweating)

- Iontophoresis

Which one of the following answers describes correctly how the magnetic convulsive
therapy works:
- Changing magnetic field creates rapid ion movement in the brain

Ozone protects Earth’s surface from intense, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which is
damaging to DNA and is formed in the stratosphere by a photochemical dissociation
(separation) of molecular oxygen (O2) into individual oxygen atoms, followed by
subsequent reaction of those oxygen atoms with molecular oxygen to produce ozone
(O3).
- UV radiation could introduce mutations in DNA replication that can lead to skin
cancer
- UV radiation that does get through the ozone layer photochemically damages DNA

In the image positive and negative charge separation across the inside and outside of the
cell causes a dipole moment, which is: *inserts pic*
- Pointing across the membrane from the inside to the outside of the cell

The picture displays *inserted picture of a spectrum*

- A continuous spectrum RÄTT

A system which consists of fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary
called
- Closed system
The sound is:
- Longitudinal wave

Soft x-rays have:

- Lower energy than hard x-rays

X-rays have
- Both short wavelength and high frequency

Lorenz force acts on

- Moving changed particles in external magnetic field

Which of the following is the correct statement associated with the photoelectric effect?
- Electron emission is instantaneous

Sound waves do not travel through

- Vacuum

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance that does not move. It describes the internal
friction of a steady fluid.
- False

The change in speed of ultrasound causes

- Refraction

The thickness of material which decreases the intensity of X-ray material to half………….
- Half thickness

In order to determine the oxygen concentration in the blood you will use
- Pulseoximetry

Alpha particle gains 20 keV energy at 10 kV potential difference. It happens because alpha
particles has
- Two protons
- (Two neutrons om två alternativ kan väljas, annars bara PROTONS)

As an ultrasound pulse moves through tissue in a patient's body……………. (hela frågan

syns ej. under exam kolla bara att alternativen stämmer överens för att utesluta:
A. Intensity
B. Spectrum
C. Frequency
D. Physical size
What kind of energy gas molecules have, when they are moving through space at the same
velocity
- Translational energy

The flow becomes more turbulent if

- Both answers are correct

What is pyrometry?
- Science of objects in high temperature

Is presbyopia and hypermetropia the patient will probably have problems focusing the eye on
objects which are:
- Relatively close, for example reading a book

Which of the mentioned answers is a particle with the greater mass?

- Alpha particle

Which of the following statements is correct?

- Current is measured in amperes and has the symbol I

According to Bernoulli’s law the speed of laminar flow increases then its ----- pressure
- Decreases

Which of the following is true concerning magnetic forces and fields?

I. the magnetic field lines due to a current-carrying wire radiate away from the wire
II. The kinetic energy of a charged particle can be increases by a magnetic force
III. A charged particle can move through a magnetic field without feeling a magnetic
force
Alternative:
- III only

The active optical substance can be analysed using polarimeter. where the substance must be
positioned?
- Between polarizer and analyzer

Which set containing light wavelength in vacuum has all values visible for normal
human vision?
- 0,49 Å, 5,55 Mm, 611 nm

What is the aim of eye iris control center?

- Maintaining the input signal (amount of light reaching retina) constant

Which one of given instruments cannot display a signal?

- Dogoscope

What are widely accepted frequency limits for human auditory (hearing) system?
- 20 Hz for upper, 20 000 Hz for lower
Which of the following is not a part of a control system?
- Comparing the state with all known values

The Amplification A of the signal can be calculated using two signals- input signal Vin and
output signal Vout. What is the mathematical way to calculate the amplification?
- Afeedback= (Vout) / (Vin)

In a control system, the control process consists of 5 steps: The parameter to be controlled,
the means of monitoring the parameter, some reference value and a method for comparing
the parameter with the reference value. Which is the last step of the process?
- A technique to measure the final value of parameter and reference value

How instructions may be transmitted within the organism?

- Using nerve cells and hormones

When the light intensity decreases, the size of the eye pupil
- Increases

Which of the given statements are false?

- The size of the pupil opening increases, when more light reaches the retina

Device which can increase the power and amplitude of the signal is called
- Amplifier

The resistance thermometry mathematically can be described as:

- Nonlinear

In the feedback system, the output affect the input because:

- The output is fed back into the system

Resistance thermistor are sensors used to measure:

- Temperature

Which of the following characteristics of a signal is increased by an amplifier?

- Power and amplitude

What is part of the control process? Check the following statements:

- All statements are correct

Of which qualities resistance thermometry depends on?

- Resistance of an element and the temperature

Which of the following physical quality is converted within thermistor?

- Ratio between electrical current and potential difference

To what kind of energy the light energy is converted after reaching the retina?
- Biochemical energy causing neural impulses
Photomultiplier is a device which:
- Converts electrical energy to light energy

Which statement is mostly true about electrical signal of a microphone?

- The signal is too weak for the display unit or recording and it need to be
amplified

In which frequency set there are all frequencies audible for human hearing system?
- 0,5 MHz, 30 mHz, 2000 Hz

What is an oscilloscope?
- It is an instrument that looks like an electric drill. The rotating part of it rotates
and causes oscillations, which can be seen on the screen attached near the base of
it. Oscillations are amplified by amplifier and that causes ions to charge up and
move within electric field

What happens to the eye pupil when light intensity increases?

- Pupil contracts

Humans cannot hear frequencies that are above:

- 20 000 Hz

What strengthens the signal so that it can boost the signal and give more power to it?
- Amplifier

Which neuron type usually performs the task of transmitting information about the system
state to some decision- making center?
- Sensory neuron

What is an oscilloscope?
- All previous answers are somewhat true

Before a signal describing physical phenomena can be displayed, it has to be:

- Amplified

Control system can:

- Increase or decrease the input signal

Retina is a transducer
- True

What kind of substance is not allowed to use to connect two trays with weak electrolytes
during free electrophoresis?
- Distilled water

What kind of physical properties of molecules are so useful in order to illustrate results of
electrophoresis?
- Fluorescence
Which statement is true?
- Greater molecules have greater mobility

What is the electromagnetic spectrum range in wavelength where proteins,

peptides and nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light?
- 260- 280 nm

The rate of migration of particle when the potential gradient exists is referred to as:
- Mobility of the ion

In bones when certain types of crystals are mechanically deformed, the charges in them are
displaced; as the result these crystals develop a potential difference (voltage) along the
surface. How this phenomena is called?
- Piezoelectric effect

What kind of parameter affect ion mobility?

- Relationship of charge and mass

What is a method to cure hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)?

- Iontophoresis

How does the charge affect the electrophoretic mobility of two particles if the size is equal
for both?
- Particle with larger charge will have greater mobility

How the part of the neuron is called that conducts the electrical impulses away from
the cell body?
- Axon

Aim of iontophoresis is:

- To deliver pharmaceuticals to the tissue through skin

Which one of mentioned answers describes the electrical circuit used in iontophoresis?
- There is low density current and low voltage in iontophoresis

What is the potential difference (approx.) for an axon in the resting state (resting potential)?
- – 70 mV

Which type of electrophoresis is used in order to move particles or bacteria and has
possibility to do observation by microscope?
- Microelectrophoresis

Which factors do not influence the electrophoretic mobility?

- Color

How impulse of nerve has to be created?

- Stimulated axon of nerve
During the electrophoresis, if the voltage will be increased:
- The velocity of the ion will increase, but the electrophoretic mobility will stay
constant

What is action potential?

- Impulse of nerve overcome certain threshold

Methods are used for stained gel of electrophoresis is:

- Fluorescent

How the size affect the electrophoretic mobility of two particles if the charge is the
equal for both?
- Larger particle will have smaller mobility

If the concentration of the ions is constant and the current is doubled, what will happen to the
amount of the ions traveling through the skin?
- It is doubled (increased two times)

Which type of electrophoresis used in order to move particles or bacteria and has
possibility to observation by microscope?
- Microelectrophoresis

What is an eddy current?

- Eddy current is a secondary electric current induced by an alternating
magnetic field

Why does the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) need to have a strong and powerful (1,5
to 7 Tesla strong) static magnetic field?
- The strong magnetic field of MRI aligns the intrinsically magnetic protons in
human body with their magnetic spin parallel to MRI magnetic field

At what approx. frequency mobile cell phones in Europe usually operate?

- 900 MHz, microwave range

Two point charges -q and +q, equal by its absolute value but different by its sign (positive/
negative), which exist within certain distance l; they are called:
- A dipole

What do eddy currents could produce directly interacting with a matter?

- Heat

Thermal effects increase the rate of:

- Cell metabolism

Which answer describes resonance the best?

- The resonance is an effect which occurs when the energy is added to the
oscillating system “on the right time” – at the rate of the natural frequency of
that system. Thus the energy of the system having is increased
When you set the knob of your radio to 89,2 (Radio) FM, that means that you:
- Set the resonance frequency of the receiver circuit to 89,2 MHz

The term “isochrone” means:

- Equal time

What does NMR abbreviation in field of medicine stands for?

- Nuclear magnetic resonance

If you listen Radio (Galgatz) on 91,8 MHz Fm, how many wave cycles averagely* are being
transmitted per second?
*FM stands for “frequency modulation” thus there are approx. number of wave
cycles not exact
- 91,8 million

Mostly nucleus of the hydrogen atom consists of

- A single positively charged proton

Which property exists for iron ore?

- It is ferromagnetic material

When the electric current is flowing through the wire, the magnetic field around it will
be:
- Created everywhere around the wire like a sheath; field lines
perpendicularly to the electric field lines, creating 90 degree angle

When light hits the surface at the Brewster angle, there is

- 90 degrees angle between the reflected ray and the reflected ray

There is an intrinsic magnetic moment of the proton. Its small magnitude is one of reasons
leading scientist to know that the proton is not an elementary particle but it consists
something we call quarks. But this intrinsic magnetic moment gives an proton some particular
property. Which is it?
- Polarity

What do magnetic poles of hydrogen atom nucleus tend to do when the atom is exposed to
strong external magnetic field?
- Magnetic moment (which also defines “the poles”) of the proton aligns with
external magnetic field

What is the main advantage of Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) over Electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT)?
- MST is non-invasive, precise targeting and minimum exposure to deep brain
structures

Superconductivity refers to
- Electrical current flow through a zero resistance conductor

Why MRI is possible to do on humans?

 - Hydrogen atom, also called a proton is intrinsically magnetic and abundant in
the human body

Magnetic convulsive therapy carries a risk of

- Amnesia

What is the primary advantage of inductive shortwave (within radio wave spectrum)
diathermy?
- Magnetic seizure therapy

In the capacitive field diathermy, a patients leg is held between:

- Flat electrodes

The disease which can probably be cured using the electroconvulsive therapy is:
- Depression

What Photon can’t do?

- It can’t interact with matter

Which one of the following materials is the best insulator?

- rubber

What is the wave length of a 5 Hz wave that travels with a speed of 10 m/s ?
- 2m

The ECG does not measure:

- Blood flow of heart

Which particle is responsible for a material’s magnetic properties?

- electron

A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it…..
- True

Blood pressure is the highest in the narrowest part of a stenosis

- False

A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little
friction when it is in motion
- True

Newtonian fluid is any fluid exhibiting a linear relation between the applied shear stress and
the rate of deformation
- True

Sound and light waves both

- obey the laws of reflection

Small liquid drops assume spherical shape because

- Liquid tends to have the minimum surface area due to surface tension
If two bodies of different masses, initially at rest, are acted upon by the same force for the
same time, then the both bodies acquire the same
- Momentum

The refractive index for water is

- 1.33

Which of the following is / are true concerning magnetic forces and fields?
- A charged particle can move through a magnetic field without feeling a magnetic
force.
- The magnetic field lines due to a current-carrying wire propagate away from the wire.

A particle of charge –0.04 C is projected with speed 2 × 104 m/s into a uniform magnetic
field, B, of strength 0.5 T. If the particle’s velocity as it enters the field is perpendicular to B,
what is the magnitude of the magnetic force on this particle?
- 400N

Device that converts one form of energy to another calls

- Transducer

Two charges are separated by a distance d. If the distance between them is doubled, how does
the electric potential between them change?
- Electrical potential is ½ (decreases)

Electromagnetic waves are produced by

- Accelerating electric charges

Point A is at lower electrical potential than point B. An electron between them on the line
joining them will
- Move towards B

As an ultrasound pulse moves through tissue in a patient's body it will undergo a

change in:
- Intensity

Changing from a 2 MHz to a 5 MHz ultrasound transducer would generally produce:

- Shorter wavelength and shorter ultrasound pulses

A sound source sends waves of 400 Hz. It produces waves of wavelength 2.5 m. The velocity

of sound waves is:

Answer: 1000 m/s

Q If a wave has frequency f=1014 Hz and speed v = 100 m/s, what is its wavelength?
- λ = 10 -12 or 1000 nm

Which is true
 - Capillarity is explained by cohesion and adhesion

Electronic device that converts one form of energy to another calls

- transducers

Which is true
- Viscosity is a resistance that a fluid offers to flow when subject to a shear stress
- As attraction between particles increases, viscosity increases
- In an ideal liquid there would be no viscosity
- All of above (all answers are correct)

In an ideal liquid there would be no viscosity

- True

Refractive index of a material is = Lichtbrechung

- The ratio btw speed of light in vacuum and speed of light in given material (n=c/v)

The main idea for the eye pupil is

- pupillary reflex, regulate the amount of the light
- regulate the focal depth
- sharpness
- (All of the above)

One reason why the sky appears blue is because:

- Rayleigh (Luftstreuung) scattering in atmosphere
- Answer could also be defined: Blue light is scattered to a greater extent than red light

Photons always propagate (ausbreiten) with speed c, but light appears to travel at a speed
different from c in dense media. How can we account for this phenomenon?
- Electron oscillators in the medium introduce a phase charge upon re-radiation

Which of the following is true:

- A reflected beam lies in the same plane as the incident beam;

Viscosity increases when intermolecular forces between liquid’s molecules decrease

- False

A photon has a chance of being absorbed by an atom, only if:

- It has the exact energy corresponding to a quantum energy jump
- Specific wavelength bring electron to the next energy level
Om 1 svar: ta nr 1, om båda svar ta båda

The Achilles tendon is attached to the back of the foot as shown in the image. If a man
rises to the one point of the tarsal, then what kind of lever is it?
- Lever for strength

The spectrum observed when white light is shoned through a prism is best explained by:
- Dispersion (streuung)

Calculate the index of refraction for an object in which light travels at 1.97 x 10^8 m/s.
 - n=c/v=300.000.000/1,97x10^8=3/1,97= 1,52

True or False: The resolution of optical instrument is related to light diffraction

(Lichtbeugung)
- True

Capitance is:
- The ability of a body to store an electrical charge

Urine absorption spectrum more likely to be:

- Band spectrum with a strong absorption band at about 450nm

Turbidimetry used:
- Light scattering

The molecules of a glas moving through space with some velocity possess what kind of
energy?
- Translational energy

Which of given particles in the answer has the highest penetration ability?
- Gamma photon

If the increasing light wavelength refractive index decreases, then it is:

- Abnormal dispersion

With the increase of body temperature, the radiation wavelength decreases. This law is
called:
- Wien's displacement law

Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation states that

- At thermal equilibrium the emissivity of a body or surface equals to absorptivity

Stefan-Boltzmann law states that

- Energy of thermal radiation is proportional to temperature of radiating object in the
power of 4

Wien's displacement law states that

- In the case of black body radiation maximum will switch to shorter wavelength when
temperature of the body increases

De Broglie hypothesis states that

- Particles can act like waves

Momentum of photon is
- Inversely proportional to its wavelength

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that

- The more precisely the position of some particles is determined, the less precisely its
momentum can be known and vice versa
In quantum mechanics, what is the equation that describes how the quantum state of a
physical system changes with time?
- Schroedinger equation

According to Wien’s displacement law, which of these spectral lines corresponds to black
body at highest temperature?

- A.

According to Wien’s displacement law, which of these spectral lines corresponds to black
body at highest temperature?

- D

In the case of traditional photoluminescence we can expect shift between maximums of

excitation and emission spectra called Stoke’s shift. Which of these graphs represents Stoke’s
shift?

A.
B.

Atomic and molecular spectra. Classification of spectrum. Spectroscope. Spectral analysis

and its use in medicine.
Following spectrum are:

- 1st: atomic; 2nd: molecular

Which from followings are not gas lasers:

- Thulium
- Excimer laser

An alpha particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV. Its gain in kinetic
energy is
- 20keV (doppelt+e)

The Geiger–Marsden (Rutherford) experiment provides evidence for

- A dense positively charged nucleus

In the Geiger–Marsden experiment α-particles are scattered by gold nuclei. The

experimental results provide evidence that
- Most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a small volume

The geometry of the pipe characterizes the resistance to the flow

- In the case of higher viscosity, the flow will have higher resistance, while in the case
of lower viscosity, the flow will have lower resistance

A freshly prepared sample contains 4.0 μg of iodine-131. After 24 days, 0.5 μg of iodine-131
remain. The best estimate of the half-life of iodine-131 is
- 8 days

Different nuclides spontaneously undergo radioactive decay (zerfall), emitting either α, β or γ

radiation. Which of the following correctly identifies all the emissions that do not have
discrete energies?
- Beta
Which of the following correctly identifies the three particles emitted in the decay of the

nucleus into a nucleus of ?

- beta- , (gamma, v-)

A nucleus of the isotope potassium-40 decays to a nucleus of the isotope argon-40. The
reaction equation for this decay may be written as

Which of the following correctly identifies the proton number of argon-40 and the particle X?
+
- Z: 18, X: β

The graph below shows the number of nuclei N of a radioactive isotope as a function of time
t.

The slope of the curve at any given time is

- Proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei remaining at that time.

A sample contains an amount of radioactive material with a half-life of 3.5 days. After 2
weeks the fraction of the radioactive material remaining is
- 1/16 = 6%

A radioactive isotope has an activity of 400 Bq and a half-life of 8 days. After 32 days the
activity of the sample is
- 1/16 x 400= 25 Bq

A radioactive isotope has an initial activity A0 and a half-life of 1 day. The graph shows how
the activity A varies with time.
 - A1/A3

The process by which a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei is known as
- Nuclear fission

A radioactive source emits alpha particles that then travel through air. With reference to the
range of the alpha particles consider the following three quantities.
- The charge of the alpha particle
- The kinetic energy of the alpha particle
- The density of the air
- All of the above

Which of the above determines the range of the alpha particles?

Data concerning nuclides are plotted using the axes below.

What are the axis labels for this graph?

- Y: Binding energy per nucleon, X: Number of nucleons

The radii of nuclei may be determined by

- Scattering charged particles of the nuclei (MRT)

The radii of nuclei can be estimated from experiments involving

- Charged particle scattered experiment

Which of the following graphs best shows the variation with nucleon number N of the
binding energy per nucleon E?
 - D på bild

The binding energy of a nucleus is defined to be the

- The energy require to break down a nucleus into its components nucleons

The diagram below shows a circuit involving a photoelectric cell. When UV light is
shone onto the metal cathode, electrons are emitted establishing a photocurrent.

Which of the following changes could cause the photocurrent to stop?

- Increasing the potential difference of the power supply.

Ultra-violet light is shone on a zinc surface and photoelectrons are emitted. The sketch graph
shows how the stopping potential Vs varies with frequency f. Planck’s constant may be
determined from the charge of an electron e multiplied by

- The gradient

The charge of all elemental particle in the nucleus of an atom- the proton charge - is called
negative, and the electron charge is positive
- False

Which of the following is a correct statement associated with the photoelectric effect?
- Electron emission is instantaneous
Light of wavelength is incident on a metal surface in a vacuum. Photoelectrons are emitted
from the surface of the metal.
Which of the following best shows the variation with λ of the maximum kinetic energy EK of
the emitted electrons?

- (A på bild)

The diagram shows some of the energy levels of a hypothetical atom.

The atom is excited to the energy level n = 4. Which of the following transitions will produce
a photon of the longest and the shortest wavelength?
- Longest: 4->3, Shortest: 4->1

The diagram shows four possible electron energy levels in the hydrogen atom. The number of
different frequencies in the emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen that arise from electron
transitions between these levels is

- 6

A free electron is confined within a one-dimensional region of fixed length. Which of the
diagrams below shows the four lowest energy levels of the electron?
 - Så ser rätt graf ut (C på bild)

The energies of alpha particles and of gamma rays emitted in radioactive decay are discrete.
This observation is evidence for
- Nuclear energy levels

Which of the following correctly describes the nature of the energy spectra of alpha, beta, and
gamma radiation?
- Alpha: Discrete, Beta: Continuous, Gamma: Discrete

Annual dose level in EU for radiation workers is

- 20 mSv/y

Annual dose level in EU for population is

- 1 mSv/y

SI unit for Radioactivity is:

- Bq = Bequerel

Discoverer of radioactivity is:

- Antonie Hanry Bequerel

The relationship between proton number Z, neutron number N and nucleon number A is:
- N=A-Z

The nuclear equation below is an example of the transmutation of mercury(Quecksilber=Hg)

into gold.(Au)

The particle X is a _____ alpha particle

- 4/2He

A radioactive isotope has a half-life of two minutes. A sample contains sixteen grams of the
isotope. How much time elapses until one gram of the isotope remains?
- 8min

The number of neutrons and the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom of the isotope

of uranium are:
- neutrons=143; protons=92
The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.4 minutes. If one had 100.0 g at the beginning, how many grams
would be left after 7.2 minutes has elapsed?
- 12.5g

SI unit for equivalent Dose is:

- Sievert

What are sound waves in the range above 20,000 hertz?

- Ultrasound

The unit used to measure the frequency of sound is?

- hertz

When a sound can be heard it is called?

- audible

The frequency which is not audible to the human ear is

- 50000 Hz

Sound waves do not travel through

- vacuum

Decreasing the radius of a tube by 1/2 reduces the gas flow to _______ of its original flow
- 1/16

Bernoulli's principle is a statement of the

- Conservation of energy

If the speed of flow increases, then the pressure ________________

- Decreases

What happens to the viscosity of a liquid when its temperature is raised?

- The viscosity of the liquid decreases.

Which is scalar quantity?

- Pressure

The first law of thermodynamics is a form of

- The law of conservation of energy.

Which one of the following statements is correct?

- Current is measured in amps and has the symbol I

Which one of the following formulae describes the relationship between the potential
difference (V) and the current (I) for a resistance (R)
- R = V÷I

If the distance between two positive point charges is tripled, then the strength of the
electrostatic repulsion between them will decrease by a factor of
 - 9

What is Coulomb force ?

- Force which acting between two charges

Electrical current is
- A flow of charges

Capacitance is
- The ability of a body to store an electrical charge.

Piezoelectricity means
- Electricity resulting from PRESSURE.

The Electrocardiogram:
- Graphic representation of the heart electrical activity

EEG refers to the recording of the

- Brain's spontaneous activity over a period of time

Two monochromatic, coherent light waves after interference deletes each other when the
phase shift between the waves is equal to:
- Multiple of the light half-wave length

The light dispersion is:

- Light refractive index dependence on the wavelength

Intensity of light, passing through the substance, decrease

- Exponentially

The solar spectrum is similar to the spectrum of an absolutely black body radiation with a
temperature of 6000K (sun).
- True

In the colorimetry, dye concentration dependence of the absorption band peak is

- Linear

In the Relay scattering, scattered light intensity is:

- Inversely proportional to wavelength of 4 degree

With the increase of body temperature, the radiator wavelength decreases, this law is called
- Wine-shift law

If fast moving electrons rapidly decelerate, then the electromagnetic waves produced are
- X-rays

Position of Electron in atom is characterized by

- Quantum Numbers
According to Pauli exclusion principle which quantum numbers should be different for two
electrons in the same orbital?
- Spin quantum numbers

Alpha radiation can be stopped by

- Paper
- Thin sheet of Aluminium
- Lead
- All parameters are correct

The highest penetration capability has

- Gamma radiation

The light is:

- A transverse wave

Most ionizing power has:

- Alpha

Less ionizing power has:

- Gamma

How can atom get from non-excited state to excited state?

- Absorbing energy

To make sure the scattered X-rays will reach the detector, the anode inside the lamp has to be
aligned
- At an angle to the cathode and detector screen

Specific heat capacity measures

- The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of a substance

The Atom is excited to the energy level n=4.

Which of the following transitions will produce a photon of the longest and the shortest
wavelength?

- Longest 4-3
- Shortest 4-1

Protons and neutrons are held together in the nucleus by

- Strong nuclear forces

When the isotope aluminium -27 is bombarded with alpha particles, the following nuclear
reaction can take place.
- 4/2 He + 27/13A1🡪 X + neutron
Which of the following correctly gives the atomic (proton) number and mass (nucleon) of the
nucleus X?
- X = 30/15

Which of the following has positive charge?

- Alpha

Which of the following has negative charge?

- Beta

α, β, γ x-rays, ultraviolet rays and neutrons are:

- Ionizing radiation

When heat is absorbed

- Molecules move more rapidly

Which of the following have both energy and mass?

A. α-particles
B. β-particles
C. γ-particles
D. A and B (yänii alpha & beta)

ALARA („As Low As Reasonably Achievable“)

- A. As far away as possible
- B. As less as possible (time)
- C. As shielded as possible
- D. All answers are correct

Particle which has no charge:

- Neutron

Which statements about the solenoid is true

- A solenoid emitted visible light at low temperature.

Kinematic viscosity:
- Is the ratio between dynamic viscosity and density of the liquid.

Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits one proton and
one neutron
- False

Which answers most precisely describe annihilation reaction?

- It is a production of gamma rays during matter and antimatter collision

A reflected beam lies in the same plane as the incident beam:

- True
Light dispersion in the substance (prism) is characterized by a light refractive index
dependence in the wavelength of frequency of light.
- True

To decrease the intensity of x-rays going through material to half of original value
- The thickness needs to be doubles

The intensity of x-ray beam can be increased* by increasing * directly, not indirectly
- Electric current
- amperesvoltage

Which statements are true?

- As smaller charge of molecule as higher mobility

Which color light waves have the shortest length?

- Blue

The ultraviolet radiation protection mostly happens in

- The cornea

130. What happens if ampltude A is positive, coefficent B is negative in the equation ...
- Calculated amplitude A... becomes smaller that original amplitude A.

According to Bernull’s law, if the speed of laminar flow increases, then the internal pressure
of it
- Decreases

How do the charged particles move in an electric field and how in a magnetic field:
- The charged particles are deflected if they move in a magnetic field
- The charged particles move along the electric field lines

The magnetic field is produced by:

- Any electric charge in motion

What would most probably happen if the magnetic field of the earth disappears?
- We would die from the Sun’s radiation

Curie temperature is:

- The temperature at which certain magnetic materials undergo a sharp change in their
magnetic properties

The picture shows a simple electromagnet that consists of copper wire coiled around an
iron nail and connected to a battery. What is the purpose of the iron nail?
*insert pic*
- Iron amplifies the magnetic field inside it because it is ferromagnetic

Why there is an interaction force between two parallel wires that carry an electric
current? *insert pic*
- There is a magnetic field around them.

Seebeck-Peltier-Thomson’s effects are related to each other through:

- Lord Kelvin’s relationship

In thermoelectric thermometry, there are 3 main effects: Seebeck effect, Peltier effect
and Thomson effect. What is the common feature for all these 3 effect theories?
- They are reversible

Resistance thermistors are sensors used to measure:

- Temperature

What are the advantages of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

- It enables the obtention of images in space of all its dimensions
- It can offer physiological, function call, and metabolic information of the tissues
- A technique with greater capacity to selectively differentiate the tissues
- It does not use any type of ionizing radiation that is harmful to the body

The Stoke’s viscosity force acting on the particles during electrophoresis depends on:
- The size of the particles
- The viscosity of the substance where the particles move
- The speed of the particles

Which statements are true about iontophoresis:

- Iontophoresis is a non-invasive drug delivery through the skin
- Iontophoresis can treat plantar fasciitis,bursitis, and hyperhidrosis

What is resistance thermometry about in general (based on)?

- The unique relation between resistance and temperature

The electric field lines:

- Are pointed from the positive to negative charges
- Cannot cross each other
- Drawn relatively closer together represent the higher intensity of the electric field

The resistance force acting on the particles during electrophoresis depends on:
- The speed of the particles
- The viscosity of the substance where the particle move
- The size of the particles
To measure the electric field one can use a test charge, which is placed in the field, then
the electric field can be calculated using the following formula.
*insert formula here*
If you increase the test charge twice, the external electric field will:
- Not change

What does the P wave represent?

- Electrical depolarization of the atria of the heart

During acquiring an electrocardiogram, a periodic electrical signal is registered. Where

the electrical voltage comes from?
- From the biopotential difference across the patient's body

The signal amplitude in the electrocardiogram is changing in the A direction and is

measured in the B:
*Insert picture*
- A-vertical, B-millivolts

The vector sum of the three voltages V1+ V3-V2 measured in the Einthoven's triangle
configuration should be:
*insert picture*
- Equal to 0 mV

Polar molecules can align in the electric field:

- True

Biopotential arises from ion microcurrents on the cell level:

- True

Surfactants decrease surface tension

- True

Why does this filter look red?

- Because its material DOES NOT absorb photons with λ= 650 nm.

Why clean water is visible light transparent?

- Clean water does not absorb visible light
Choose the true statements (multiple options possible)
- When a glass lens from the air is placed into water, the absolute value of its optical
power decreases
- When a ray of light passes from one medium to another so that the refractive index
decreases, the light ray will bend AWAY from the surface normal
- When a ray of light passes from one medium to another so that the speed of light
increases, the light ray will bend away from the surface normal

According to Snell’s law, the light that travels through a medium and hits a material
with a higher refractive index is always totally reflected into the same medium
- False

Endoscopes are the simplest of fiber-optic medical devices. They are used to visualize
and examine internal organs such as the stomach, heart and intestines
- True

The index of light refraction (n) of the medium tells how many times the speed of light
(v) is decreased in it compared to the speed of light in vacuum (c )
N=c/v
- True

You can explain all properties of light with just a wave concept, but you can also do it
with just the ‘’qanta’’ model (photons)
- False

Glass is denser than air, so a light ray passing from the air into glass slows down.
If the ray meets the boundary at an angle to the normal, it…
- Bends towards the normal

Myopia and hyperopia are defects of the vision. Usually, in myopia, the eyeball is
shorter, and in hyperopia, the eyeball is elongated
- False

If the light is going from a medium with a lower refractive index to a medium with a
higher refractive index (eg. from air to glass), then
- The frequency will stay the same

With a positive lens it is possible to construct only a real image

- False

Divergent lenses can be partially convexed

 - True

A photon with an energy of 10eV, compared to a photon with an energy of 2 eV has:

- Higher frequency

Blue laser light has higher photon energy than red laser light.
- True

Which kind of laser-tissue interaction can be achieved with high-intensity (MW/cm^2)

lasers operating in microsecond pulse mode?
- Photoablation, i.e. tissue removal due to direct breaking of molecular bonds.

What does the word “ablation” mean?

- Removal

Which laser light has higher photon energy?

- Blue

The LASIK technique (Laser-assisted in Situ Keratomileusis) is a laser surgical

procedure that reshapes the cornea to correct focusing problems associated with
myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
- True

To create an inverted population in lasing medium several conditions must be fulfilled.

- The atoms are excited so there are more atoms in the upper state than in the lower
one.
- The higher state must be metastable, a state in which the electrons remain longer than
usual so that the transition to the lower state occurs by stimulated emission rather than
spontaneously.

At distance r the intensity of light is I0.

If the distance from the light source to the surface is increased 4 times, the intensity of
light will change to
 - I0/16

Additive primary colors, which are mixed variously, can reproduce a broad range of
colors. These colors are:
- Red, Blue, Green

An optical system can resolve two points if their corresponding diffraction patterns are
distinguishable. This criterion alone predicts that two points are resolvable (see the
picture) if the angular separation between the lines joining the points to the center of
the lens is equal to or greater than a critical value given by:

- True

It has been estimated that about 70 % of a person’s sensory input is obtained through
the eye. What are the components of vision?
- The nervous system, which processes and interprets visual images
- The stimulus, which is light
- The optical components of the eye, which image the light

The SI units of a solid angle are:

- Steradians

The bright light photopic vision uses the A to distinguish colors, whilst low light scotopic
vision is primarily B vision
- A- cones, B- rod

MCQ A person is lying down in bed. Arterial stenosis is developed in artery. Radius of
normal artery Rart is 1cm and radius of stenosis Rsten is 0,4cm. Blood flow velocity is
in artery is vart and in stenosis vsten. Part and Psten is accordingly pressure in artery
and stenosis. In the conditions of stenosis, which of the answers is correct?
- In Stenosis: v(sten) > v(art)

The first condition necessary to achieve equilibrium is the net external force on the system
must be zero. Which of the given case in figure is in equilibrium?
 - Net force= 0

Why is a candle flame yellow?

- The perceived color of an object is determined by the spectrum of its radiant flux
factored by the luminous efficiency of the human eye
- Since the eye sensitivity peaks in the green and diminishes towards the red
wavelengths, the eye perceives the color as yellow.

The light source consuming 10 W and producing 500 lumens is more effective than the
light source consuming 10 W and producing 800 lumens.
- False

The steradian is a square radian. It covers the area of a segment on a sphere equal to
the squared radius value of that sphere. It is used to measure solid angles in 3 dimension
space.
- True

Near the center of the retina is a small depression about 0,3 mm in diameter which is
called the fovea. It consists entirely of cones packed closely together. The region around
the fovea contains both cones and rods. The structure of the retina becomes more coarse
away from the fovea.

- The more detailed vision is obtained on the part of the image that is projected on the
fovea
- In the fovea, each cone has its path to the optic nerve
- Away from the fovea, the resolution decreases, but the sensitivity to light and
movement increases

1. What is the range of Hooke's law validity?

- Region until the elasticity limit (elasctic)

2. What does an isotropic material mean?

- A material with uniform properties throughout in all directions.

3. What is the difference between a strain and mechanical stress?

 - mechanical stress is a force per unit area within materials that arises from
externally applied forces, while a strain is the measure of the deformation of the
material.

4. What are the two basic components of a bone?

- Flexible fibers of collagen and brittle chains of the calcium-rich mineral
hydroxyapatite.

5. What are the factors affecting the elasticity of bone?

- The stress duration, the fluid content of the specimen, bone temperature, the
vascular pattern of the bone.

6. if the initial length of a spring is doubled,

- The spring’s constant become twice smaller.

7. Which of these statements for simple harmonic oscillations is true?

- The instant speed of an oscillating object is the largest when it is the furthest
from equilibrium.

8.Which two of these oscillation types can be used to describe a beating heart?
- Forced, because the heart receives continuous input from the nervous system.
- Damped, because in natural conditions there are always energy losses due to
friction.

9. Angular frequency is,

- The frequency of a steadily recurring phenomenon expressed in radians per
second.

10. A model based on a harmonic oscillator describing human walking and balance
- Can be represented with the sinusoidal trajectory of the center of mass of a
subject

11.During one full oscillation the phase changes:

- By 2π radians (360 degrees)

12. Which wave types can be used to characterize a sound wave propagating in air?
Select two options.
- Mechanical wave
- Longitudinal wave

13. Sound intensity

- Is proportional to the sound power
- Is proportional to the sound energy
- Unit is watts per square meter
14. What is the quantity defined as the time for one sound wave?
- Period

15. Which sound has a higher pitch?

- A

16. The sound intensity I is measured as sound power P per unit area A in Watts per
square meter (W/m2)
- True

17. Every 10 dB sound intensity doubles.

- false

When two (or more) waves travel simultaneously in the same medium, the total
disturbance in the medium is at each point the vectorial sum of the individual
disturbance produced by each wave.
- True

18. It is possible to focus the light, but impossible to focus the sound.
- False

19. The distance between the nearest equal points on the sound wave is called
amplitude.
- False

20.The response of the ear to the sound intensity is closer to being linear than
logarithmic.
- False

21. Acoustic impedance depends on the density of the material and the speed of the
sound in a given material.
- True

The sound wave in the air is a transverse wave

- False

22. The nerves in the ear are not the only ones that respond to the sound pressure wave,
as most of the skin contains nerves that are more sensitive to pressure variations.
- False

23. when the ultrasonic wave passes an interface of two mediums that have similar
acoustic impedance, almost no reflection of this wave occurs.
- True
24. If the sound source is moving towards the observer, the amplitude of the sound will
seem to be larger, compared to an unmoving source at the same distance away.
- False

25. Medical ultrasound uses the Doppler effect to measure the velocity of the blood flow.
This can be used to detect blood clots, for example, in vein thrombosis diagnostics.
- True

26. The ultrasound wavelength increases when the frequency is decreased, but the light
wavelength increases when the frequency is increased.
- False

27. This relationship between frequency (f), wavelength (λ), and speed (v) is true for
wave motion.
- True

28. Piezoelectric crystals are used to generate ultrasound. The same crystals are also
used to detect echoes in ultrasonography.
- True

29. Acoustic impedance is a property of a tissue, which describes resistance to the

propagation of an ultrasound wave through the tissue.
- True

Fysik variant 2021

1. The most common type of lever within the body is the
- Third-class

2. What does an isotopic material mean?

- A material with uniform properties throughout in all directions

What is the shape of sound reflective surface which increases diffusion by scattering the
sound?
- Convex

The Doppler shift is the shift in WAVELENGTH of acoustic or electromagnetic

radiation emitted by a source moving relative to an observer as perceived by the
observer
- True

A person is lying down in bed. The aorta has developed an extension or aneurysm. The
aortic radius Rao is 1 cm. Aneurysms radius Ran is 4 cm. Which of the answers is
correct?
 - Pan >Pao and Van >Vao

The cones are responsible for sharp color vision in daylight. The rods provide vision in
dim light.
- True

Laser light has the following properties:

- All statements are true, (It is directional, it is monochromatic, it is coherent, it consists
of many different wavelengths).

What is the thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI system?

- Kelvin Scale

In a classical Thermistor:
- Resistance decreases if the temperature increases

What kind of mathematical relationship is for the thermistor with a negative

temperature coefficient (NTC)?
- The resistance of the thermistor decreases if the temperature increases

Which of these ions should have higher mobility?

- Fe+3 because Fe has smaller atomic mass number than Cu, and +3q > +2q

How the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet look like?
- They curve around the ends of the poles of a magnet

In which picture projections of the cardiac vector (red lines) are shown correctly?

- C (with this picture)

Several waves with vibrations harmonized in time and space are called
- Coherent waves
Different light sources could have the same watts but different lumens
- True

In X-ray production, the kinetic energy of an electron arriving at anode is:

- 20 keV

The flow resistance for a twice longer blood vessel will

- Increase twice

In which thermodynamic process the temperature remains constant?

- Isothermal process

The Doppler shift is the shift in velocity of acoustic or electromagnetic radiation emitted by a
source moving relative to an observer as perceived by the observed
- TRUE

The Doppler shift is to lower frequencies when the source approaches and to higher
frequencies when it recedes
- False

Surface tension defines the liquid's inner friction - resistance to flow

- False

Viscosity describes liquid’s inne friction or resistance to flow

- True

The ability to see the world starts with a photochemical reaction in the eye, in which retinal, a
molecule in the photoreceptor cell rhodopsin, isomerizes (or changes shape) about a double
bond after absorbing light.
- A photochemical reaction is a chemical reaction initiated by the absorption of
energy in the form of light

Larmor frequency depends upon the

- Both individual nucleus and magnetic flux density

A polar molecule is a dipole and it has its dipole moment

- True

What colour?
Absorption and transmission spectra acquired for a liquid sample, which was irradiated
with white light in the photocolorimetry setup, are shown in the figure. From these
spectra, what would be the sample color?

- Red, because near 650 nm transmission increases

Poiseuille's Law explains the effect of three factors on peripheral blood vessel flow
resistance. According to this law:
- The smaller the radius of a vessel, the higher the resistance to blood flow

In case of decompression sickness according to Henry’s law, gasses dissolve in liquids.

Which statement is true?
- The higher the gas pressure, the more gas is dissolved

The attenuation coefficient depends on the

- Amplitude of X-ray photons

The gradual decrease in the X-ray beam intensity as it passes through the material is called
- Attenuation