Continuous dynamic recrystallization during the transient severe deformation of aluminum alloy 7475 T. Sakai *, H. Miura, A. Goloborodko*, O. Sitdikov*** "UBC Toby (Te Usiey of bet Coomaniaens), Departmen of Machaniea! Engecing and inalligon Stns ‘Copa IS, Chop, Tayo 28S, Japs " powatnain Tedhnalogy and Protege Devlpont Departs, Nisan Matar Co. 11d, Tarn, Yohanan, Kanagaes 230055 ap “nite for lice Sypris rcs, Khoa na 3, fo 45001, Rass eceted 1D Jane MOM: rcv rid fcr | Seperber 208 acca 2 Spternbr 2018 Ateact fot of strain rate and its discontinuous changes onthe deformation and microstructural behavior of coarse-grained 7475 Al alloy ‘wore studied in multidzectional forging at 763 K. Deformation at a higher strain rae of 3 x 10°" 5"! contclled by homogeacous dis- Ibeation motion, ads to partial grain referent taking place nly near the oviginal grain boundaries Defonmation ata lover ate of 3108s"! controlled aziny by grain boundary sliding. incontast,resultsin fll development of stratvinduced grains through grain iragmensation due to microshear band formation. Under cnndtions of ascontinvous changes in stain tte, the how sieses ane gain sine developed by subsequent severe deformation do not apprcach those appearing during niin change ata constant stain rate ‘The nature of such strunanducedevents is reversible and ahermal, The mechanisms of continuous dynamic rcrystalization operating during severe deformation are discussed in detail ‘© 2008 Acta Materialia lac, Published by Elevier Ltd. All rights rsarved Keymrdh: Soyer panc deformations Minescar bus Uanetaied microsctac: Coaiauensdyauiicrrtliztien, Aluinasy 1. Introduction ‘There have been several studies to date showing that severe plastic deformation (SPD) isan effective method for grain refinement in numerous aluminum (Al) alloys at low-to-high temperatures [115]. In order to obtain ult finevgrained structure in bulky materials, SPD processes, such as equal-chonnel angular pressing (ECAP) [I-3, 79,12.M-I6) multidirectional forging (MDF) 2.10 1317-21), accumulative roll bonding (ARB) {4.8}, etc are normally used. Ariong the processing techniques met tioned above, MDF is one of the easiest methods without any spevific devices, which has great potential for prodc= ing relatively large workpieces and, hence, can be used in ‘mass production [7} The principle of MDF is « compres- * Coesponding aurhor. Tels 781 424940: fac: 81 43484827 anal ales: sidhevsnce (0. Sicko) sion process repeated) with change inthe direction of copped strain (ic, xy > 2x...) at cach step, ez. Refs (211,19). As the workpiece dees not change ts shape and cimensions uncer MDF conditions, lirge plastic trams can be troduced during repected compression at low-to-high temperatures. MDF ean also provide informa tion on the interrelationships beeen stress-strain curves ‘ond microstructures developed under various deformation conditions, ¢., continuous or interrupted deformation at any temperature and strain rate. These make MDF a very saluable scientific tool for the investigation of structural changes during large strain deformatioa [10,11,13,17.19} thas been generally accepted that the formation process ‘of new fine grains during SPD of Al and its alloys can be controlled by continuous dynamic recrystllization (cDRX) [10.11,14,15.17,19-22}. That is, deformation/microshear bands ae created in original ern interiors at low-lo-mecium strains, and their number and boundary misorientation,increase with SPD, followed by grain subdivision and formation of fine erystillite components at high strains. Microstructural changes during SPD can be controlled not only by the toul strain accumula, but also the pro cessing conditions, uch as deformation mode, strain pass, temperature, strain rate, ete. [2.3,5,6.9, 10,13,15,19} Only afew works have, however aldsessed the influence of tem- perature and strain rife on microstructural evokition during SPD. As a result, the controlling factors and occur- rence conditions of grain refinement have not yet been fully understood owing to the lick of systematic experimental data. ‘The aim of the current research is 10 investigate the cllect of strain rate on the deformation and microstructural behavior of a high-strength Al alloy 7475 during MDF at 763 K. It was shown in previous work (23.24) that siraine indeed grain refinement in this alloy i strongly affected by strain rate during hot deformation, In the present study, the effect of strain rate as wel as its discontinuous chanzes| ‘on the microstructural development during MDF is exam. ined in details. The transient deformation and microstruc tural behavior of the alloy under conditions of DRX is studied and compared with that for conventional or dis. continuous dynamic reerystalization (DRX). The struc tural mechanisms involved in “ihe wansieat eDRX” are discussed in detail 2. Experimental ‘The material wed was an es-cust 0.16% Zr modified 7475 aluminum alloy with chemical composition (in masa): AIG O4Zn-2 ASNgeI TIC MU23C P40, 1 S088 0.04Fe-0.03Ma. The ingot fabricated by direct chill cast ing was homogenized at 763 K for 20h. Coarse dendritic lamellar grains in the inital structure had. spacing I= L0 mm in the longitudinal and S0-200 jm in the transverse direction [23,24] Two types of dispersion particles were idemtified as AbZr and ALCr, both of which were uni- formly distributed in the alloy and equiaxed with on aver: age size of 20 and 100 am, respectively (23] Rectangular samples 10 3 9 x 8.5 (1.8:165:1) mam were machined from the ingot supplied. Taree-cirectional multipass compres: sion was carried out under isothermal conditions at 76K and at two struin nates of 3x 107s oF 3 10-25" to a total strain of ZAc= 6.3 with a change in the loading direction of 99° from pass to pass. The pass sirtin was Ae=07. The tester enabled a constant true strain rate to be maintained and was equipped with water ‘quenching apparatus. A powder of boron nitride was used asa lubricant, The simples were quenched in water after each pas, then reheated to deformation tenperature and kept for ~5-10 min before subsequent deformation. Addi- tionally, the strain rate change test was performed during MDF. Part of the samples was deformed to a cumulative strain of EAc=21 at a strain cate of 3x 10S"! oF 3x 1075 and subsequently strained to ZA another strain rate of 3x 10 the strain rate was discontinuously increased or reduced during MDF by two orders of magnitnde The microstructural analysis was carried out in the central part of specimens deformed (0 vatious strains in & Section parallel to the list compression anis. The metallo: graphic observations were carried out using an Olympus PME:3 optical microscope after etching of the samples with Stanciard Keller's reagent, The average size and fraction of strain-induced grains were evahuated by the line-intercept technique and point-count technique, respectively. The ‘orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) maps and misorien- tation distributions of the dislocation (sub)boundaries were ‘obtained by electron buckscatteringdifraction pattern anal ysis using Hitachi SOFE scanning electron microscope ‘with OIM Data Analysis software provided by TexSera Lab Ine. 3. Results 8.1. Hor deformarion ai constant steam rate Fig. | presents a series of tive stress-true strain (o-®) ceurves plotted for nine consecutive compression passes at 3x 104s! and 3 x 1072s". The integrated flow curves demonstrate sharp stress peak just after yielding. followed by work softening, irrespective of strain rates. The softens ing takes place continuously to EAe~Sat3 x 10 sand BAe=2 at 3x 107s, and then the cumulative flow ceurves show steady-statesike flow behavior. The ratio of the flow softening (Ao— ey 53) and the peak stress (6p). Ao. where Ou isa stead yesiate flow stress, ss high as'O.61 a3 x 10'S"! In contrast, significantly smaller flow softening appears at a higher strain rate of 3x1?! and the Aco, is ~014 The difference AATATS MDF T= 763K de: i am 0 oa a 3 4 6 6 Fig. 1, Typo rs eesetrue ctrin canes baie daring MDF ofbetween the flow stresses immatiately before unloading and at relosding upon the next pass remains negligibly small at all strains investigated. This sugacsts that the deformation microstructures are stable during MDF and thus, ny static restoration processes (namely stati rey tullzation and recovery) can hardly occur in the present alloy during reheating between MDF passes The sffect of strain rate on typical o tures evolved at SAo= 6.3 is shown in Fi that appear ina dark eolor are composed of new fine grains evolved during MDF. which are clearly cen in Figs. 5 and 7. Fig. 2a shows thot MDE at 3 1~"s"" leads toa fi rained structure formation accompanied by a few rem nant paris of original grains. The volume fraction of new groin: with an average size of ~7.5 pm is ~0.85. During MDF at 3 x 107757! in contrast, new grains with an av ax sie of ~S5 yim are formed only along the ori rain boundaries (Fig. 2b) and the fraction of new fine igoins reaches ~(.2, The latter is significantly smaller than that evolved at 3 x 10'S! Sirain dependences of (a) the grain size dure and (b) the volume fraction Vora of new grains developed during MDF at 3x 10'S"! ond 3107S are depicted 2 3. is noted in Fig. 3 that dur drops rapidly at early stages of MDF and approaches constant value at EAr > 2.1 at 3 10~ 57, where Fur sill increases and Fg 2 Typ mirostucuresdeveloped at Bae 6. AATTS during MDE 4768 Kana sala rates of(a)3 x 10-4 approaches. a constant value at EAE2 35. At 3 10-257! in contrast, dup and Py yg ae roughly cone Stant at a ctitical strain above EAc%~2. [tis conduded from the data in Figs. 1-3, therefore, dhat there is a clear ceflect of strain rate on the flow and microstructural behav. iors of the 7475 Allloy during MDF at 763 K. Namely. « strain rate increase significantly inhibits the rate of fow softening (Fig 1) and the kinetics of new grain formation, leading (o a larger flow stress and limited grain refinement ‘at large staias, 4.2. Transient flow ard microstructure after strain rate changes Jig. 4 represents typical transient flow curves obtained by (a) reducing or (b) increasing stain rte ata prior sta of Ede= 21 from 3x 107s"! to 3 x 10's and vice vers, The siriin of ZAe=2.1 i required to develop an culm dynamic gran size irespoctive of strain rate (Fiz. 3), 1s shown in Fig. 4 thatthe flow stesses devel ‘oped afer strain rate changes discontinuously decrease or ingrease at Me =2.1 and approach & now stable value at high strains The typical OIM microstructures developed by MDF to Ae =2.1 a3 x 1077s! (a)and subsequently to 2Ae= 28 at 3 10-4! (b) are depicted in Fig. S ‘where the stodioted misorientation profiles measured and (b)3 10-71 The lsh tio eprocted in (2) al eta now fin ras desley dating MDF. CAs ty hat erapeston axis* a Aas NDF i 10 , —_ b Fie 8, Strain dependences of the averie grain sit and) he vale revo efnew fine rus developed cure MDF ef ATS a 163 nd attain ats of 3 1O™ Stand 3 1G along lines Ty and Ty are shown on thei righthand sides. The diferent grayscake kvels indicate the different crystal lographie orientations and the orientation differences (©) between neighboring grid points, © >2%, 6 > 5 and > 156, are marked by thin white, narrow and bold black lines, respectively. The pointo-point misorientation AG defines the relative difference in enstal orientation between wo neighboring sean points with steps of 1 xn Its shown in Fig. Sa that new fine grains and dislo- sation boundaries with low-to-medium angle misorienta- lions ate evolved in original grain boundary regions. but few dislocation boundaries with low misorientations are formed in the grain interiors during MDF to YAe= 2.1 ata higher strain rate of 3 x 10" 5”! Just after one sube sequent pass of MDP at a lower strain rate 3 x 104s however, banded arays composs of new rs unl dis location boundares with moderate and high misorienta- tions are frequently developed in eourse-grain interiors. This suggests that strongly heterogencous strains may be introduced by MDF at a lover strain rate, leading to many deformation bands erossing a grain. interior and new grains developed along them. These bands, fre- squcntly developed at 3 x 10'S (soe also Fig. 7a), are the microshear bands (MSB) [11], the characteristics of which are described in detail elsewhere [11.20.21] The misorientation angles between boundaries of these bands rapidly increase with straining and opproach a general value of high-angle boundaries (HAB) [11,17], leading ANTATS ‘True Strese, 0/ MPA ° 2 4 6 ‘Cumulative strain, 246 axis! 204 gaits! 2 True Stress, o/ MPa 1” ‘Cumulative Strain, Ze Fig. 4. Tuas low beviorof AAM7Sdurg MDF 41783 K. cra ae (bj amine aria ate, early Fem 3310 2 Below Fal ve or to a fine-grained structure formation in a whole area at severe lige strains. The average size and the volume fraction of new grains developed during the strain rate reduetion test are plotted agains! cumulative strains and represented by solid lines in Fig, 6. The similar microstructural parameters obtained during continuous deformation (Fig. 3) are shown. by dashed lines for comparison in Fig. 6. The grain size and, the volume fraction of new grains rapidly increase with straining at 3 x 10~'S"! and approach saturation yelues AL TAL 24. [tis interesting to note that the grain size of A jim formed alter the strain rate redvetion is remarkably longer than that of ~7 um developed daring deformation at 3 x 10°“! while the volume fraction of— ye : fo i fol EF on Ey Fig 5. Typical OIM micrographs and the cor aponding sentation poles fo AAMAS deerme by MDP (a) Se =2.L at 3 KP ad by sulsqueity MDF 1028 now grains approach roughly the same value st large strains “The typical microstructural data obtained by the strain rote increse test are represented in Figs, 7 and §. Thecole ‘orsand the thickness of boundaries in Fig. 7 have the sme rmeanings as those in Fig. 5.Itis shown in Fig. Te tht wale developed MSB with moderate-e-high angle misorientae tionsare fequendy formed in grain interior, accompanied by new arains evolved along grain boundaries, when te AL alloy multidiecional forged to a strain of 2.1 at a lower sean cate of 3104'S" With further MDF to barge strains aller an increase in strain rate from 3% 10"'S! tod 10, sch Beterogencous microstrvctres trans fort inw a homogeneous fne-grained structure i a whole ‘olume (Fiz. 7b. Itisremaskable to note ia Fig. 8 thatthe {prin sze developed under sich increasing strum rte cone ditions dees not change wih further MDF ia the stain interval investigated (2Ae~= 21-.3) and is roughly equal the stble grain size formed during continiosdefermsie tioa at 3 10"'s"! The vohime Fraction of new grains gradually insceases with further MDF alter an snore ia ‘rain rate, ancl approaches ~0.75 at ZA2=6 3. The grin sez and the volume fraction evohed are much lager than those developed during continuous deformation at ae 0S! f=24403 x10! CA tie st conpiesion as 4. Discussion ‘The present study shows that (i) full grain refinement saccompanied by larger flow softening takes place in the ‘ourse-prained 7475 Alalloy during MDF at a lower train rate of 3 x 10's“ i) partial grain refinement takes place fn regions ofthe orginal grain boundaries during MDF at «higher train rate of 3» 107* (namely, an increase in strain rate inhibits the kinetics of new grain formation and results in less prominent flow softening); (ii) the miero- Structures evolved afer strain tate changes do not approach those appearing during continuous MDF at @ constant strain rate, suggesting that these transient micro. structural changes may be ineversible events. These fess tures of flow and microstructural behavior during MDF tare discussed in detail below. 4.1, Hot deformation of the 7475 Aballoy Fig 9 represents changes in the Dow stresses with strain rate, such as the peak and steady-state flow stressee gy ad fm obvained by MDF sind also one pass compression to 21. The latter are shown by dashed lines for reference [24). Ie seen that the stress exponent nf-=dlnifé Ine) for Gq 8 <3 at low strain rates, and gradually increases 10g ee Gu yess N XN a 3 6 Comnsive sin, 2A¢ Fig. lat of stain rte rficon om the change m miosis ‘ae (be slams ration of rv ie gra, Stan cependenc of th Sane micostruuta! pens eiioped dary couuiuous dem ti ar constant safes we sepesrtad by ised es fer comparton (ee Hg) 17.5 with incressing strain rte. Similar results for Gand were also obtained for coarse-grained 7075 AL alloy ant carefully analyced in Ref..25} [tis discussed in Ref. 25}that igruin boundary sliding (GBS) frequently takes place durin dleformation at byeerstrain rates <10™ <-" uthardly inthe region of higher strain rates. In the present 747: GRS also frequently operated even in the coarse-griined structure at 3 10-*5“!, leading to frequent development of heterogencous strains in the original grain interiors [11,2324], This results in large strain gradients and stress cconcenteations, followed by MSB dovlopment dae 10 accommodation of such high strain incompatibility [11,23] (see Fig. 7a). MDF promotes the development of MSB in various directions and their mutual intersection in araimints Fiors, followed by continuous subdivision of coarse grains intomisoriented domains and finally eyolutionofinew grains at bigh strains [17-21] (Figs. 2a and 7a). It is concluded, therefore, that new grains evoked by MDF at lower strain Fates can result from 2 series of strainindced eoptinvon reactions; that i essentially similar to DRX. Aa higher stain rate of >10"* sin contrast, islocas tion motion, controlled mainly by dragging of solute atmo- sphere takes phice homagencously aecompanicl by higher flow stresses [25], Under such conditions, GBS hardly fceurs along initial grain boundaries, and then some strain tgidients and MSB cannot be developad in grin interiors Finc-prained ropes, however, are developed only in the resions of the original grain boundaries during MDF (Fis. 2 and Ss}, GBS operating in these regions, in turn, cam Fesilt in continuous flow softening at high strains [11.23.25} 1 should be aoted in Fig. 9 in this connection that the ¢,, obtainad by MDF is lover than that for uniax- ial compression. This resuke from the different volume Friction. of new griin (Vig) evohed by MDF at 3x W'S! ie. Furc=0 at e<1 and Fire =02 at BAe =63 (11.24) (Fig. 3b) 4.2 Thmsient DRX accompanied by strain rte changes Fig. 10 summatizos the efcct of increasing or decreasing oped curing MDF. When the stain rate is increased or decreased aller prior deformation to Ekc= 2.1, the flowase wwe SS saints! rid ad fos 7 my fd, J o-- si . Comulave Stal he ° Fig § Bika of rssing sain rt on the cance fr microstcttl Parancte developed dure MDE of ANPAS at 768 Kaye gan sb eau marital parumem derebped daring enn deer ‘aaion at consant oan rate ae opr each nes napeton se Fie 3) AATATS EA ©) aK 8 i » en Strain Rate 5? Fig 9 Te peak and ead ow se 6p al plo a tan For unui cepa wo «<1 DA ate awn by danke aes for 50 aaners Taek ‘Teve Stony of MP Camuatve Strain, Ee inecox or erica te) he ite stemcrta catalase Shines (01 tbe prt recast cues pon Integr ‘fcr starts The dat for satin dtu a cota Svat rates ae represen 9 dase es fr coraTson strosesinstantancouslyinerease or drop to upprovch almost the sume stres levelsuppauring duringeontinuous deformi- tion, Ieis noted in Fig. 10a, however, that the low stresses aller increasing strain rate become lewer wth deformation than those uta constant strain rate of 3 10"2<7" and th dliference between them increases wit ‘This may result from a larger fraction of new grins (Fora 0.55) developed by prior deformation at 3.x 14S and itsinerease from 0.55 000.75 during subse ‘quent MDF at 3 102s"! These values are mach larger than Pura = 0.2developed during continvous deformation a3 x 1072 -1(Fig. 8), Ttisalsoimportant tosee in Fig, 106) that the stable grain sizes developed at high struins after strain rate changes are remarkably larger than those devel ‘oped during continuous deformation. Such irreversible microstructural changes occurring during discontinuous changes in strain rate are discussed as fellows. ‘During prior deformation to 2822.1 at 310s high plastic constraints evolved by neighboring grains ean result i @ high donity of MSB as well as a respoctable amount of new fine grains (Fura ~ 0.88) developed in ‘grain interiors (Fig. 7a). During subsequent deformation‘at higher strain ate of 3 « 10-957, no moKe MSB nay te evolved in gran interiors, auuse homogeneous dito: cation motion lakes place accompanied by high drvgging stress, 48 deseribed above. Further grain fiagmentation proces, therefore, doesnot occur ater an increase in strait rat AS 0 result the gram size evohed at 331025! should he controled by the spacing of MSB introduced by prior deformation at 3 x 10~*s [11] Is coneludal therefore, that the average grain size after an ineraise it Siri rite doce not change ‘sith further straining at 3 W725, and so should be similar to that evolved d= ing continuous deformation at 3 x 10 5" However, when a, stra rate ie doreased fom 3 Who 3 10S, gran fragmentation flloved by development of mw grains rapily oocursin the original rain imteriorsat 3% 10°" 5"! (Fig. 3). During prior defor Thation ( ZAs=21 at 3x MEPS" mew fine grains are developed in Emited regions of the orisial sain bound: ties (Figs 26 and 59) The distnbution ofthese new grains vole at ZAe= 2.1 extends o high misoricntation angles ‘ond i roughly similar to that cxohed at larg stuins, as shown i Fig. 11. GBS can frequently take place im the regions of sich fine grins after strain rate retion 16 3 10'S" and then introduce sain gradients followed iy the formation of MSI in remaant arain terior, as shown in Fig. $ Such an eet of GBS on MSB formation, however, may become lower compared with that of GBS, ceeurting along the orginal grain boundariss without a fine-grained “zone during continuous deformation at 3 W'S This is Because plastic constants that appear 0.12. ———__ a 2 ono Baw 0.08 0.08 os 02 0.00 Annas Pa tatk = 07 Frequency. f 10 Ben 63 0.08 0.08 0.08 a coo» | ltt Mem eo oD m7 mm Mietten Anse de Fig 11 Micretation dismbution of te diction (hounds ‘Fos Kp at asain me of 10H a) ae = 2: (b) Tem between neighboring course grains may be partially relaxed by these fine-grained regions, leading t0 a decrease in strain ieridients developed in the remnant grain interiors. Then the spacing of MSB introducal in the interiors may become larger uncer such concitions, resuling in a larger grain size developing at high strains (11, “The present siuthors investigated the grain refining prov cess during eDRX of some AF alloys and ferrite sted sub- jected to arm apd hot SPD [10,11,14,15,21]- It has been pointed out [15,20,21} that strain-induced mew grains may generally be developal by a combination of thermal and ‘thermal activated rate processes, as fellows: (9) Dynamic formation of non-equilibrium moderate-to- high angle boundaries of MSB in te earlier stages of deformation, ic. this i a mechanical evert and #0 an ‘thermal process. i) Frequent operation of dynamic recovery in these boundaries, which mainly results in an inerease in the boundary misorientation and evolation of more ccquilibrium grain boundaries at large strains. ie. this isa thermal process It should be stress in the current study thatthe striae induced grain sce may result from the spacing of MSB mechanically introduced in grain interiors. Ako strain. induced grain formation due to cDRX is an irreversible cent and so carinot be controlled only by a thermally act vated rite process. It is concluded, therefore, that the strain-inducst grain formation during SPD may be con trolled by a series of atbermal processes and a thermal pro cess due to dynamic reo. 4.4. Comparison of transient deformation wider conditions of DRX and DRX “The mechanical and microstructural behavior deseribed ‘above dearly dilers from that appearing when the Forma: tion of new grains is controlled by GDRX, ie, dynamic nucleation and subsequent long-distance growth [2 29) It is well known that the dDRX flow curves usually display either multiple peaks or a single peak type of flow, followed by a steady-state Now at high strains. Based on the eruin size consideration (28) these two types of DRX curves are assouated with either grain coursening oF grain refinement taking place during early deformation, finally resulting in a stable dynamically recrystallized grain size during steady-state plastic flow. The flow stress and the igtuin size developed sre sensitively dependent on deforrie tion conditions, i., temperature T and strain rate & and ccan be expressed by a unique function of temperature-cor- rectal strain rate 7 [22,28] Z =: explO/RT) wo where Q is the apparent activation energy of plastic defor- mation, R is the universal gas constant, and the other et- fers have the usual meanings. The fact that the flowstress and the grain size that evolved during GDRX are exe pressed by a unigue function of Z suggsss that they can be controlled by a thermally activated rate process which controlled by difusion (3 “The transient How and microstructural bebavior under condition o AOR X developed duringeorstant und changing strain rate tests is shown schematically in Fig 12 [26.28.29 Herethedachad lines represent the behavior of material du ing continuous deformation at a constant strain rate (é or &), while the solid kes show the results obtained after strain rate changes during steady-state ow. The observe tions that have particular rdevance to the current diseussion ‘on transient ADRX ean be expressed as follow: (9) When a sin rate is decreased at strain, the Now ‘curve exhibits multiple peaks, becouse grain coursen+ ing occurs, whereas, after an increase in strain rate the flow curve displays @ single peak accompanied by grain refinement Gi After a change in strain rate, both processes in (3) result ia a now steady state in high strain, at whic ‘approach those evolved cu tion at & new strain rate, ererers a 856 Dynamic Grn Sze Strain Fig 12, Sehmnaticrocattion fre vac dsernation beaver thd cami of DRY 62629) ‘The transient phenomena described above are com: phetdy reversible and thus considered to be controlled by a thermally activated rate process [262829]. In the cise of DRX, in contrast, sraininduced events may’ be isroversble phenomena, and so the flow stress and the grain size developed cannot be expressed by a unique Function of Z. Such strain-induced phenomena may be flected strongly by various deformation conditions, eg. previous deformation history. various boundary condi- tions for plastic deformation and some material factors, such as surrounding grains, limited sip systems, sewnd- ary particles, ete. All these should be studied systemati cally inthe future 5. Conchisions ‘The effect of stain rate and itsciscontinuouschanges on the plastic flow and microstructural behavior of «high surength coarse-grained 7475 AL alloy was stulied by MDF at 7@K at strain rates of 3x 10's! and 3x 10261 The main recults can be summarizd as follows: 1. Full grain refinement accompanied by a large flow soft ‘ening takes plaze due to operation of GBS during MDF at 3x 1074S"! The structural changes are characterized by the devdopment of MSB during early deformation, followeel by a homogenenus evolution of new grains at high strains. The gruin refinement mechanism aan be similar to cDRX, ‘An increase ia strain nate to 3% 10757! strongly inhibits the kinetics of new grain formation snd results in less prominent flow softening duc to homogeneous isiocation motion in grin interiors. Partial grain refinement takes place only acar the original grain boundaries, while no MSB apd new grains are evolved in grain interiors even during MDF to & cumulative strain of 63. 3. Under conditions of ciscontinuous changes in strain nite, the size of new grains und flow stresses developed, by subsequent MDF do not approach those appearing uring continuous deformation at a constant strain rate Hence, these trirsien’ events ane irreversible and cannot be expressed by a unique function of temperature-cor- rected strain rate Z. 4. In the ease of strainanduced grain formation assoc ated with eDRX, the microstructural behavior during transient deformation is strongly allected by the previ ‘ous deformation history. ‘The strain-induced grain size ‘can be controlled mainly by the spacing of MSB. ‘mechanically introduced in original grain interiors. It is concluded that the strain-induced grain refinement uring SPD may be controlled by a scrizs of athermal processes and a thermal procs due to dynumic recovery,Acknowledgments ‘The authors acknowledge with gratitude the financial support received from Ministry of Education, Science and Calture on Priority Areas "Giant Straining, Process for Advanced Materials Containing Ultra-High Density Defects” and the Light Metals Education Foundation ia Japan. 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