IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO.
11, NOVEMBER 2021
Communication
Dual-Polarized Slot Antenna for Full-Duplex Systems With High Isolation
Anh-Ngoc Nguyen , Viet Hoang Le, Nghia Nguyen-Trong , Mohsen Radfar ,
Amir Ebrahimi , Khoa Phan , and Aniruddha Desai
Abstract— A single-layered slot antenna system working at 5.8 GHz
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band is proposed for in-band full
duplex (IBFD) operation applications without the use of a coupler. First,
high isolation is achieved by strong separation of even- and odd-mode
feeds. The microstrip-coupled coplanar waveguide (CPW) is used at
Port 1 (TX port) to excite a stepped-slot antenna in the CPW odd mode.
On the opposite side, a microstrip T-junction power divider is employed
at Port 2 (RX port) to feed two offset-fed stepped-slot antennas in even
mode. Second, isolation is further improved by 30 dB by using a lumped
capacitor at the termination of the CPW. The measured isolation between
the two ports is about 50 dB across the bandwidth. The measured −10 dB
bandwidth of Port 1 is 0.49 GHz (8.5%), while that of Port 2 is 1.06 GHz
(18.3%). The gains of TX and RX antennas are 5.4 and 5.8 dBi at 5.8 GHz.
The proposed antenna can also be deployed as a dual-polarized antenna.
Mathematical analysis and equivalent transmission line circuit models
are provided to give physical insight into the working principals of the
antenna with validation from ANSYS HFSS simulation.
Index Terms— Capacitor, coplanar waveguide (CPW), differential, even
mode, full duplex, isolation, odd mode, reflective termination, slotline,
stepped slot antenna.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In-band full duplex (IBFD) operation is of great interest in compact
communication systems due to the capability of doubling the spectral
efficiency [1]. However, IBFD systems are still not widely used due
to the self-interference (SI). In fact, the power of the SI signal can
be million times higher than the power of received signal. Due to
passiveness, hence, simplicity, antenna isolation techniques are in
high demand. They can also help to reduce the complexity of SI
cancellation in the digital domain.
Several antenna isolation techniques have been proposed such
as orthogonal polarization [2], [3], even- and odd-mode exci-
tation in coplanar waveguide (CPW) [4], [5], differential feed-
ing [6]–[8], coupler [9]–[11], and parasitic/decoupling resonating
structures [12], [13]. The orthogonal polarization method using two
separated radiating elements in [2] and [3] can achieve around 25 dB
Manuscript received February 14, 2020; revised June 23, 2020; accepted
July 8, 2020. Date of publication July 27, 2020; date of current version
October 28, 2021. This work was supported in part by the Center for
Technology Infusion, La Trobe University. (Corresponding author: Anh-Ngoc
Nguyen.)
Anh-Ngoc Nguyen, Khoa Phan, and Aniruddha Desai are with the School
of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne,
VIC 3086, Australia (e-mail: a.nguyen2@latrobe.edu.au).
Viet Hoang Le is with the School of Engineering and Mathematical
Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia, and also
with Andar Technologies Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (e-mail:
hle@andartechs.com).
Nghia Nguyen-Trong is with the School of Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072,
Australia (e-mail: n.nguyentrong@uq.edu.au).
Mohsen Radfar is with the School of Engineering and Mathematical
Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia, and also with
the CSIRO, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia (e-mail: mohsen.radfar@csiro.au).
Amir Ebrahimi is with the School of Engineering, RMIT University,
Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia (e-mail: amir.ebrahimi@rmit.edu.au).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
available online at https://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2020.3010959
0018-926X © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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7119
isolation. However, the two radiating elements occupy a large space,
which is not suitable with the demand for miniaturization. Another
method [4], [5], using a single radiating element, thus smaller space,
utilizes the even mode and odd mode in CPW to achieve high
isolation between the two ports (leading to ∼20–30 dB isolation).
The differential feeding method in [6] uses geometrical symmetry
of the two spiral antennas to cancel the coupled TX voltages at
the RX port, achieving an isolation of about 40–50 dB across a
wide bandwidth. However, it requires a complex and costly 3-D
design. The method in [7] and [8] also uses differential feeding
method but for rectangular patch antennas. The isolation is improved
further, up to 90 dB by using additional 3 dB/180◦ ring hybrid
couplers. However, this isolation value can only be achieved in a
very limited bandwidth. In addition, the feeding network including
couplers occupies a critically large area. Couplers are also used
in [9]–[11] to improve isolation more than 35 dB. Those couplers
form a differential structure using half wavelength delay line between
their two ports, leading to opposite phases. Nevertheless, the sizes of
those couplers are usually large, or numbers of fabricated layers must
increase. The decoupling structures in [12] and [13], which basically
are resonators, increase the isolation up to 50 dB. This method uses
two separated radiating elements plus resonators, thus significantly
increasing the size. The antenna in [14] uses reflective termination
method. However, it has two separated antennas with two layers,
leading to size and cost increase.
The purpose of the communication is designing a slot antenna with
very high isolation without the use of a coupler to achieve device
compactness. First, the even mode and odd mode method in a CPW
is used to obtain a moderate isolation with single radiating element,
thus smaller space. Second, a capacitor is used at the termination of
the CPW to further improve the isolation by terminating the reflection
coefficient without changing the size.
The analysis of even and odd mode in the CPW is presented
in Section II. Section III presents the investigation on the isolation
between the two feedings. Section IV shows the equivalent circuit
models for the even- and odd-mode operations. Section V investigates
the key parameters with simulation results from ANSYS HFSS to
validate the analysis in Section IV and aid the design process.
The experimental results are presented in Section VI followed by
comparisons with the previous works.
II. A NALYSIS OF E VEN AND O DD M ODE IN CPW
The proposed antenna is described in Fig. 1 with geometrical
dimensions. The substrate used in fabricated design and simulation
is a 0.508 mm-thick Taconic TLY-5 with a relative permittivity (εr )
of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0009. As can be seen in Fig. 1, at Port 1,
a microstrip feeding line is coupled with a CPW-slotline tee to have
the antenna operate in odd mode only. Port 2 uses a T-junction power
divider to excite the two stepped slot antennas in the even mode only.
Fig. 2(a) shows a CPW-slotline tee, which is used frequently
in uniplanar hybrid structures. The incident and reflected waves
at the transition plane are ae , ao , asa , asb , and be , bo , bsa , bsb ,
 7120 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021
Fig. 1. Layout of the proposed antenna. (a) Top layer. (b) Bottom layer. The
geometrical dimensions are D x = 45 mm, Dy = 40 mm, W f = 1.56 mm,
H2f = 11.2 mm, H2m = 11.6 mm, W2m = 8 mm, W2w = 0.3 mm, W1w =
0.2 mm, W1 f = 15.04, L 1 f = 11.4 mm, H1 f = 8.2 mm, Wcpw = 1.4 mm,
su = 0.58 mm, Hstu = 2.5 mm, Ws1 = 3.5 mm, L s1 = 13.25 mm, Ws2 =
4.7 mm, L s2 = 8.2 mm, Hst = 9 mm, s = 0.2 mm, g = 0.8 mm, H cpw =
6.5 mm, and Ccpw = 0.65 pF.
Fig. 2. Even mode and odd mode in CPW. (a) CPW-slotline tee.
(b) Microstrip coupled CPW with the surface current io in odd mode.
respectively. The relationship between incident and reflected waves
of the CPW-slotline tee is [15]
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ in odd mode, flowing to the two stepped slots differentially through
be −1 0 2 2 ae
⎢ bo ⎥ 1 ⎢ 0 1 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ao ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ bsa ⎦ = 3 ⎣ 2 −2 0 1 ⎦ . ⎣ asa ⎦ . (1)
bsb 2 2 1 0 asb
From (1), if asa = asb or the slot A and B are excited symmetri-
cally and when ao = 0, only the even mode is excited in the CPW
as bo = 0. In addition, if the CPW is excited in odd mode only and
no excitation is fed to slots A and B, or ae = asa = asb = 0, then
bsa = −bsb or the CPW-slotline tee will propagate differential waves
out of slot A and slot B. Therefore, a CPW-slotline tee can be excited
to propagate even- and odd-mode waves.
In order to excite the CPW-slotline tee in odd mode, a microstrip
line-coupled CPW structure is used, as seen in Fig. 2(b) [4], [5].
Simulated surface current in Fig. 3(a) shows that when the trans-
verse microstrip line is excited, the coupled surface current flows in
opposite directions along the two sides of the CPW, which is the odd-
mode current. However, when the CPW is fed by even-mode signal,
there is almost no signal coupled from the two slotlines of the CPW
to the transverse microstrip line, as seen in Fig. 3(b).
III. I SOLATION I NVESTIGATION
This section discusses the isolation between the two feedings.
As seen in Fig. 1, when Port 1 is excited, the signal generated from
the transverse microstrip line will be fed to a one-wavelength CPW-
fed inductive slot antenna [16]. This signal is coupled to the CPW
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Fig. 3. Surface current vector in CPW coupled microstrip. (a) HFSS
simulation at 5.8 GHz of surface current vector in odd mode. (b) HFSS
simulation at 5.8 GHz of surface current vector in even mode.
Fig. 4. HFSS simulation at 5.8 GHz of (a) surface current vector and
(b) electric field magnitude, when Port 1 is excited.
Fig. 5. HFSS simulation at 5.8 GHz of (a) surface current vector and
(b) electric field magnitude, when Port 2 is excited.
CPW-slotline tee (as explained in Section II that bsa = −bsb ). Then,
these two differential signals, which are coupled to the two thin
microstrip lines at the two ports of the T-junction power divider,
will cancel each other out and will not appear at the output port
(Port 2) of the proposed antenna.
In Fig. 4(a), it is clear that the surface current vectors are opposite
at the ports of the T-junction power divider, thus the summation of
the surface current is equal to zero at Port 2 of the antenna. However,
there is still parasitic signal leaking out to Port 2 due to asymmetricity.
Similarly, Fig. 4(b) shows that there is only a small portion of electric
field leaking to Port 2 when Port 1 is excited.
When Port 2 is excited, the signal is divided symmetrically by
the microstrip T-junction power divider. These two signals are fed to
two stepped slot antennas etched in the ground and flow to the CPW-
slotline tee only in even mode (as explained in Section II when asa =
asb ). Because the CPW-coupled microstrip line supports odd-mode
signal only, there is no signal flowing to the Port 1 except parasitic
signal due to asymmetricity. As confirmed in Fig. 5, when Port 2 is
excited, only a small surface current and electric field leaks to Port 1.
To significantly enhance the isolation to meet the requirement of a
full-duplex system, the CPW is terminated with a capacitor, as shown
in Fig. 1(b), to cancel out the leaking signals. The working principal
of Ccpw can be explained using the three-port method in [17]. The
third port (Port 3) is at the termination of the CPW, where Ccpw
is placed, as seen in Fig. 1(b). The coupling coefficient C21 from
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021
Fig. 6. HFSS simulation of electric field magnitude at 5.8 GHz with Ccpw
when (a) Port 1 is excited, (b) Port 2 is excited, and (c) isolation in dB
between the two ports.
Port 1 to Port 2 can be expressed as
S23 S31 L
C21 = S21 + (2)
1 − S33 L
where S21 , S31 , S23 , and S33 are the S-parameters of the three-port
antenna structure without reflective terminal, and L is the reflection
coefficient at Port 3.
The coupling S21 between Port 1 and Port 2 can be canceled out by
optimizing reflection coefficient L of Port 3 using a proper reflective
impedance. However, based on equivalent circuits (which will be
shown in Section IV), this impedance will be loaded into the even-
mode impedance, thus simultaneously changing S21 , S23 , and S22 .
Therefore, several optimization routines are performed to obtain a
proper value of L such that a high isolation and a good matching
are achieved simultaneously at Port 2.
To implement L , it should be noted that it is a complex quantity.
In order to avoid the reduction in radiation efficiency, L should
only be implemented with a reactive component. Here, a capacitor is
chosen instead of an inductor because of the lower price and smaller
steps in commercially available values.
It can be seen from Fig. 6(a) and (b) that in presence of Ccpw ,
there is no leaking signal at any port, when the other port is exited.
Fig. 6(c) compares the simulated isolation with and without Ccpw ,
where the isolation is improved by more than 30 dB with a proper
value of Ccpw .
IV. A NTENNA I MPEDANCE I NVESTIGATION
This section provides two equivalent transmission line circuit
models in the odd mode (shown in Fig. 7) and even mode (shown
in Fig. 8), thus showing a more theoretical insight into the design.
It helps to understand the behavior of S-parameters, when a dimen-
sional parameter changes. It also aids the optimization process since
the proposed antenna is a complicated system with two ports and
several parameters. Some parameters affect the impedance of one
port only, while others affect the impedances of both the ports.
Furthermore, the isolation is varied during impedance optimization
process due to (2).
The stepped slot antenna is etched in the ground plane, as shown
in Fig. 1(b). The stepped shape of the slot antenna is chosen in order
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7121
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuit in the odd mode. (a) Slot antenna excited from
the CPW in odd mode. (b) Impedance of slot antenna loaded microstrip line.
(c) Equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna, when excited from Port 1.
(d) Reduced circuit model of the slot antenna.
to reduce the discontinuities from the CPW to slot antenna, thus
having larger bandwidths. The optimization in HFSS indicates that
the bandwidths improve from 200 in Port 1 and 220 MHz in Port 2
compared with a rectangular slot shape to 550 and 625 MHz with
the stepped shape, respectively. The CPW feeding is employed to
match the impedance of the stepped slot antenna to the two ports.
An upper CPW-like stub is created to add more degrees of freedom
in optimizing the isolation since it can be used as another port to
optimize cancellative reflection, in addition to Ccpw .
Port 1 excites the CPW-fed-inductive stepped-slot antenna coupled
with the two microstrip lines H2m . Ccpw has a minimal effect to the
impedance of Port 1 because the odd-mode electric field along the
two slotlines of the CPW cancel each other at the exact location of
Ccpw , thus bypassing Ccpw .
Fig. 7 shows the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna excited
from Port 1 using the analysis method in [18]. Fig. 7(a) describes the
antenna with a voltage source V0 , which represents the coupling from
the transverse thin microstrip L 1 f of Port 1 to the CPW. Z sl−ant −1
is the impedance looking into the slot antenna loaded microstrip
lines. Fig. 7(b) is a simplified equivalent circuit of the microstrip
offset-fed slot antenna [19] without any parasitic capacitors. Z mt
is the characteristic impedance of the thin microstrip lines H2m .
These two thin microstrip lines are terminated to a virtual ground,
where two differential signals from Port 1 cancel each other. The
coupling section of the thin microstrip line H2m and the slot antenna
is represented by an ideal transformer 1: Ns . The admittance of one
branch of the stepped slot antenna is represented by 1/Z sl−ant =
G s +1/j ωL s + j ωCs . Fig. 7(c) is the equivalent circuit of slot antenna
loaded microstrip lines with the presence of the CPW. Here, Z st,o
is the characteristic odd-mode impedance of the CPW. Fig. 7(d) is
the reduced circuit model of Fig. 7(c). From Fig. 7, the stepped slot
dimensions, H2m , Hst 1 , and Hst 2 of the CPW, affect the impedance,
thus resonant frequency of Port 1.
The odd-mode impedance Z ant,o of the stepped slot antenna cou-
pled microstrip lines then is transformed to 50  impedance of Port 1
using the quarter-wave impedance transformer L 1 f [in Fig. 1(a)].
The T-junction power divider, shown in Fig. 1(a), is used at
Port 2 to feed two stepped slot antennas. Here, there are two offset
fed slot antennas [19] coupled with the CPW as shown in Fig. 1(b).
The capacitor Ccpw can be utilized to optimize the impedance of
the Port 2. The reason is that in the even mode, the electric fields
 7122 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021
Fig. 8. Equivalent circuit in the even mode. (a) Slot antenna excited from
the two thin microstrip lines in even mode with the presence of the CPW.
(b) Equivalent circuit model in even mode. (c) Reduced circuit model of one
slot branch.
Fig. 9. Simulated S-parameters with different values of Ccpw .
that flow along the two slotlines of the CPW will be double at the
position of Ccpw because they have the same direction.
Fig. 8 shows the equivalent circuit model of the offset fed slot
antenna fed by two narrow microstrip lines H2m of the T-junction
power divider, when Port 2 is excited. This model is used to investi-
gate the even-mode impedance of the offset fed slot antenna with the
presence of the CPW. Here, Z st,e is the characteristic even-mode
impedance of the CPW and βst,e is the even-mode propagation
constant of the CPW. From Fig. 8, the stepped slot dimensions,
the CPW dimensions, and Ccpw affect the impedance, thus resonant
frequency of Port 2.
The even-mode impedance Z ant,e of the slot antenna is then
transformed to 50  impedance of Port 2 through the two ports
of the T-junction power divider using the quarter-wave impedance
transformer H2m as described in [19].
V. PARAMETERS S TUDY
This section provides HFSS simulation results with some of the
most sensitive dimensional parameters to aid the design process and
validate the proposed equivalent circuit models in Section IV.
Fig. 9 shows the S-parameters with different values of Ccpw . It is
clear that S11 does not vary, while S22 varies strongly with Ccpw .
This observation matches with the equivalent circuit model analysis
in Section IV, in which Ccpw has zero effect on impedance of port 1,
whereas the impedance of Ccpw is loaded into even-mode impedance
of Port 2. More importantly, Fig. 9 shows that S21 varies significantly
with Ccpw , confirming the analysis in Section III.
Fig. 10 shows that with the change in H2m , S22 has a smaller
variance compared with resonant frequency variance of S11 . This
observation is also consistent with equivalent circuit model, in which
the length of the two thin microstrip lines, H2m , at Port 2 has been
loaded heavily into impedance of Port 1, while for Port 2 these
two microstrip lines are quarter-wave transformers used solely for
impedance matching.
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Fig. 10. Simulated S-parameters with different values of the quarter-wave
impedance transformer H2m .
Fig. 11. Simulated S-parameters with different values of Hst .
Fig. 12. Simulated S-parameters with different values of Ls1 .
Fig. 11 depicts the S-parameters of the proposed antenna with
different values of Hst in Fig. 1(a), or Hst 1 in Fig. 7(a). From
the equivalent circuit models in Figs. 7 and 8, it can be verified
that the CPW strongly affects the input impedance of both Port 1
(here, Hst 1 and Hst 2 in the odd mode) and Port 2 (here, Hst in the
even mode). However, the impedance matching of Port 1 is affected
more significantly because the CPW line Hst 1 is connected parallelly
with the whole antenna, as shown in Fig. 7(d). The lengths of the
CPW, including Hst , Hst 1 , and Hst 2 , are one of the most sensitive
parameters for both impedance matching and resonance frequency of
both ports.
The longest length L s1 [see Fig. 1(b)] of the stepped slot antenna
is also one of the main parameters for optimizing the resonance
frequency of both ports (see Fig. 12). As expected, both resonance
frequencies of Port 1 and Port 2 shift similarly with each other and
inversely with L s1 , as shown in Fig. 12.
A design procedure is summarized by the √ flowchart in Fig. 13,
where λ is the guided wavelength, λ = c/( f εr ) [20], c is the light
velocity, and f is the frequency of interest, that is, 5.8 GHz.
The flowchart can be described as below.
1) The first three steps of the flowchart in Fig. 13 are to calculate
initial values of L s1 , Hst , H2m , and L 1 f . The Hst ≈ H2m ≈
L 1 f ≈ λ/4, λ/4 < L s1 < λ/2.
2) Raw-tuning step: The parameters H2m , L s1 , Hst , H1 f , and
L 1 f are critical in this step since they determine impedance
matching and resonant frequency (5.8 GHz) of the proposed
antenna.
3) The isolation-tuning step: Putting Ccpw in and optimize this
value to obtain high isolation about 50 dB. Initial value Ccpw ∼
0.55pF from π Z Ccpw = (1/2 f Ccpw ) = 50 .
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021
Fig. 13. Simplified flowchart of design guideline.
Fig. 14. Photographs of the fabricated antenna.
4) Fine-tuning step: At this step, S11 , S22 , and S21 are optimized
to achieve the best results in terms of bandwidth and isolation.
Here, the parameters H1 f , W1 f , and L 1 f are the most impor-
tant ones because they can improve the isolation from 50 to
60 dB without affecting much to S11 and S22 . The reason is
that the three parameters are at Port 1 and Port 3. They will
affect S23 , S33 , and S31 and, thus, coupling coefficient C21
[see (2)].
5) Based on this procedure, the design can be adapted to different
operational frequencies.
VI. M EASUREMENT R ESULTS
A photograph of the fabricated prototype is presented in Fig. 14.
The measured results using Anritsu 37247D network analyzer are
shown in Fig. 15. The working frequency range of Port 1 of the
proposed antenna is 5.62–6.11 GHz, showing a −10 dB fractional
bandwidth (FBW) of 0.49 GHz (8.5%) around 5.8 GHz center
frequency. The working frequency range of Port 2 of the proposed
antenna is 5.27–6.33 GHz, showing a −10 dB FBW of 1.06 GHz
(18.3%) around 5.8 GHz center frequency. Here, the impedance
bandwidth of Port 1 is compromised to achieve a better isolation.
The antenna achieves a measured isolation of 57 dB at 5.8 GHz,
and the isolation approximately 50 dB from 5.62 to 6.11 GHz. The
S-parameters are measured in a reflective room to take environmental
effects into account.
The simulated and measured normalized patterns are presented
in Fig. 16, which shows a reasonable agreement. The differences
between simulation and measurement at 90◦ and −90◦ of xz plane
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7123
Fig. 15. Simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 16. Measured and simulated radiation patterns of Port 1 and Port 2 at
5.8 GHz.
Fig. 17. Measured and simulated realized gains of Port 1 and Port 2 from
5.6 to 6.1 GHz.
of Port 1 are due to the imperfection of test fixtures, including
effects from the cables and terminated load. The gains across fre-
quency in simulation and measurement are presented in Fig. 17.
The average realized gain of Port 1 is approximately 5.3 dBi, while
Port 2 is around 6 dBi. The higher gain in Port 2 is due to the
fact that even-mode excitation has better aperture efficiency with
a more uniform field distribution in the slot. The gain differences
between simulation and measurement are only about ±0.5 dBi,
which is typical for a gain measurement. The antenna has cross-pol
discrimination of 25 dB at the broadside of both ports except for
Port 2, xz plane. Furthermore, the two polarizations are orthogonal
as the odd mode excited by Port 1 and the even mode excited
by Port 2 generate horizontal and vertical polarization, respectively.
Therefore, this antenna can be exploited as a dual-polarized antenna.
Table I provides comparisons between the designed antenna and
the state-of-the-art high isolation antennas, in terms of various per-
formance metrics. In the presented design, the even mode is excited
using a T-junction power divider and similar to [4], a transverse
microstrip line coupled to a CPW is used for odd-mode excitation.
The reflective terminal approach has been used to improve the
isolation [14]. In contrast to [14], which is based on a double
substrate topology, our design uses a simple single-substrate design
 7124 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 69, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2021
TABLE I
P ERFORMANCE C OMPARISON
and offers higher isolation with respect to both designs in [4] and [14].
Overall, the proposed antenna has the highest isolation and the
second-best size but with a single layer PCB. The relative size in
guided wavelength unit (λ ×λ) in Table I is calculated based on the
lowest frequency in operating bandwidth. The antenna in [13] has a
high isolation in expense of low gain and an extremely big size due
to decoupling structure.
VII. C ONCLUSION
In this communication, a compact antenna system at 5.8 GHz
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency with IBFD oper-
ation is proposed. The antenna shows a high isolation performance
across moderate bandwidth compared with the recent antennas while
maintaining a small size and a low profile of single layer PCB.
Therefore, the proposed antenna would be a suitable candidate for
full-duplex systems. Equivalent circuit models are provided to ease
the impedance optimization process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude
to Professor Nemai Karmakar at Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia, for giving them the opportunity to do the antenna mea-
surement.
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