A Wideband Filtering Dielectric Patch Antenna With

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3095080, IEEE Access
Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.Doi Number
A Wideband Filtering Dielectric Patch

Antenna with Reconfigurable Bandwidth
Using Dual-Slot Feeding Scheme
1 1 1 1, 2
Xiao-Ke Zhang , Xue-Ying Wang , Shi-Chang Tang , Jian-Xin Chen , (Senior Member,
1, 2
IEEE), Yong-Jie Yang
1
School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
2
Nantong Research Institute for Advanced Communication Technologies, Chongchuan District, Nantong, 226019, China
Corresponding author: Yong-Jie Yang (yang.yj@outlook.com)

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu under Grant (BK20201438) and by the Natural
Science Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Institutions of Higher Education under Grants (20KJA510002 and 20KJB510010).
ABSTRACT A wideband filtering dielectric patch (DP) antenna with reconfigurable bandwidth is
investigated in this paper. Adjusting the aspect ratio of the DP resonator can make the high-order TE121
mode close to the dominate TM101 mode to facilitate the design of wideband filtering DP antenna.
Meanwhile, the high-order TM111 mode is adjacent to the TE121 mode and then used as a non-excitation and
non-radiation mode for producing an upper band-edge radiation null. On this basis, two slots with different
sizes in parallel are introduced into the ground plane to excite the DP resonator, resulting in a lower band-
edge radiation null, which sharpens the lower band-edge roll off. A pair of slits between the two coupling
slots are incorporated and the varactor diodes are loaded on the slits to tune the electrical distance of the
coupling slots, thereby electrically controlling the frequency of the lower band-edge radiation null. In this
way, the fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the resultant filtering antenna can be flexibly tuned from 21% to
15.3%. A prototype has been designed, fabricated, and measured. Reasonable agreement was obtained
between the simulated and measured results.
INDEX TERMS Wideband filtering antenna, dielectric patch (DP) antenna, bandwidth-reconfigurable and
low profile.
I. INTRODUCTION order to combine the advantages of reconfigurable

In order to meet the development requirements of antennas and filtering antennas, the concept of
wireless communication systems, multifunctional reconfigurable filtering antenna is proposed.
antennas have been extensively studied in recent years. Normally, the method to achieve reconfigurable
Among them, reconfigurable antennas and filtering filtering antenna is to integrate the antenna with the
antennas have become two research hotspots due to their reconfigurable filter directly [10]-[13]. In the past
excellent properties. Reconfigurable antennas have decades, reconfigurable filters have been extensively
superior characteristics such as small size, flexible studied and mainly focused on frequency or bandwidth
functions and they can replace multiple antennas [1]-[20]. reconfigurability. Both of them play a key role in current
This kind of antennas can be achieved through the reconfigurable communication systems and usually
introduction of tunable elements, such as using p-i-n integrate with wideband antenna, acting as frequency-
diodes to switch among multiple, discrete states [1]-[4], selective function [22]-[23]. However, this method
or loading varactor diodes to tune the operating state mentioned above belongs to cascading designs, requiring
continuously [5]-[6]. Reconfigurable performance can multiple resonators. At present, there are few methods to
also be achieved by employing liquid metal [7]-[8] or solve these problems. In [14], the method of implanting
radio frequency micro electromechanical systems the reconfigurable filtering structure into the feeding
(MEMS) [9]. On the other hand, to meet the development circuits of the antenna is reported. The fractional
requirements, various filtering antennas have been bandwidth (FBW) can be continuously tuning by
developed in recent years, which can effectively eliminate embedding varactors in an F-type feeding probes. It can
the interconnection and matching network [24]-[33]. In be found that the antenna can achieve tunable FBW
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FIGURE 1. The configuration of the filtering DP antenna. (a) 3-D

view. (b) Top view.
TABLE I. The detailed dimensions of the proposed antenna

Parameters Lg Wg h1 h2 ld wd FIGURE 2. The theoretical model of the DP antenna for analysis.
Values/mm 60 56 1.524 0.813 38 25
Parameters hd S ls1 ws1 ls2 ws2
Values/mm 1.0 4.2 8.6 2.0 21.5 1.0
without adding any additional circuits, avoiding the

introduction of extra loss effectively. However, these
designs mentioned above are based on metal, whose
conductor loss is more serious especially in high
frequency, leading to a significant reduction of radiation
efficiency.
To solve this problematic issue, the filtering dielectric
resonator (DR) antennas [26]-[33] and reconfigurable DR FIGURE 3. The E-field distributions. (a) TM101 mode. (b) TE121 mode.
antennas [15]-[21] have been widely developed in the (c) TM111 mode.
past few years due to its relatively high radiation
efficiency. In order to address the shortcomings of high null at lower band edge. In order to achieve
profile and low gain of traditional DR antennas, a quasi- reconfigurability, two varactor diodes are introduced into
planar dielectric patch (DP) antenna has been developed the feeding circuits, which has achieved the electrical
in 2013 [34], which is an ideal compromise between tunability of the FBW.
traditional microstrip patch antenna and DR antenna in
terms of profile, efficiency and gain. In addition, since the II. WIDEBAND FILTERING DIELECTRIC PATCH
DP resonator inherits the multi-mode nature of the DR, its ANTENNA
high-order modes can be applied to expand the bandwidth
of the DP antenna [35]-[37], or be used to generate a A. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
natural radiation null in the designs of the filtering DP Fig. 1 illustrates the configuration of the proposed
antenna [38]-[39]. To the best of our knowledge, there is filtering DP antenna with x-axis linear polarization, which
no design of reconfigurable filtering antenna based on DP consists of a thin rectangular DP and two layers of
resonator. substrates. The DP is with a dielectric constant εr1 = 45, a
In this paper, a dual-slot coupled wideband filtering DP loss tangent tanδ = 1.9 × 10-4 and a volume of ld × wd × hd.
antenna with reconfigurable bandwidth is proposed for The employed substrate (Lg×Wg) is Rogers RO4003 with
the first time. Benefiting from the multi-mode property of εr2 = 3.38, tanδ = 2.7×10−3, and the heights of the upper and
the DP resonator, the proposed antenna can be designed lower substrates are h1 and h2, respectively. The ground
to operate at the dominate TM101 mode and the high-order plane is placed between the substrates 1 and 2, two slots
TE121 mode by adjusting the aspect ratio of the DP with different sizes are etched on it, marked as slot 1 (ws1 ×
resonator to achieve the bandwidth expansion. At the ls1) and slot 2 (ws2 × ls2), for aperture coupling between the
same time, the high-order TM111 mode is just adjacent the DP resonator and microstrip feeding line on the bottom
TE121 mode and then used as a non-excitation and non- surface of the substrate 2. The distance between two slots is
S. The detailed dimensions are listed in Table I.
radiation mode for producing a natural upper band-edge
radiation null. Two slots of different sizes are used to B. THEORETICAL EVOLUTION AND DESIGN
excite the DP resonator to directly generate a radiation CONSIDERATION
ε ε
{
In order to realize a wideband filtering DP antenna, it is
necessary to conduct an intensive study on the modes of
the DP resonator in this section. Thanks to the multi-
mode characteristic of the DP resonator, the dominant
TM101 mode, the high-order TE121 and TM111 modes that
can be applied to the subsequent design are found through
FIGURE 4. Simulated results of DP resonator with different length ld the eigenmode simulation, as shown in Fig. 3. Among
of DP while other parameters keep unchanged as in Table I. them, the dominate mode of the DP is TM101 mode,
whose E-filed distribution shown in Fig. 3(a) is similar to
that of microstrip patch [34]. According to [34], the
dominate TM101 mode frequency of the DP without slot is
close to that of the microstrip patch counterpart when the
εr of the employed DP is high enough (>70). The
dominate TM101 mode and high-order TE121 mode can be
used as the radiation mode of the filtering DP antenna
simultaneously, thereby achieving the bandwidth
expansion. Since the TM111 mode E-field distributes in
anti-phase along y-axis, as shown in Fig. 3(c), it acts as a
non-radiation mode, meanwhile, it cannot be excited well
as the E-fields of both coupling slots in Fig. 1 are in-
phase along y-axis [38]. Therefore, a natural radiation
null can be generated at the upper band to achieve
filtering performance.
In order to facilitate the design of subsequent wideband
FIGURE 5. The simulated |S11| and gain of the DP antenna
without/with slot 2. filtering DP antenna, it is necessary to adjust the aspect
ratio of DP to make the high-order TE121 mode close to
the dominate TM101 mode. As shown in Fig. 4, when the
width wd of DP remains unchanged, as its length ld
increases, the frequency of the high-order TE121 mode
gradually decreases and approaches the dominant TM101
mode. Meanwhile, the high-order TM111 mode is also
decreased due to the same effect, and it varies hand in
hand with the TE121 mode. After comprehensive
consideration, wd = 25 mm and ld = 38 mm are selected as
the final physical parameters of the DP.
C. THE PROPOSED FILTERING DP ANTENNA
FIGURE 6. The E-field distribution of the lower band-edge radiation
null at 4.84 GHz.
To analyze the filtering characteristics of the proposed
antenna, a traditional microstrip aperture coupling (only
slot 1) is firstly used to centrally excite the proposed DP
Fig. 2 shows the analysis model of the DP resonator, resonator for antenna design. As can be seen from Fig. 5
where both four side planes of the model along z-axis that when the DP resonator is only excited by slot 1
direction and the top plane of the DP resonator are treated (without slot 2), there is only a natural upper band-edge
as magnetic walls, and the bottom ground is considered as radiation null at 6.4 GHz resulting from the non-
an electrical wall. The remaining field components of the excitation and non-radiation high-order TM111 mode. In
DP and the substrate are obtained by the following order to sharpen the lower band-edge roll off for good
formula, filtering performance, the slot 2 is introduced into the
ground plane to participate in the excitation of the DP
resonator, as shown in Fig. 1. It can be found from Fig. 5
that after the introduction of slot 2, a lower band-edge
FIGURE 7. The simulated radiation patterns. (a) 5.2 GHz. (b) 6.14
GHz.
FIGURE 9. The configuration of the bandwidth reconfigurable

filtering DP antenna. (a) 3-D view. (b) Implementation sketch of the
variable capacitance C and the bandgap structure in the bottom
layer, lg1 = 1.4 mm, lg2 = 2.8 mm, lg3 = 1 mm, lg4 = 1.85 mm, wg = 0.15
mm.
Fig. 8 where one parameter is changed while other

parameters shown in Fig. 1 are fixed.
Fig. 8(a) exhibits that the effect of the length ld of the
DP on the filtering performance. It can be seen that the
frequencies of both upper band-edge radiation null and
TE121 mode are influenced by ld. When ld increases from
FIGURE 8. Simulated results for different parameters. (a) Length ld 38 mm to 42 mm, both of them move down. Meanwhile,
of the dielectric patch. (b) Length ls2 of the slot 2. (c) Width ws2 of
the slot 2. (d) Distance S between the two slots. the TM101 mode and lower band-edge radiation null
remain unchanged. It can be found from these results that
radiation null is generated at 4.84 GHz in the gain curve, the upper band-edge radiation null can be independently
resulting in a high selectivity and a sharp band skirt. adjusted by ld.
Meanwhile, the operating frequency of the antenna moves Fig. 8(b)-(d) show the simulated |S11| and gain of the
up slightly and the radiation performance keeps almost proposed filtering DP antenna under different slot length
unchanged. The proposed antenna produces a wide FBW ls2, slot width ws2 and the distance S between slots 1 and 2.
of 20.4% (5.07 GHz-6.22 GHz) with a stable antenna The frequencies of both TM101 mode and lower band-
gain of about 7.9 dBi. Fig. 6 shows the E-field edge radiation null are sensitive to the variation of ls2, ws2
distribution of the lower band-edge radiation null at 4.84 and S. When ls2 and ws2 decrease or S increases, they shift
GHz. It can be found that the E- fields at slot 1 and slot 2 down while the upper resonant frequency (TE121 mode)
have nearly the same amplitudes but opposite directions, and upper band-edge radiation null keep almost
which leads to a deep lower band-edge radiation null in unchanged. It indicates the lower band-edge radiation null
the gain curve. Therefore, two radiation nulls can be can be independently tuned by ls2, ws2 and S.
generated at both sides of the passband, realizing filtering Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that
performance in the DP antenna. The E-plane and H-plane the two radiation nulls are independently controllable so
radiation patterns at 5.2 GHz and 6.14 GHz are shown in that the FBW can be easily adjustable, exhibiting a simple
Fig. 7(a) and (b), respectively. The cross polarization is at design procedure. After comprehensive consideration, ls2
least 20 dB lower than the co-polarization. = 21.5 mm, ws2 = 1 mm, S = 4.2 mm and ld = 38 mm are
D. PARAMETRIC STUDIES
chosen as the final physical parameters.
The introduction of slot 2 in the ground plane is a key
III. RECONFIGURABLE FILTERING ANTENNA
technique in the proposed design. In order to fully display
the characteristic of the proposed filtering DP antenna, a A. THE PROPOSED RECONFIGURABLE FILTERING
series of parametric studies are conducted, as shown in ANTENNA
FIGURE 11. Photograph of the fabricated prototype. (a) Top view.

(b) Bottom view.
FIGURE 12. The equivalent circuit of the varactor, including the

parasitic resistance R of 0.8 Ω and parasitic inductance L of 0.7 nH.
However, the cluttered high-order harmonics will

inevitably degrade the filtering performance of the
filtering DP antenna. We have investigated that the
bandwidth reconfigurability is derived from the changing
of the lower band-edge radiation null and the lower
resonant frequency. Meanwhile, the upper band-edge
FIGURE 10. The simulated results of the bandwidth-reconfigurable
radiation null and other high-order harmonics of the
filtering DP antenna without/with bandgap structure. (a) |S11|. (b) antenna without bandgap structure keep almost
Gain.
unchanged which can be seen in Fig. 10. In this case, a
simple bandgap structure can be embedded in the feeding
As can be seen from the simulated results of Fig. 8(d) line to suppress the unwanted harmonics and improve the
in Section-II, the frequency of the lower band-edge suppression level in the upper stopband without
radiation null is sensitive to the variation of the distance S increasing the antenna size.
between the slot 1 and slot 2. On this basis, a bandwidth In Fig. 10, the FBW of the antenna with bandgap
reconfigurable filtering DP antenna is proposed and structure can be continuously tuned from 12.4% (5.65-6.4
investigated in this section. In order to tune the FBW GHz) to 18.1% (5.34-6.4 GHz). As can be seen from Fig.
electrically, a pair of slits (with a width of ws3 = 0.8 mm) 11(a), the simulated reflection coefficients (|S11|) in the
between the two coupling slots are incorporated and the upper stopband of the antenna with bandgap structure are
varactor diodes are loaded on the slits to tune the close to 0 dB under different C. Meanwhile, another
electrical distance of the coupling slots, as shown in Fig. radiation null in Fig. 10(b) is generated at about 7.2 GHz,
9. Besides, a simple bandgap structure composed of a pair resulting in a high suppression of the upper stopband, and
of spiral stubs is embedded in the feeding line which will the out-of-band suppression level is improved more than
be explained in the following paragraph. Fig. 9(b) shows 8 dB.
the implementation sketch of the variable capacitance C B. MEASUREMENT VERIFICATION
and the bandgap structure in the bottom layer. C is To verify the proposed idea, a prototype of the
realized by a lumped capacitor C2 = 0.5 pF (DC block) reconfigurable filtering DP antenna is fabricated and
and a varactor C1 in series, respectively. As a result, C = measured. The photograph of the implement antenna
C1C2 / (C1+C2) varies from 0.25 pF to 0.35 pF. R means prototype is exhibited in Fig. 11. The varactor diodes are
the radio frequency choke realized by a resistor with 51 JDV2S71E from Toshiba, which possess the capacitance
kΩ. Fig. 10 shows the simulated reflection coefficients range of 0.6-7 pF and have a parasitic resistance R of 0.8
(|S11|) and gains of the bandwidth reconfigurable filtering Ω and a parasitic inductance L of 0.7 nH, as shown in Fig.
DP antenna without/with bandgap structure. 12. Fig. 13(a) and (b) show the simulated and measured
As mentioned before, the DP resonator inherits the reflection coefficients (|S11|) and gains of the proposed
multi-mode nature of DR whose high-order mode can be antenna under different reverse bias voltages. The
applied to expand the bandwidth of the DP antenna. measured FBW (|S11|< -10 dB) can be continuously tuned
FIGURE 14. The simulated and measured radiation patterns at 25 V.

(a) 5.88 GHz. (b) 6.42 GHz.
FIGURE 13. The simulated and measured results of the proposed

reconfigurable filtering DP antenna. (a) |S11|. (b) Gain.
from 15.3% (5.6-6.53 GHz) to 21% (5.29-6.53 GHz) and

the peak gains in these three states are 7.8 (10V), 7.9
(15V) and 7.9 (25V) dBi, respectively. During the whole
tuning process, three radiation nulls can be observed in
the measured gain curve as expected. It can be found that
the continuous tunable states can be obtained while
maintaining stable in-band gain and filtering
characteristics. Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 depicts the simulated
and measured radiation patterns of the E- and H- plane at
the reverse bias voltages 25 V and 10 V, respectively.
The measured cross polarization is at least 20 dB lower FIGURE 15. The simulated and measured radiation patterns at 10 V.
(a) 5.44 GHz. (b) 6.44 GHz.
than the co-polarization. The small discrepancy can be
attributed to the implementation error.
C. COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION resonator with a specific aspect ratio, the proposed
Since there has been no existing design of DR or DP antenna obtains a wider bandwidth. The gain roll-off of
antenna possessing reconfigurable characteristic and the proposed antenna is comparable to the DR design in
filtering response simultaneously, this antenna will be [32] and is much higher than designs in [29], [30] and
compared with the previously reported filtering antennas [39]. Although the gain roll-off of the antennas without
and reconfigurable antennas using DR or DP resonators reconfigurability in [31], [33] and [38] is high, however,
respectively as summarized in Table II and III. It can be they are generally limited due to some deficiencies like
found that benefiting from the adoption of the DP higher profile, narrow bandwidth or lower gain. In
resonator, the proposed antenna owns lower profile and summary, compared with the previous designs, the
higher gain than the DR antennas in [17]-[21], [29]-[33]. proposed antenna is compact in size, diverse in function
Furthermore, due to the application of the modified DP and has great filtering characteristics.
TABLE II. Performance comparison with the previous filtering antennas using DR or DP resonators
Ref Resonator f0 (GHz) FBW (%) Profile (λ0) Peak Gain (dBi) ξ (dB/GHz) Reconfigurability
[29] DR 8.15 6.13 0.11 5.30 21.14 N
[30] DR 11.0 7.00 0.15 6.45 12.1 N
[31] DR 1.97 21.9 0.12 5.10 267.5 N
[32] DR 5.00 20.4 0.1 5.0 100.1 N
[33] DR 2.49 7.20 0.15 5.80 377.8 N
[38] DPR 4.17 < 1% 0.026 4.80 253 N
[39] DPR 3.5 12.3 0.154 9.2 49.2 N
This
DPR 5.7 21 0.063 7.9 143.6 Y
work
λ0 means the free-space wavelength at the center frequency f0, DPR means dielectric patch resonator.
Gain roll-off ξ is defined as:
G3dB -Gnull
ξ= dB/GHz
|f3dB -fnull |
where G3dB =Gmax -3dB (Gmax is the peak gain in the passband) and Gnull is the gain value of the radiation null, while f3dB represents the 3dB cutoff
frequency of the gain passband and fnull is the frequency of the radiation null.
TABLE III. Performance comparison with the previous reconfigurable

DR antennas achieved by changing the reverse bias voltages applied to
Peak the varactor diodes. The proposed reconfigurable filtering
Freq/BW FBW Filtering Profile antenna owns several advantages such as controllable
Ref Gain
agility (%) Response (λ0)
(dBi) bandwidth, lower profile, simple structure and design
[17] Freq ~2 N 6.7 0.12 procedure, which would make the antenna attractive in
future wireless communication.
[18] Freq ~6 N 4.5 0.09
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A Wideband Filtering Dielectric Patch Antenna With

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

A Wideband Filtering Dielectric Patch

Corresponding author: Yong-Jie Yang (yang.yj@outlook.com)

I. INTRODUCTION order to combine the advantages of reconfigurable

FIGURE 1. The configuration of the filtering DP antenna. (a) 3-D

TABLE I. The detailed dimensions of the proposed antenna

Values/mm 60 56 1.524 0.813 38 25

Parameters hd S ls1 ws1 ls2 ws2

Values/mm 1.0 4.2 8.6 2.0 21.5 1.0

without adding any additional circuits, avoiding the

FIGURE 9. The configuration of the bandwidth reconfigurable

Fig. 8 where one parameter is changed while other

FIGURE 11. Photograph of the fabricated prototype. (a) Top view.

FIGURE 12. The equivalent circuit of the varactor, including the

However, the cluttered high-order harmonics will

FIGURE 14. The simulated and measured radiation patterns at 25 V.

FIGURE 13. The simulated and measured results of the proposed

from 15.3% (5.6-6.53 GHz) to 21% (5.29-6.53 GHz) and

[29] DR 8.15 6.13 0.11 5.30 21.14 N

[30] DR 11.0 7.00 0.15 6.45 12.1 N

[31] DR 1.97 21.9 0.12 5.10 267.5 N

[32] DR 5.00 20.4 0.1 5.0 100.1 N

[33] DR 2.49 7.20 0.15 5.80 377.8 N

[38] DPR 4.17 < 1% 0.026 4.80 253 N

[39] DPR 3.5 12.3 0.154 9.2 49.2 N

TABLE III. Performance comparison with the previous reconfigurable

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