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A Wideband High Gain LHCP/RHCP Patch Antenna

Based on Mirror Feed Method
Chanfang Cao and Chen Guo

Abstract—This letter proposes a wideband high gain left-/right- is essential to widen the ARBW of microstrip CP antennas. A
handed circularly polarized (L/RHCP) patch antenna using a single-feed CP antenna with a slotted patch provides CP
mirror flip approach. The antenna consists of a ring-shaped metal radiation with a 3 dB ARBW of 5.4% [13]. A circular patch
square patch with truncated corners and a two-port feed network with a two-notch antenna was constructed from two annular-
in a simple construction. The dual-port feed and truncated sector-shaped parasitic patches [14], which achieved CP
corners realize a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). Moreover,
the L/RHCP is easily changed by mirroring the flipped feed
radiation with an ARBW of 3.3%. Clearly, adding a parasitic
network without redesigning the overall topology. The impedance patch may not significantly expand the ARBW of the antenna
bandwidth (IBW) (S11 < -10 dB) of 58.6% (2.97-5.43 GHz)/47.6% and may not completely meet the needs of wireless wideband
(2.8-4.55 GHz) and 3dB ARBW of 44.3% (3.09-4.85GHz) /34.6% communication. Moreover, achieving a wide IBW and ARBW
(2.96-4.2GHz) are achieved for L/RHCP antenna. Finally, two is a difficult task for CP antennas with only one feed point [15]-
prototypes were fabricated and measured for validation. The [17].
proposed L/RHCP patch antenna was found to be insensitive to
feed position. The IBWs of the proposed LHCP and RHCP
antennas showed a wide degree of overlap. The low profile, high
gain, small size, and higher robustness of our antenna than
traditional patch antennas demonstrate the advantageous of our
design for communication, power transmission, and medical
fields.

Index Terms — L/RHCP, mirror-feed, wideband, high-gain,

microstrip antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

C IRCULARLY polarized (CP) waves offer significant

advantages over linearly polarized waves, being less
attenuated under rainy and snowy conditions and more able to
penetrate the ionosphere [1]. CP antennas in the 3-4 GHz
frequency band are widely used in radar, microwave
communications, and other applications [2]-[5]. However,
most of the multi-polarization antennas require complicated
conversion methods along with multi-port feeds, loaded
switches, or diodes [6]-[12]. The authors of [6] controlled the
polarization of an antenna by multi-port conversion, but the
antenna bandwidth and overlap bandwidth of the left-and right-
handed CP antennas were narrow (overlap bandwidth ~100
MHz). Some CP antennas in the form of loading multiple PIN
diodes to change the antenna polarization have also been
reported in [7]-[10]. This solution also requires a complex
operation process and yields limited bandwidth and gain.
Therefore, a method that achieves a wideband high gain from
a left-/right-handed circularly polarized (L/RHCP) antenna is
needed. Some traditional single-feed antennas have a narrow
operating axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of less than 10%
[13]-[17]. To better serve wireless communication systems, it
Fig. 1. (a) Disassembled view of the proposed L/RHCP antenna, (b) Side view,
(c) The geometry of the proposed L/RHCP antenna (H1=1.2 mm, H2=6.5 mm,
H3=0.78 mm, L0=7.44 mm, L1=100 mm, L2=40 mm, d=7.56 mm, Y=14 mm,
X=16 mm).
In [18], a CP radiation pattern was achieved by integrating a
ring radiation patch with a switch (p-i-n diode). By controlling
the switch, the proposed microstrip patch antenna can be
operated in different polarized modes. Nonetheless, the IBW of
the antenna is still limited and the big size of the structure may
not be suitable for integration into communication systems.
Adding feed points is a promising option for extending the
bandwidth of an antenna [19]-[23]. The authors of [19]
proposed a CP antenna consisting of dual-electric dipoles and
two pairs of bowtie patches, which realized a relative
bandwidth of 41% and a peak gain of 6.5 dBi. However, the
complex multilayer structure of this antenna increases the
losses and lowers the gain. Over the past few years, several CP
antennas with multi-feed points have been reported [21]-[23].
A wideband three-feed CP antenna, which is excited by three

*Manuscript received June XX, 2022. This work was supported by the
National Science Foundation of China (Grant 41874140). (Corresponding
author: Chen Guo)
Chen Guo is with the School of Information Engineering, Chang’an
University, Xi’an 710064, China, and also with the School of Earth, Energy and
Environmental Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. (e-
mail: chenguo@chd.edu.cn)
Chanfang Cao is with the School of Information Engineering, Chang’an
University, Xi’an 710064, China. (e-mail: 2017224030@chd.edu.cn)

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3192301
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symmetrical feeds (three phase-adjusting) with a phase
difference of 120°, was presented in [21]. This structure widens
the IBW to 54.75%. Similarly, the four-feed CP antenna with
a two-section coupled-line power divider is achieved, which
obtains an IBW (S11<-10 dB) of 32.5% and a peak gain of 7.33
dBi [23].
This letter proposes a new method for converting antenna
polarization in a mirror-symmetric feed network. The
converted CP antenna is characterized by a wide bandwidth
and high gain. It strategically combines the multiple
resonances of a ring-shaped metal sheet with truncated corners
and a two-port feed network. To obtain CP waves, a power
divider provides a 90° phase difference between the two output
ports. The measured results show that the R/LHCP antenna
achieves a -10 dB IBW of 49.2% (2.88-4.76 GHz) / 73.4%
(2.64-5.7 GHz) and a 3 dB ARBW of 38.9% (2.9-4.3 GHz) /
38.0% (3.2-4.7 GHz).
II. DESIGN AND DISCUSSION OF THE L/RHCP PATCH ANTENNA
A. Wideband High-Gain CP Antenna Structure
Fig. 1 shows the geometry of the broadband dual-feed CP
patch antenna from three viewing directions. The proposed
antenna is composed of dual layers: the upper layer is an
annular square patch with two truncated corners and the lower
layer is phase-shifted by 90° through a Wilkinson power
divider. The feed network is printed on a 0.78 mm thick (H3)
F4B PCB substrate (εr = 2.65, tan δ = 0.002).
Fig. 2. Configurations of five different antenna structures.
For better CP radiation, a pair of 6.8 mm (d) corners was
introduced to the upper patch. A square slot of length 7.44 mm
(L0) was etched into the antenna to improve the impedance
matching characteristics. Here, the ground plane was placed
7.28 mm (H2+H3) from the metal square patch. A major
advantage of this antenna is that the L/RHCP is quickly
changed by mirroring the flipped feed network without
changing the overall topology and dimensions. The dual-feed
approach widens the ARBW of the L/RHCP antenna. Unlike
conventional substrate-loaded multilayer CP patch antennas,
the proposed antenna has an air layer that improves the antenna
gain. The resonant center frequency F0 of the antenna is
calculated from the parameters L0 and L2 and the speed of light
c as follows:
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2
c (1)
F0 = GHz
2( L0  L2 )
The evolution of the wideband CP antenna structure is
depicted in Fig. 2, Antenna I is the initial single-feed square
patch antenna, which has the narrowest impedance bandwidth.
The bandwidth was expanded by introducing another feed to
form a dual-feed structure. In Antenna II, the two feed points
are connected by a one-to-two Wilkinson power divider. When
the feed points have the same amplitude and are 90° out of
phase, they form a CP antenna. To further extend the ARBW
and improve the impedance matching, a square slot was etched
in the center of the antenna, forming antenna III. Eventually,
Antenna IV with an RHCP radiation pattern was formed by
cutting a pair of corners. Changing the phase of the two feed
points changes the polarization direction of the left or right
rotation of the antenna. Therefore, the mirror rotation feed
network provides a simple and fast antenna conversion and a
wide overlap of the two antennas in the same frequency band.
Fig. 3. Reflection coefficients and ARs of five different antenna structures.
Fig. 4. Current distributions of RHCP and LHCP antennas at different times.
Fig. 3 shows the results of changing the S-parameters and
ARs of the antennas at different evolutionary stages. The
antenna with only one feed point is linearly polarized (AR >30
dB) and its IBW is 300 MHz (2.95-3.25 GHz) (see Fig. 3(a)).
After adding another feed point using a one-to-two Wilkinson
power divider, the antenna is excited at both feed points and the
antenna bandwidth expands to 1.25 GHz (2.75-4.0 GHz).
Etching a square slot in the center of the antenna effectively
improves the impedance matching and reduces the S-parameter.
The bandwidth of antenna III reaches 1.45 GHz (2.75-4.4 GHz).
Finally, the AR is lowered to below 3dB using the truncated
corners to widen the ARBW.
To clarify the antenna operation, the current distributions at
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3192301
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the center frequencies (3.68 GHz and 3.82 GHz for the right-
and left-hand CP antennas, respectively) are shown in Fig. 4.
At t = 0T (where T is the period), the main direction of the
surface current on the RHCP antenna (represented by the thick
red line along J 0°) is the Y-axis direction. At t = 1/4T, the main
direction of the surface current (thick black line along J 90°) is
perpendicular to the Y-axis. The two feed points excite the
TM10 and TM01 modes which are perpendicular to each other
and 90° out of phase. The directional change of the current
from J 0° to J 90° is counterclockwise, so the antenna is an
RHCP antenna. In the LHCP antenna, the current direction
changes in the clockwise direction.
B. Parameters Study
The impacts of the parameters on the antenna performance
were evaluated in parametric studies. As the vital design
parameters, we selected the length L2 of the metal patch, the
height H2 of the metal patch, and the position X of the feed
point. The study was performed on the RHCP antenna.
Fig. 5. Calculated S11 and AR of the proposed antenna at the different
parameters of L2. (a) S11, (b) AR.
Fig. 6. Calculated S11 and AR of the proposed antenna in the H2 variation range
of 5.5 to 7.5 mm. (a) S11, (b) AR.
Fig. 7. Calculated S11 and AR of the proposed antenna in the X variation range
of 15 to 17 mm. (a) S11, (b) AR.
In Fig. 5, the size of the ring metal patch (L2) significantly
affected both the S11 and AR performance of the proposed
antenna. As L2 increased from 35 to 45 mm, the S-parameter
of the designed antenna shifted towards lower frequencies (Fig.
5(a)). In this simulation, L2 was inversely proportional to the
resonant frequency F0, consistent with (1). The parameter L2
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3
also affected the ARBW of the proposed antenna (see Fig. 5
(b)). When L2 was chosen to be 40 mm, the ARBW of this
antenna is optimal, with an ARBW of 34.6% (2.96-4.2 GHz)
for the designed antenna.
Fig. 6 indicates the effect of the height of the air layer H2 on
S11 and AR. The parameter H2 exerted a negligible effect on the
bandwidth and the S-parameter of the antenna (Fig. 6(a)),
indicating good robustness of the proposed antenna. In contrast,
raising H2 increased the ARBW to its maximum at H2 = 6.5 mm.
When the height exceeded 7.5 mm, the ARBW began to narrow
and the AR began increasing to above 3 dB (Fig. 6(b)).
Therefore, the height of the air layer was chosen as 6.5 mm to
ensure the widest bandwidth of the antenna.
Fig. 7 demonstrates the effect of the feed position X on S11
and AR. The value of X greatly affected both S11 and AR of the
antenna. As shown in Fig. 7(a), increasing X shifted S11 towards
lower frequencies and narrowed the bandwidth. The value of X
was inversely proportional to frequency. Fig. 7(b) suggests that
as X increases, the widest ARBW is obtained when the value of
X = 16 mm. At larger X, the ARBW became progressively
narrower (Fig. 7(b)). At X = 16 mm, the ARBW was not only
widest but was also included in the operating band of the
antenna. Therefore, X =16 mm was deemed a suitable value of
the feed position.
III. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONS AND PERFORMANCE
COMPARISON
To verify the RHCP and LHCP characteristics of the
designed antenna and the simulation results, the two prototypes
of the proposed antennas were fabricated and measured as
shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Layout design photograph of the designed L/RHCP patch antenna model
and test environment.
To maintain the stability of the antenna, four nylon pillars are
used to secure it. The 50-Ω coaxial probe is attached to the
substrate on the bottom layer of the etched feed network. The
performances of the important parameters (S11 and AR) of the
prototypes were tested using a network analyzer and a planar
near-field measurement system.
Fig. 9(a) shows that the antenna can work in a frequency
band (S11<-10 dB) of 49.2% (2.88-4.76 GHz)/ 47.6% (2.8-4.55
GHz) at RHCP or 73.4% (2.64-5.7 GHz)/ 58.6% (2.97-5.43
GHz) at LHCP in the measurement/simulation. In addition, the
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
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IBWs and ARBWs of the proposed LHCP and RHCP patch given in Figs. 10 and 11. The measured cross-polarization ratios
antennas presented a wide degree of bandwidth overlap. The of the proposed L/RHCP patch antenna are almost below 20dB
ARs of the designed antennas are illustrated in Fig. 9(b). It can (at 3.34 GHz, 4 GHz, 4.5 GHz). This demonstrates the ability
be observed that the designed RHCP antenna (AR < 3) is of the designed patch antenna to consistently radiate L/RHCP.
within 34.6% (2.96-4.2 GHz) / 38.9% (2.9-4.3 GHz) in the The performance comparison between the designed dual-
simulation/measurement. By mirroring the flipped feed feed wideband patch antenna with other reported CP antennas
network, the designed LHCP antenna (AR < 3) frequency is given in Table I. In [6]-[8], [11], [12], [17], most of them use
bandwidth covers from 44.3% (3.09-4.85 GHz) / 38.0% (3.2- loaded diodes to switch the polarization of the antenna, thus
4.7 GHz), which means that both left-and right-handed CP requiring a more complex design and a more cumbersome
antennas have realized a good CP feature over the radar, control switch. Compared with those single-feed and multi-feed
microwave communications, and other applications band. CP antennas [3], [4], [20], [21], [23], our antennas are more
Moreover, the peak measurement gain of the L/RHCP antenna compact, simpler in structure, and achieve wider IBW and
at 3-4 GHz is above 8.2/8.8 dBi compared to the simulation higher gain.
results of 9.0/9.7 dBi. TABLE I
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PROPOSED DESIGN AND RELATED WORKS
Profile Peak
Ref. Number of Design S11(<-10dB) 3-dB AR
Height Gain
(year) feed points Methodology IBW (%) BW (%)
(λ0) (dBi)
[4](2019) 1 - 31.7 15.3 0.24 7.64
4.2(RHCP) 3.5(RHCP)
[6](2020) 2 complex 2.5(LHCP) 2.5(LHCP) - <5.5
31.0(RHCP) 16.0(RHCP)
[7](2017) 1 complex 31.0(LHCP) 16.0(LHCP) - 5.5
8.4(RHCP) 8.0(RHCP)
[8](2013) 1 complex 8.4(LHCP) 8.0(LHCP) 0.08 8.7
35(RHCP) 24(RHCP)
[11](2020) 1 complex 35(LHCP) 24(LHCP) 0.16 7.2
Fig. 9. Simulated and measured S11, AR, and the antenna gain of the RHCP 51.1(RHCP) 41.9(RHCP)
[12](2020) 2 complex 51.1(LHCP) 41.9(LHCP) 0.26 10.0
and LHCP antenna. (a) S11, (b) AR and Gain.
[13](2020) 1 - 17.4 5.4 0.07 10.2
16.7(RHCP) 3.2(RHCP)
[18](2019) 1 complex 18.2(LHCP) 3.7(LHCP) - 10.6
[20](2021) 2 - - 53.1 0.25 <8.5
[21](2010) 3 - 54.75 47.88 0.15 8.8
[23](2020) 4 - 32.5 38.6 0.014 7.33
This
Work 2 simple 47.6 34.6 0.08 9.7
(RHCP)
This
Work 2 simple 58.6 44.3 0.09 9.0
(LHCP)

Fig. 10. Measured and calculated 2D radiation patterns (RHCP patch antenna)
(a) xoz /yoz plane @ 3.34GHz and (b) xoz /yoz plane @4GHz.
IV. CONCLUSION
A simple structure to enhance the performance of the
wideband high-gain dual-feed CP patch antenna has been
provided. By mirroring the flipped feed network, it can form an
L/RHCP antenna. The proposed antenna can work in a
frequency band (S11<-10 dB) of 73.4% (2.64-5.7 GHz) at LHCP
or 49.2% (2.88-4.76 GHz) at RHCP in the measurement. The
wideband RHCP antenna (AR < 3) is within 38.9% (2.9-4.3
GHz), and the designed LHCP (AR < 3) frequency bandwidth
covers from 38.0% (3.2-4.7 GHz) in line with simulated and
measured results. As the IBWs and ARBWs of the designed
LHCP and RHCP antennas have a wide degree of band overlap,
antennas suitable for the requirements can be selected in the
same application scenario. The designed antennas have great
potential in wireless communications.

Fig. 11. Measured and calculated 2D radiation patterns (LHCP patch antenna)
(a) xoz /yoz plane @3.34GHz and (b) xoz /yoz plane @4.5GHz.
The radiation patterns of the proposed L/RHCP antennas are
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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3192301

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