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代数训练题(一至十九)
代数训练题(一至十九)
山西大学附中 王永喜
1. 对于三个互不相同的实数 a1 , a2 , a3 , 按如下方式定义三个实数 b1 , b2 , b3 :
bj = ( a j ai
a j − ai )(
+1
a j ak
a j − ak
+1 ,)
其中 {i, j, k} = {1, 2, 3} . 证明:
2. 设 n 是 给 定 的 正 整 数 , 且 x ≥ y ≥ z 是 正 整 数 , 满 足 : n ( x + y + z ) =xyz , 求
x + y + z 的最大值.
x1 x 2 x n ,
x1 + x 2 + + x n =
求 x1 + x 2 + x n 的最大可能值.
5. 设 xi > 0, i =
1, 2, , n, 且 n ≥ 2 , 求证:
x 4 − x 24 x 4 − x34 x 4 − x14
3 1 + 2 + + n
E ( x1 , x 2 ) E ( x 2 , x3 ) E ( x n , x1 )
2 2 2
≤ ( x1 − x 2 ) + ( x 2 − x3 ) + + ( x n − x1 ) .
其中, E ( x , y ) = x 2 + xy + y2 .
6. 求 K > 0 的最大值, 使得
( ) + b (c + a ) + c ( a + b ) ≥ K a + b + c
a a b2 + c 2 b 2 2 c 2 2 2
abc − 1
( a − 1) (b − 1 ) ( c − 1)
2 2 2
a b
c
恒成立. 其中 a, b, c > 0, ab + bc + ca =
abc .
(a ) ( )
4
f ( a, b, c ) = 4
+ b4 + c4 + 1000 a 2b2 + b2c2 + c 2a 2 .
9. 对 X = ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) 定义 p 范数:
1/ p
n p
X p
= ∑ xi .
i =1
现在有 A
= a, b, c ) , B ( d, e ) ,
(= 其中 a, b, c, d, e 是任意实数. 若满足 A 2
= B 2且
A 4
= B 4 , 求证: A 3
≤ B 3.
x1 t + x 2 t + + x n t = y1 t + y2 t ,
x s + x s + + x s= y s + y s .
1 2 n 1 2
λ λ λ λ λ
x1 + x 2 + + x n ≤ y1 + y2 .
代数训练题(二)
山西大学附中 王永喜
a 5
11. 设 a, b, c, d, e > 0, 求证: ∏ 1 + b + c ≥ (3 / 2)
cyc
.
a1 + a2 + a3 a2 + a3 + a4 an + a1 + a2
( 2) .
n
⋅ ≥
a2 + a3 a3 + a4 a1 + a2
n
sin kx
13. 设 x ∈ , 求证: ∑
k =1 k
≥ sin nx .
16. 设 m, n 是 非 负 整 数 , 设 f ( m, n ) 表 示 x1 + x 2 + + x n ≤ m 的 整 数 对
( x1 , x2 , , xn ) 的组数, 证明: f ( n, m ) = f ( m, n ) .
17. 设 a=
0 a=
1 1, 且满足 ( n + 3 ) an +1 =( 2n + 3 ) an + 3nan −1 , 求证: an ∈ + .
证明: 对于任意素数 p, 有 p a p .
p2 −1
2k
19. 设 p 满足 p ≥ 5 的素数, 求证: ∑ k ≡ 0 ( mod p ) . 2
k =1
n
20. 求所有实数 λ , 使得对任意 n ≥ 2 及满足 ∑ ai = n 的正实数 ai , 总有
i =1
n
1 n
1
∑
i =1 ai
− λ ∏
i =1 ai
≤n−λ .
代数训练题(三)
山西大学附中 王永喜
n −1 2
n 1 n 2 1 n 2 n 1
n −1 n ∑ i n ∑ i ∏ i
=
a
i 1=
+ b ≥ a 2
+ b2 n
i . ( )
i1 i =1
n −1 1 1
a1n −1 + a2n −1 + + ann −1 + n ( n − 2 ) ≥ a1 + a2 + + an + + + .
2 a1 an
(1 − x1 )(1 − x2 ) (1 − xn ) ≥ kn x1x2 xn .
24. 设 a > 1 的整数, 则存在无穷多个 n, 使得 a n −1 的最大素因子不小于 n log a n .
{ }
1 / 3 ≤ an ≤ 2 / 3 .
26. 设 x k , pk ( k = 1, 2, , n ) 是正实数, 记
1/ p
1 n n pk
n
=P ∑= pk , A ∑ k k
x=p , G ∏ xk ,
= k 1= Pk1 k =1
求证:
1/ p
n
( ) ( )
pk
e − 1 ≤ ∏ e x k − 1
G
≤ eG − 1 e A −G .
k =1
∑ (x 2
i )( )( )
+ 1 x 2j + 1 x k2 + 1 ≥ kn ∑ xi x j − n ( n − 1)( n − 2 ) / 6 .
1≤ i < j < k ≤ n 1≤ i < j ≤ n
29. 设 a1 , a2 , , an 是 n 个的不同的正整数, 求证:
2
n n
n n
5
i 3∑ a + ∑ ai ≥ 4 ∑ ai3 ∑ ai .
=i 1 =i 1 = i 1= i 1
a1 , a2 , , an +1 是非负实数, 求证:
n +1 2 n +1 2
n +1
2 2
n ( n + 1) ∑ a + n
4
i
2
∑ 4
i
2
( )
a ≥ ( n + 1) n + n + 1 ∑ ai2 .
1
i=
i= n +2 i= 1
代数训练题(四)
山西大学附中 王永喜
对于 k 1, 2, , n − 1, 有 ak +1 − ak ≥ 1, 证明:
31. 设 a0 , a1 , , an 是正实数,=
1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ 1 + 1 + ≤ 1 + 1 + 1 + .
a0 a1 − a0 an − a0 a0 a1 an
2
n n
ij
32. 设 ai ∈ , 求证: ∑ ai ≤ ∑ ai a j .
= i 1= i, j 1 i + j − 1
33. 设 ai ∈ , 但 c, pi > 0, i =
1, 2, , n, 求证:
n n ai a j
∑∑ ≥ 0.
(p + p )
c
=i 1 =j 1
i j
1 + σ 1 + σ 2 + + σ n ≥ λ ( z1 + z2 + + zn ) .
其中, 对1 ≤ k ≤ n, σ k = ∑
1≤i1 <i2 <<ik ≤n
zi1 zi2 zik .
数 c ≥ 0, 多项式
2z ( z − 1) p′ ( z ) + ( c − n ) z + ( c + n ) p ( z )
的所有根也在单位圆圆周上.
37. 设 k 是一个正整数, p ( x ) 是 n 次多项式, 其各项系数分别为 −1,1 或 0, 满足
( x − 1) p(x ), 且
k
q k
< .
ln q ln ( n + 1)
证明: q 次单位根是多项式 p ( x ) 的根.
k +1
n −1
2k2
若正整数 k 满足 ( x − 1) p ( x ) , 求证: ∑ al > 1 + .
l =0 n
f ( z )= z n −1 + cn −2 z n −2 + + c0
满足
c0cn −=
2 c1cn −=
3 = cn −2c=
0 0,
40. 设 ai ∈ , i =
1, 2, , n, 求证:
2 2
n n +1 n n2 − 1 n 2 n
∑ iai − 2 ∑ ai ≤ 12 n∑ ai − ∑ ai .
=i 1 =i 1 = i 1 = i 1
代数训练题(五)
山西大学附中 王永喜
41. 设 ai > 0, i =
1, 2, , n, 记
k 1
Dk ( a ) =
Cnk
∑a + ai2 + + aik
,
i1
Dk ( a ) ≥ Dk +1 ( a ) , k =1, 2, , n − 1.
n n
2 2
=i 1 =i 1
∑ ai − ak ≤ ∑ bi − bk
或者
n n
2 2
i k
=i 1 =i 1
∑ b −b ≤ ∑ ai − ak .
max { ac , ad + bc , bd } −1 + 5
≥ .
max { a , b } ⋅ max { c , d } 2
∑ (x − xi ) ≥ C ( n )
2 2
1≤ i < j ≤ n
j ∑ (x
1≤ i < n
i +1 − xi ) .
f ( x ) ≤ β f ( y ) − a ln ( x − y ) , ∀x > y > 0.
其中,
An= ( np − n + 1 + n / p − p ) un − ( np − n + 1 + n / p ) un−1.
47. 设 a, b, c, d 都不为 0, 设 f : → , 且
f (x ) =
a + b cos2x + c sin 5x + d cos8x .
S = a2 + a4 + + a2n , T = a1 + a3 + + a2n −1 .
证明:
2n
2ST > ( S + T ) (S ∑ a2ia2 j −1 + T ∑ a2ia2 j ).
n −1 1≤ i < j ≤ n 1≤ i < j ≤ n
50. 设 x1 , x 2 , , x n ∈ ( 0, π / 2 ) , 且 ai ≥ 1, i =
1, 2, , n, 求证:
2 ai ai
xi n n
xi
∏ + ∏ > 2.
sin xi
=i 1 = i 1 tan x i
代数训练题(六)
山西大学附中 王永喜
10
∑a bc
i =1
i i i ≥ 930 .
52. 设 f : → , 且对任意 p, q, r ≥ 2, 有
其中,
f 1 ( n ) f=
= (
( n ) , f k ( n ) f f k−1 ( n ) . )
求 f (x ), x ≥ 3 .
x + y + z > a + b + b + c + c + a.
3 nn
2
∑a
≥∑ ,
i + 2ai +1
=i 1 = i 1 ai + ai +1
其中 an +1 = a1 .
a −b b−c c −d d − e e − a
+ + + + ≥ 0.
b+c c +d d + e e + a a +b
57. 设 n 是正整数, 令
r r
r
r
∑ =Ar= p
k , Br ∑ wk , pk , w=
k ≥ 0, k 0,1, 2, , n,
= k
k 0= k 0k
则有
1 n −1 1 n n
4
∑
nr 0
=
A B
r r − 2 ∑
Ar ∑ Br ≤
n r 0=r 0
= 45
( An − A0 )( Bn − B0 ) .
58. 设 n 是正整数, 且
r
r r
r r
r
= ∑
Ar= k r ∑ k r ∑ qk , pk , wk , qk ≥ 0,
p , B = w , C
= k
k 0= k
k 0= k 0k
则有
1 n −1 1 n n n
1
T ( A, B, C ) = ∑
nr 0
=
A B C
r r r − 3 ∑
Ar ∑ r ∑ Cr ≤
B
n r 0=r 0=r 0
= 8
An BnCn .
n
2n + k n − 1 + k
59. 求证: ∑
k =0
n n − 1
≡ 1 ( mod 2 ) , ∀n ∈ .
+
60. 求 所 有 的 整 数 a, 使 得 对 任 意 正 整 数 n, 以 及 任 意 乘 积 为 1 的 正 实 数
n
aia
a1 , a2 , , an , 都有 ∑ ≤ n.
i =1 1 − ai + ai
2
代数训练题(七)
山西大学附中 王永喜
61. 给 定 整 数 n ≥ 2 和 正 实 数 a, 设 xi > 0, 满 足 x1 x 2 x n = 1, 求 最 小 的 实 数
M ( n, a ) , 使得
n
1
∑a+S −x ≤ M ( n, a )
i =1 i
恒成立, 其中 S = x1 + x 2 + + x n .
p −1
2k
∑ k + d ≡ r ( mod p ) .
k =0
有 p ap .
x n +3 = ax n −1 + bx n + cx n +1 .
大小为1, 2, 3, , 2t 的一个排列.
求证:
n +1 2
an − < .
3 3n
n
ai ai +1 1
∑1 − 2
≤
2
,
i =1 ( ai − ai +1 )
其中 an +1 = a1 .
n −1
69. 已知 n 是正偶数, 实数 c1 , c2 , , cn −1 满足 ∑ ci − 1 < 1, 证明: 方程
i =1
n −1
2x n + ∑ ( −1) ci x i + 2 =
i
0
i =1
无实数根.
70. 求实数 t, 使得对于单位正方形边界上的任意 120 个点 P1 , P2 , , P120 , 都在这
个正方形的边界上存在一点 Q 满足
t.
P1Q + P2Q + + Q120Q =
代数训练题(八)
山西大学附中 王永喜
71. 设实数 ai , bi ( i = 1, 2, , n ) 满足
a1 ≤ a2 ≤ ≤ an , b1 ≤ b2 ≤ ≤ bn ,
且有
i i
=
k
k 1=
∑ a ≤ ∑ b (i=
k 1
k 1, 2, , n − 1)
n n
m 的整数对 ( i, j ) 的个数与满足
及 ∑ ak = ∑ bk , 若对任意实数 m, 满足 ai − a j =
=k 1=k 1
( )( )( ) 2
k x 2 − x + 1 y2 − y + 1 z 2 − z + 1 ≥ ( xyz ) − xyz + 1
成立.
74. 设 m, n ( m ≥ n ) 是 正 整 数 , S 是 所 有 满 足 a1 + a2 + + an =
m 的正整数
n
n m
∑1a1 2a2 n= ∑ ( −1)
n −i
i .
an
S i =1 i
3k
p 6k + 1 为素数, 且 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) .
75. 是否存在正整数 k, 使得 =
k
p x1 + 2x 2 + + ( p − 1) x p−1 .
设 E (T ) 表示 E (T ) 中元素的个数, 求证:
E ({0,1, 3} ) ≥ E ({0,1, 2} ) .
1 m n 2i
an < m + ∑ .
2m i =1 2i i
n n n n
∑ ξi =
=i 1 =i 1
∑ mi ≤ 2m, =i 1
∑ ξiai =
∑ miai .
=i 1
r
m + n − 2 ( k + 1) r
∑ ( −1)
k
> 0.
k =0 n k
n n
2
∑ zi 0,=
=
=i 1 =i 1
∑ zi 1.
3a + 1 / b + 3b + 1 / c + 3c + 1 / a ≥ 6.
n
n
1 2n − 2n −i
=
∑ ∑
k 1 k 1≤i ≤ j ≤ k ij
= ∑ ij .
1≤ i ≤ j ≤ n
( )
83. 设 r 是实数, f ( x ) = x 3 + 2rx 2 + r 2 − 1 x − 2r, 且 f ( x ) = 0 有三个实数根 a,b, c ,
π.
arcsin a + arcsin b + arcsin c =
85. 设 a, b, c > 0, 且 ab + bc + ca =
3, 求证:
1 1 1 3 3 ( a − 1)(b − 1)( c − 1)
+ + ≥ + ⋅ .
(b + c )
2
(c + a )
2
( a + b)
2
4 2 (b + c )( c + a )( a + b )
x n2 n ( n ≥ 3 ) , 求证:
86. 设 xi > 0, 且满足 x12 + x 22 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +=
x13 x 23 x n3 n
+ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ≥ .
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 + x3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x n −1 x3 + x 4 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x n x1 + x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x n −2 n − 2
2 2 2
87. 设 n 是给定的正整数,定义一种运算: 设 x , y 满足 x=
2 2
y= 1, xy ≠ yx , 求
n
(1 + x )(1 + y ) 的常数项.
注: ( x + y )( x + y ) =x 2 + xy + yx + y2 =1 + xy + yx + 1 =2 + xy + yx
的常数项为 2.
(1 + x )(1 + y ) =1 + x + y + xy 的常数项为 1.
2
(1 + x )(1 + y ) = (1 + x + y + xy )(1 + x + y + xy )
=1 + x + y + xy + x + 1 + xy + y + y + yx
( n − 1)k σ k
Cnk
=
单调不增, 其中 σ k ∑ xi1 xi 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ xik .
1≤i1 <i2 <⋅⋅⋅<ik ≤n
z n +1 − 1 > z n ⋅ z − 1 .
13 p4 − p .
代数训练题(十)
山西大学附中 王永喜
常数 C , 使得
nq1 / 3 + nq 2 / 3 ≥ C / n .
满足 2q > ( 6 p ) .
p
93. 设 a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ∈ , 且满足
94. 设 xi ≥ 0,
= i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n, 且满足 x1 + x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x n = 0.5. 求证:
n
1 − xi
∏1 + x
i =1
≥ 1/3.
i
n
ak + 3
∑ 2
≥ 3.
k =1 ( ak + 1 )
n
96. 设 n 是正整数, x1 , x 2 , ⋅ ⋅⋅, x n 都是正实数, 且 ∏ xi = 1 , 求证:
i =1
n
n n
∑ xin (1 + xi ) ≥
i =1
∏ (1 + xi ) .
2n −1 i =1
97. 设 xi , y=
i, i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n 均 是 复 数 , 且 满 足 x=
i y=
i 1,=
i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n, 且设
1 n 1 n n
2
=
=
x
= ∑ xi , y
n i 1=
∑ yi , 且 zi = xyi + yxi − xi yi , 求证:
ni1
∑z
i =1
i ≤ n.
1
98. 设数列 {x n } 满足 x1 = 2 , x n +=
1 xn + , 求证:
xn
2020
xi2 20202
∑
i =1 2x i x i +1 − 1
≥ 2
x 2020 + 1 / x 2020
2
.
a1 ≠ an , 都有
2
a12 + a22 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an2 a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an 2
≥ + Cn ( a1 − an ) .
n n
1 4 n −2
100. 设 {an } 是 正 整 数 数 列 , 且 ai +2 =ai +1 + ai , i ≥ 1. 设 bn =
a2n +1
∑a
i =1
i , 求证:
bn ∈ + , 并求其通项.
代数训练题(十一)
山西大学附中 王永喜
101. 设 a, b, c ≥ 0, 且 a 2 + b2 + c 2 =
1, 求证:
a + b + a + c + b + c ≥ 5abc + 2 .
a b c d
+ + +
a +b b+c c +d d + a
1 n n
1 n
∑ i ∑ ≥ n −1 + n
x + .
2 i 1 =i 1 xi
= ∑ i=1 i
x
n
ai
∑ 2n + 1 + S − a
k =1
3
≤ 1/3.
i
n 2
n 3
=
∑ (
k 1=
x k + x k +1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x n ) ≤ ∑ kx k .
k 1
求证:
n
k −1
∑ ( −1) k2 ( s1 )
n−k
sk ≥ 0 .
k =1
n n
=k 1=
∑ ak 0,=
=
k 1
∑ ak2 1,
且满足
n ∑ k =1 ak3 = 2(b n − 1), b = max {ak } .
n
1≤ k ≤ n
π /3 ≤ arg ( x ) − arg ( y ) ≤ 5π /3 ,
求证: 对任意复数 z ∈ , 有
z + z − x + z − y ≥ zx − y .
n
集 I , 均有 ∏ (1 + a j ) − 1 ≤ 1/ 2 , 求证: ∑a j ≤3.
j∈I j =1
求证:
n
1
z ≥ .
n −1
代数训练题(十二)
山西大学附中 王永喜
(z )
2
1 + z2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + zn + z1 + z2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + zn
( 2 2 2
≥ 2 z1 + z2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + zn + z1 + z2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + zn
2
).
112. 设 x > 1, n 是正整数, 求证:
n
{kx} < n
1
∑ kx ∑ 2k − 1 .
=k 1=k 1
a1 = c, an +1 = an2 + an + c3 .
m 次幂.
数列 {an } 满足
1, a1 =
a0 = − p, a2 =
p2 − q, an +3 =
− pan +2 − qan +1 − ran , n ≥ 0.
求证:
(1−1 / k )3
an +1 − an < 8k ( an ) , n 3, 4, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .
=
117. 给定序列 y=
1 y=
2 1, 且
118. 设 n 是给定的偶数, ai ≥ 0, a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an = 1. 求
∑
1≤ i < j ≤ n
{ 2 2
}
min ( i − j ) , ( n + i − j ) ai a j
的最大可能值.
n
ai n
∑ + ∏ (1 − ai ) ≤ 1 ,
i =1 1 + a − ai i =1
其中 a = ∑ i =1 ai .
n
n
1 − ai
证: ∑3+a
i =1
2
≥0.
i
代数训练题(十三)
山西大学附中 王永喜
a1 , a2 , ⋅ ⋅⋅, a9 , 使得下列方程组
0
a1 x + a2 y + a3 z =
0
a4 x + a5 y + a6 z =
a x + a y + a z = 0
7 8 9
有非零整数解.
实数. 求证:
( ) 2
f ( x1 , y1 ) f ( x 2 , y2 ) f ( x1 − x 2 , y1 − y2 ) ≥ ac − b2 ( x1 y2 − x 2 y1 ) .
p β
− 2 < 2.
q q
124. 定义数列
求所有正实数 β , 使得只有有限组互素的 ( p, q ) 满足
p β
− 2 < 2,
q q
且 q ≠ an , ∀n ∈ + .
K r 2n
125. 设 r 是正整数, K r 是满足 , ∀n ∈ 为整数的最小正整数. 求证:
n+r n
r 2r
Kr = .
2 r
126. 设 x , y, z , w ∈ ( 0, π / 4 ) , 求证:
1/ 2
sin 8 x + sin 8 y + sin 8 z + sin 8 w
tan x tan y tan z tan w ≤ .
cos x + cos y + cos z + cos w
8 8 8 8
n −2
a0 − an ≤ ∑ ai − kai +1 − ai +2 .
i =0
n
128. 设 n, k 是给定大于 2 的正整数, 且 x j ≥ 1, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, 令 y = ∏ xi . 求证:
i =1
1 nn
1
∑1 + x ∑≥ 1
.
=i 1 = i j 1
1+ x( k −1
j y ) n + k −1
AB + BC + CD + DA ≥ AC + BD + 2 EF .
3 3
x 3 − 1, 9x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x + 7 = ( x − 1 ) + ( 2x ) + 23
都是好多项式. 试问:
(1) 多项式 P ( x=
) 3x + 3x 7 是好多项式吗?
(2) 多项式 P ( x ) =3x + 3x 7 + 3x 2008 是好多项式吗?
代数训练题(十四)
山西大学附中 王永喜
MA ⋅ NA + MB ⋅ NB + MC ⋅ NC ≥ MD ⋅ ND .
个正整数 k , 使得 [ ak , ak +1 ] > ck .
n −1 2
n 2ai a j
∏ (1 + ai ) ≥ ∏ 1 + .
=i 1 1≤i ≤ j ≤n ai + a j
136. 设 Fn 是第 n 个费马数, 即 F= 22 + 1 , 求
n
lim 6 F1 + 6 F2 + 6 F3 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 6 Fn .
n →+∞
137. 已知对所有正整数 k, n, 函数 f : + → + , 满足
kf ( n ) ≤ f ( kn ) ≤ kf ( n ) + k − 1.
1 1 1
∑x = − , i = 1, 2, , n,
1 − xi xi
i≠ j i − xj
求 ∑ i =1 xi 的取值范围.
n
xi3 n n
∑ x
=i 1 = x
≥ 3⋅ 3
∑
i 1
xi3 .
i +1 i +2
=
其中 1 , x n +2
x n +1 x= x2 .
140. 设数列 {x n } =
: x 0 0,=
x1 1,=
x 2 1,=
x3 4, 且有递推
( n + 1 ) ( n2 + n + 1 ) n +1
=x n +3 x n +2 + ( n2 + n + 1) x n +1 − x n , ∀n ≥ 1.
n n
an2 + 5 an −1an +1 ( n ) ≥ 2.
=
a b c d e
+ + + + ≥ 3.
b−c c −d d − e e − a a −b
a1 a2 a
+ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 2019 > C .
a2 − a3 a3 − a4 a1 − a2
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an= b1 + b2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + bn > 0
∑ a (a
i =1
i i + bi )
n
∑b (a
i =1
i i + bi )
的最大值.
145. 给定整数 n ≥ 2, 求具有下述性质的最大常数 λn : 若实数序列 a0 , a1 , , an 满
足
0 a0 ≤ a1 ≤ a2 ≤ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≤ an
=
1
ai ≥ ( ai +1 + ai −1=
) , i 1, 2, 3, , n − 1,
2
则有
2
n n
∑ i n ∑ ai .
2
ia ≥ λ
= i 1= i 1
a1 , a2 , ⋅ ⋅⋅, an ≥ n − 1 − n2 − n + 1,
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an = n,
求证:
1 1 1
2
+ 2 + ⋅⋅⋅ + 2 ≥ n .
a1 a2 an
n
147. 考虑数列 x1 = 1, x n +1 = 1 + . ∀n ≥ 1, 求所有正整数 n, 使得 x n ∈ + .
xn
xi + xi +1 + xi +2 ≤ 1
= (i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, 100, x=
101 x1 , x=
102 x2 ) ,
求下列式子的最大可能值:
x1 x3 + x 2 x 4 + x3 x5 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x 99 x1 + x100 x 2 .
1 1 1
a1a2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ an + + ⋅⋅⋅ + − n + 3 ≤ 3 .
a1 a2 an
1 1 1
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an − n + 1 ≥ n −1 + + ⋅⋅⋅ + − n +1 .
a1 a2 an
代数训练题(十六)
山西大学附中 王永喜
1 1 1 4n
+ + ⋅⋅⋅ + + ≥ n + 2.
a1 a2 an n + a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an
n
152. 设 ai ≥ −1, 且满足 ∑ ai ≥ 0, 求证:
i =1
n
n n
∏ (1 + a ) ≥ 1 − 4 ∑ a
i =1
i
i =1
2
i .
153. 设 ai > 0,
= i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n, 求证:
2 n −1
( a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an ) ≤
( n − 1) .
(a2
1 )( ) (
+ 1 a22 + 1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ an2 + 1 ) nn −2
n
ak
∑kk =1
2
≥ an H ( n ) ,
1 1 1
其中 H ( n ) = 1 + + + ⋅⋅⋅ + .
2 3 n
156. 设 n 是正整数, 且 m 是奇数, 求证:
1 m
3m
∑ 3k (3n − 1)
k
3 m
n k =0
是整数.
21 3
157. 设 a1= , 2an − 3an −1= n +1 , n ≥ 2. 若 m 是大于 1 的正整数, 当 n ≤ m 时, 有
16 2
1
3 m n( m −1)
< m −1 .
2
a +
n 2n +1 m − ( 2 / 3 ) m − n + 1
m
n n
2
i
=i 1 =i 1
∑
= x ∑
= y 2
i 1.
已知 0 < λ1 ≤ λ2 ≤ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≤ λn , 1 ∈ [ λ1 , λn ] , 证明:
2
n
n
n
2 ∑ λi xi yi
λ1 ≤ ∑ λi xi2 + ∑ xi yi − i =1n ≤λ .
n
i 1
=i 1 =
λ y2 ∑
i =1
i i
x + y 2xy
f +f = f ( x ) + f ( y ) , ∀x , y > 0 .
2 x + y
2f ( xy
= )
f (x ) + f ( y) .
代数训练题(十七)
山西大学附中 王永喜
an +2 =an +1 + an +1 + an .
162. 设 x=
1 x=
2 x=
3 1, 且满足 x n +=
3 x n + x n +1 x n +2 , 证明: 对任意正整数 m, 都存
在 k, 使得 m x k .
求所有素数 p , 使得对一切 n ∈ + , 均有
n
1
an ∏ 1 − ∈ .
i =1 ai
164. 设数列 f=
1 f=
2 1 且 fn +1 =
fn + fn −1 , n ≥ 2, 求所有正整数 n, 使得
v2 ( f1 f2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ fn ) = v2 ( n !) .
(a + b 2 )
2n
an + bn 2 .
=
166. 数列 {x n } 满足
x1 2,=
= x 2 12, x=
n +2 6x n +1 − x n ,
{α n } , {βn } 满足
0 = c 0 > 0, 1 = c 1 − b 0 > 0,
babaabaaa n = a n −2 − b n −1 + c n , n ≥ 2.
若 βn > 0, 是否有 α n > 0, 并证明你的结论.
(( ) )
an +1= an + ( a1 + 1)( 2a2 + 1) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ( ( n − 1) an −1 + 1) n2 + n an + 2n + 1 .
证 明 : 若素 数 p 满 足 对 某 个 正 整 数 n, 有 p ( nan + 1) , 则 存 在 正 整 数 m, 使 得
m2 ≡ 5 ( mod p ) .
( n + 1) cn = ncn −1 + 2ndn −1 ,
.
dn 2cn −1 + dn −1 .
=
求证: cn , dn 均是整数.
170. 设
= a1 2,=
a2 5, 且
2
( )
an +2 = ( 2 − n ) an +1 + 2 + n2 an .
问: 是否存在正整数 p, q, r 满足 a p aq = ar ?
代数训练题(十八)
山西大学附中 王永喜
a=
1 a=
2 1, an +=
2 pan +1 + qan ( n
= 2,3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) ,
172. 若实数列 {x n } 满足 x=
0 x=
1 1, 且
n
xn = + x n −1 x n −2 ( n ≥ 2 ) ,
2
证明: 存在实数 A 对所有 n 有
An < x n < An + 1.
173. 设 a=
1 a=
2 1, ak +2 = ak +1 + ak , k ∈ + , 证明: 对任意正整数 m, 必存在一个 k,
满足
(
m ak4 − ak − 2 . )
174. 对于正整数 n > 1, an ,bn , cn 均为整数, 且满足
( )
n
3
2 −1 =an + bn 3 2 + cn 3 4.
175. 实数 x1 , x 2 , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, x 6 满足
x12 + x 22 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x 62 = 6
,
x1 + x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + x 6 = 0
求 x1 x 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ x 6 的最大可能值.
an3+1 + 1
a1 1,=
= a2 2, a=
n +2 ,
an
且求 a2n 的值.
178. 设 x , y ∈ + , 且 ( x , y ) = 1, p 为奇素数, 若有
u0 0,
且 y 是平方数, 若数列 un 满足= = u1 1, 且 un +2 =xun +1 + yun ( n ≥ 0 ) . 是否存在
正整数 m, z 使得 um = pz 2 ?
A= ( a + b + c + d )(1 / a + 1 / b + 1 / c + 1 / d − 16 )
B= (a 2
)( )
+ b2 + c2 + d 2 1 / a 2 + 1 / b2 + 1 / c2 + 1 / d 2 − 16 ,
求证:
A+2≥ B+4 .
a1 ≤ a2 ≤ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≤ an , a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an = 0 ,
求证:
小的 C ( n ) , 使得恒有
( ).
2
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an − n n a1a2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ an ≤ C ( n ) b− a
182. 设 a1 ≥ a2 ≥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≥ an ≥ 0, 且 n / 2 ≤ k ≤ n − 1, 求证:
2k ( n − k )
( ).
2
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an − n n a1a2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ an ≥ ak − ak +1
n
183. 设 a1 ≥ a2 ≥ ≥ an ≥ 0, n ≥ 4, 求证:
2
( ).
2
a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an − n n a1a2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ an ≥ 1 − 2 an −2 − 3 an −1 + an
n
2
1 1 1 4 ( n − 1) 2
+ + ⋅⋅⋅ + −n ≥ 3 ( a1 − a2 ) .
a1 a2 an n
n
n −1
=i 1
∑a i − ∑
1≤ i < j ≤ n
ai + a j + ∑
1≤ i < j < k ≤ n
ai + a j + ak − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ( −1) a1 + a2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + an ≥ 0.
∑a
k =1
k −ta, t ≥ 1 ,
=
求证:
n
∑( a
k =1
k + a − ak ) ≤ ( n − 2 ) a .
n n
k 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n, 且满足 ∑
187. 设 x k , yk > 0,= = xk ∑=
y k 1, 求证:
=k 1=k 1
2
n n
x
∑ k x − yk ≤ 2∑ x k ln k .
yk
= k 1= k 1
1 n 2 1 n
=
∑ k kk k
a
3n k 1 =
+ a b + b2
≥ 3 (
∑ ( ak + bk ) akbk .
2n k 1
)
189. 设
1 + a1x + a2 x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
= 1 + c1x + c2 x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,
1 + b1x + b2 x 2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
其中 0 ≤ ai ≤ 1, 0 ≤ bi ≤ 1, 证明:
cn ≤ Fn .
其中 Fn 表示第 n 个斐波那契数, 即
F=
0 0, F=
1 F=
2 1, Fn=
+1 Fn + Fn −1 , n ≥ 1.
n
sin kx
∑
k =1 k
>0.
n
k 1
∑ 1 − n + 1 cos kx ≥ − 2 .
k =1
192. 设 xi > 0,
= i 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅⋅, n, 且
2 n
=x max
= xi , y min xi , x ≥
1≤ i ≤ n 1≤ i ≤ n
∑ xi .
n i =1
求证:
n
n
=
∑ x
k 1=
x
k k +1 ≤ ∑ xk ( x − y ) ,
k 1
其中 x n +1 = x1 .
求证: x n ≤ 2020, ∀n ∈ + .
an + ( n + 2 ) an +1 + 2020 .
an +2 =
=
记集 A {n|an ≠ n} , 问集合 A 是有限的还是无限的?