Types of References - Basics in Medical Research

COURSE I - SUMMARY
Information Resources and Literature Searching

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Information Resources
Text books
Monographs Books - highly focused topics

For Foundational Learning
Print - New Editions
Revisions Varied times
Online - more frequently
Scholarly Resources
Weekly Eg - NEJM
Fortnightly Eg - Canadian Medical Asso Journal
Monthly Eg - JAPI, Indian Pediatrics
Bi-Monthly
For Higher Learning Serial publications (Journals) Specific Intervals
Quarterly
Half yearly
Annual
Irregular
Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 1

Dictionaries / Thesauri
Encyclopedias
Handbooks / Manuals
To find facts / more details
Almanacs / Yearbooks
Biographical Sources
Directories
Bibliographies Reading lists

Reference Resources
In a library
Catalogs To locate a book or any resource
In a bookstore etc
Lead us to specific Specific Articles

scholarly resources
On a topic
To locate
Indexes List of Articles By an author
From an Institution etc
In a book At the END Look up a word Know where it appears

General Medicine, Nursing etc

Can be
Specific Cardiology, Cardiac Nursing
General articles Editorials, Reviews
Small studies
Primary Research on patients
Research articles Large studies
Journals contain
Secondary Research on Research papers Syntheses studies Analyze large studies only
Book reviews
Other useful articles
Software reviews
In a year
Known by "Volume number"
Scholarly - Journals Print Journals One or more volumes Several issues Each known by "Issue number"
Each volume Issue 1 - pages 1-82

Page nos are continuous - eg
Issue 2 - pages 83-212
Follow the print model Vol / Issue / Page No of articles per issue
Have volume and issue no Select articles for a month Publish each as soon as selected Eg - PLOS Med
Online only Journals May
Publish articles As and when selected In the year Eg BMC Med
Have volume no but no Issues
For every volume Only "Article no"
Author
Title
Journal name
Note When you read Note down
Year
Volume, issue, article

no as applicable

Historical Print indexes For individual journals
PubMed
LILACS
For several journals Popular
EMBASE
These carry abstracts too
Word
Get "Bibliographic list" of articles
Indexes for Journals

How to use? Search Phrase
Online indexes
Combinations
General articles
Search retrieves Research articles

Often cover 1000s of journals
Other useful articles
There ARE focused

To retrieve what WE need
methods of searching

In vitro
Preclinical Animal
Ideas / Opinions / Editorials
Case reports
Case series
Cohort studies
Studies on patients
Case control
Clinical trials
Randomized controlled trials
Evidence Systematic Reviews
Studies on Studies
Guidelines
Research articles (Syntheses)
For Practice
Summaries
Evidence Pyramid
In journals
Cochrane Library
Syntheses papers Published
NICE Guidelines
In independent sources
UpToDate / Dynamed
Summaries

ICMR STS
UG stage
UG conferences
Thesis
PG stage
Academics Conferences
Writing articles
Academicians Writing book chapters
Conferences
Staying updated Searching for evidence Patient care

Resources - Usage / Context Practice
Policy making Evidence based research Developing guidelines
Searching for studies Deluge / Overload Step by step approach
Basic needs Foundational learning resources
Know resources Map to needs Research / update Journals / Grey literature
Practice / Policy making Secondary resources
Basic, Research,
Resources on the web A website
Synthesis or all three

Literature Searching
PubMed - Biomedical - USA
Free - PubMed, LILACs et

LILACS - Biomedical - Latin
America, Carribean
EMBASE - Biomedical - Europe
CINAHL - Nursing, Allied Health

Paid - EMBASE, CINAHL,Cochrane etc
Reviews Synthesize large studies
Cochrane - Biomedical
CENTRAL Index - ONLY Trials From PubMed, EMBASE and more
Online Indexes
Journals Included in more than one index Searching different indexes We get duplicate results
Journal website
PubMed Free to search Words, Phrases, Combination Results - Bibliographic details of articles Links to full texts
Archive - PubMed Central
Free to search Free to get bibliographic details
Free indexes May be free

No articles included Articles via links
May not be free Decided by the publisher

Work differently
1. Computer's brain & Human brain Human brain Thinks of results ABOUT a search term
Computer's brain Thinks of results CONTAINING the search term
2. Special search Instruct the computer Results must contain search terms In Specific parts / Areas
Title
Author
Searching Journal title
Two fundamentals "Areas / Parts" Journal article
Year
Vol / Issue / Page
Abstract
Asthma[ti] We want asthma in the title

By tagging - Eg
White[au] We want White as the author
Searching IN Areas
Regular - eg, title, author
Some databases Two types of tags for
Description areas

May be about the term

Principle 1 Based on Fundamental 1 Computer gives results Containing the search term
May NOT be about the term
Databases with "Description areas" Tag search term with Description area name We get highly relevant results
Principle 2
PubMed Description area "MeSH" Tag search term with [mesh]
[ti] - Term in the title
[au] - in the author area
[tiab] - title as well as abstract
Principle 3 Regular tags Contextual searches [jour] - journal name
[Ad] - author's address
[page] - page number
[dp] - date of publication
Four Principles of Searching

All search terms MUST appear
AND
in EVERY result item
Minimum one term, or any combination

OR
must appear in the results
From those results - those with

NOT The first term must appear
the next term - removed
AND Any order
Order of terms OR Any order

Principle 4 Combining terms correctly
NOT The order matters
About Malaria in 2018 Malaria[mesh] AND 2018[dp
By KJ Smith in Diabetes Smith KJ[au] AND Diabetes[jour]
Exercises to From Lilavati Hospital in 2015 Lilavati Hospital[ad] AND 2015[dp]

find Articles
Primaquine[mesh] OR
Managing malaria with primaquine Chloroquine[mesh]
Three terms
and also with chloroquine AND
Malaria[mesh]

Tag a search term with [mesh] Find results with the term IN the description area - ie mesh Most relevant!
Cannot tag ANY term with mesh The term MUST be present In the Mesh database
Click MeSH database

How do you find the correct term? On the PubMed home page
Enter search term Add to search builder (right side) Click Search Pubmed
Searching using Mesh

Add it to the Search Builder Add to search builder
Searching TWO terms Search the first
Do NOT click Search PubMed
Add the second term Choose the correct operator
and search PubMed
Searching THREE Terms As above, but also Plan the order correctly Combine the OR first Then the AND term
(PubMed course - learn

Concepts with NO mesh terms Eg - Community acquired pneumonia Not a mesh term Search using [tiab] advanced methods)

PubMed Mesh
Cochrane Library Mesh
Thesauri in databases EMBASE EMTREE
CINAHL CINAHL headings
Virtual Health Library Mesh plus other descriptors

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COURSE I - SUMMARY

Information Resources and Literature Searching

Monographs Books - highly focused topics

Fortnightly Eg - Canadian Medical Asso Journal

Monthly Eg - JAPI, Indian Pediatrics

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 1

Bibliographies Reading lists

Lead us to specific Specific Articles

From an Institution etc

In a book At the END Look up a word Know where it appears

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 2

General Medicine, Nursing etc

General articles Editorials, Reviews

Known by "Volume number"

Each volume Issue 1 - pages 1-82

Volume, issue, article

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 3

Historical Print indexes For individual journals

These carry abstracts too

Get "Bibliographic list" of articles

Indexes for Journals

Search retrieves Research articles

There ARE focused

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 4

Ideas / Opinions / Editorials

Randomized controlled trials

Evidence Systematic Reviews

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 5

Academicians Writing book chapters

Staying updated Searching for evidence Patient care

Searching for studies Deluge / Overload Step by step approach

Basic needs Foundational learning resources

Know resources Map to needs Research / update Journals / Grey literature

Practice / Policy making Secondary resources

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 6

PubMed - Biomedical - USA

Free - PubMed, LILACs et

EMBASE - Biomedical - Europe

CINAHL - Nursing, Allied Health

Free to search Free to get bibliographic details

Free indexes May be free

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 7

Computer's brain Thinks of results CONTAINING the search term

Vol / Issue / Page

Asthma[ti] We want asthma in the title

Copyright (c) QMed Knowledge Foundation 8

May be about the term

[ti] - Term in the title

[au] - in the author area

[tiab] - title as well as abstract

Principle 3 Regular tags Contextual searches [jour] - journal name

[Ad] - author's address

[page] - page number

[dp] - date of publication

Four Principles of Searching

Minimum one term, or any combination

From those results - those with

AND Any order

Order of terms OR Any order

About Malaria in 2018 Malaria[mesh] AND 2018[dp

By KJ Smith in Diabetes Smith KJ[au] AND Diabetes[jour]

Exercises to From Lilavati Hospital in 2015 Lilavati Hospital[ad] AND 2015[dp]