Aglugob, Jaime Jr. R.

BSN1-I
Theoretical Foundation of Nursing (Assignment)

Chapter 1: Introduction of Nursing Theory

1. What is Theory?

A theory is described as a sort of logical, abstract thought about a phenomena

or the outcomes of such thinking in a way consistent with the scientific method. The
word "theory" as used here, is derived from the ancient Greek word "theoria," which
means looking at, watching, or beholding. In order to create a theory, it should be
creative, tentative, purposeful, and systematic.

2. What is Nursing Theory?

It is the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practices which

derived from experimental learning like researches or nursing philosophies and
theorist on the other hand.

3. What is philosophy?

Philosophy can be referred to as "the love of wisdom" because its root words,
“philo” (love) and “sophia” (wisdom), are Greek. Furthermore, it is a logical and
critical investigation that considers its own assumptions and methodologies and
offers a comprehensive knowledge and guidance with significant aspects of human
existence.

4. What is Conceptual Model?

It is a model that is used to describe and portray a certain kind of actual system
or idea as a way to make it simpler to comprehend based on a person's
understanding.

5. What is Science?

Scinece seeks to understand truth. However, according to Oxford Languages,

science is the knowledge of any kind. Meanwhile, the word "science," which is
derived from "scientia," refers to knowledge. Science's fundamental principles are
knowledge acquisition and application, with a methodical approach and supporting
data acting as their pillars.

6. What is Knowledge?

Knowledge is the expertise and abilities that a person develops throughout the
course of their life or over their educational journey.

7. What is Phenomenon?
Phenomenon is anything that seems to happen or exist. It is a fact or
occurrence that can be perceived by the five senses, either directly or
through laboratory apparatuses.
8. What is Concepts?

It is recognized as the core component that guides ideas, thoughts, and beliefs.
Furthermore, it serves as crucial to a general explanation of perception of an
individual with various categories.

9. What is Nursing Meta paradigm?

Meta, which means "with," and paradigm, which means "pattern," are two Greek
terms that give rise to the term "metaparadigm." It is a collection of ideas and claims
that establishes the fundamental principles of the nursing field and uses patterns to
illustrate how they relate to other nursing theories.

II. Research and Differentiate the four Nursing Metaparadigm.

There are four concepts of nursing Metaparadigm these are the following:

A. Person- These are the subjects of nursing practice, and they are seen as
the people who will get nursing care in a community
.
B. Nursing- It is a science, an art, practice, discipline which involves caring.
Also, it is a career that requires devotion in order to provide
high-quality healthcare as well as to maintain and recoup an
individual's health.

C. Environment- It is the internal and external surroundings of an individual

where they can acquire and transmit disease at the same time .

D. Health- It is a person's overall sense of social well-being, which evolves

through time in a dynamic manner.

III. Categories of Concepts

A. Discrete- Its purpose is to define groups or classes of events.

B. Continuous- It allows for the categorization of a phenomenon's size or

range.

C. Operational Definition- It refers to the technique employed to determine

how something was assessed or how a person formed an
opinion.

D. Empirical/Concrete- It refers to the ability to perceive something with the

used of the different senses.

E. Abstract- When something is absent, those that cannot be observed turn

into abstractions.

F. Theoretical Definition- It is a word's interpretation as it appears in a certain

theory or body of related literature.
Chapter 2: Importance of Nursing Practice

A. Clinical Practice

It explains why gathering trustworthy information about the patient's health state
is important for decision-making and execution. Additionally, giving nursing its own
distinct autonomous purpose will help to increase the autonomy of nurses.

B. Education

Provides a general focus for curriculum design and it’s design to guide
curricular design making.

C. Research

It serves as an eye-opener for developing new information, concepts, and

technologies in a systematic and methodical way. In addition, research is essential
to support nursing intervention.

Chapter 3: Four Ways of Knowing Applied in Nursing Science

1. Empirical Knowing

It is the science of nursing. As well as the knowledge obtained from

observation, experience, or experiment that is nonetheless verifiable and objective,
it is the most stressed method of knowing in nursing.

2. Ethical Knowing

It is the nursing profession's code of ethics, and it is founded on the need to

protect and uphold human life while also acknowledging the concepts of right and
wrong. It also calls for a thoughtful, intentional investigation and assessment of what
is right and desirable.

3. Esthetic Knowing

It is the philosophy of dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste with the
creation and appreciation of beauty yet it is not always expressed in language.

4. Personal Knowing

It is the therapeutic and knowledge of one’s self which he/she can can
understand and express its personality and abilities.

Chapter 4: Development Process of Theory in Nursing

A. Empiricism

This is the "research-then-theory method" or "inductive method" for creating

generalizations based on information gathered from the environment. The
senses also regarded it as a way to observe and gather information.
B. Rationalism

This is the Theory- then- Research method which uses deductive logic in order
to have advancing knowledge.

C. Early 20th Century Views of Science and Theory

The science and philosophy of nursing underwent a great transformation in the

late 20th century that included experimentation, positivism, as well as factual and
objective data. These events all resulted from the efforts of two groups of individuals
who made a significant contribution to the development of nursing: philosophers and
scientists who co-existed with empirical and objective facts.

Philosophers concentrated on the investigation of the theory's structure,

whereas scientists concentrated on both the observation of their experiments'
results and theoretical comprehension.

D. Emergent Views of Science and Theory in the Late 20th Century

Due to theorist evolution, scientists and philosophers continually expand upon

their studies rather than focusing on the results. The most effective approach for
treating a patient is based on the most recent research and time in science, which is
an ongoing process.

Chapter 5: Categories of Nursing

1. Micro Range Theory (Practice Theory)

It offers clear instructions that are exclusively applicable to a certain

demographic and can be tested in both practice and research investigation.

2. Middle Range Theory

It is seen to be more advantageous to nursing practice since it addresses a

smaller fraction of nursing's overall concerns while maintaining a more focused
approach than the Grand Theory.

3. Grand Theory

It refers to a type of extremely abstract thinking in which the understanding of

social reality is subordinated to the formal order and arrangement of concepts. It
instead offers a structural framework rather than prescribing specific tasks.

Non Nursing Theorist

1. Human Needs Theory

The theory states that people are driven to meet their wants in a hierarchical
sequence. Wherein, the most fundamental requirements come first, then the more
complex ones, and so on.
2. Systems Theory

It is the study of general rules regarding how systems work that can be used to
explain the interactions between all different kinds of systems across all scientific
disciplines.

3. Change Theory

Provides the ability to identify strategic communication needs and allows

identification as the obstacles to the accomplishment of change. However, change is
constant yet resistance to change is normal.