Mechanism of Damping Capacity of High-Chromium Steels

and a-Fe and Its Dependence on Some External Factors

In Memoriam of Professor Vladimir J. Sarrak

IGOR S. GOLOVIN

The influence of heat treatment on the elastic and nonelastic parameters of internal friction of
high-chromium ferritic alloys and a-Fe has been examined. Mechanisms of the formation of
magnetoelastic and dislocation hysteresis have been investigated. Temperature ranges and tem-
perature and amplitude critical points connected with different damping mechanisms have been
established. Heat treatment for maximum damping capacity has been suggested, and the results
of damping capacity of about 50 steels were generalized.

I. INTRODUCTION of cold-worked samples in the temperature range from

100 ~ to 1200 ~ in some cases, additional low-
HIGH-chromium steels are of great interest due to
temperature annealing (less than the Curie tem-
favorable mechanical, corrosion, and damping proper-
perature) was used. Annealing in the range of "475 ~
ties. m High-chromium steel alloys are widely used in
embrittlement" was studied especially. The steels with
different branches of industry. In this respect, a high
12 pct Cr were quenched from 1020 ~ to the martensite
level and stability of the mechanical properties and
structure and annealed from 100 ~ to 850 ~ The
damping capacity are necessary for their commercial use
chemical composition of the investigated Fe-Cr steels
in wide temperature and amplitude ranges.
is shown in Table I. Some face-centered cubic (fcc)
The favorable position of high-chromium steels as
steels of Fe-(15 . . . 24 pct) Ni-(12 to 18 pct) Cr,
high damping metals (hidamets) among other steels,
Fe(20 . . . 35 pct) Mn-12 pct Cr systems and bcc
metals, and alloys is shown in Scheme 1, which com-
steels of F e - ( 3 . . . 6 pct) Mo and Fe-Cr-V systems were
bines the information of the intrinsic damping capacity
used additionally (Table V).
( ~ = AW(A)/W(A) = 2rrQ ], AW(A) is dissipated,
W(A) is stored energy, A is amplitude of deformation,
and Q-~ is internal friction) of a lot of materials with Scheme 1. Intrinsic Damping
very different levels of damping capacity and the main Capacity of Some Metals and Alloys
mechanism of damping. I21
mmpingl 1[}tEIIMW~ EC~IAMISMOFDAI~ING
The production of steels with a given combination of index I
Heterogenity Movable Movable Reversable
physical-mechanical properties and the increasing of sta- tO. 1,
V0.I,%| In structure domaln wails dislocatlon~ martenslte
bility of these properties are interesting scientific and
commercial tasks. The urgent problem is the investiga- _j-~ (og,gz)
tion of the influence of chemical composition, different
[ e-Cr-A1 ]{/ / -t-~-Sl
~-Zr,i~-Mn ~(CUALNISILI
u-13AI-4NI
heat-treatment regimes, degree of preliminary deforma- ]}- Ti-Bi a l l o y + Fe-Cr-Y
+ Fe-Cr-Mo / /
alloy~ -}4n-Cu.NI-TI
(KIXI, SIXI, alloys
tion, aging temperature, temperature of measurements, /}-- TI-Pb,Sn ~Fe-Cr,Fe-Wl/ MI-F,K1-F) (Sonoston,
etc. on the properties of high-chromium steels. The ma- ll-" Alloys of "l'Fe-V.Fe-Mol/ Incramute)
| system A1-Zn t-- alloys -J|
N~I;C~
terial a-Fe was chosen as a good model material with a .|~-- Grey cast
body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice. 10 ='L iron -- Fe
-. 11
The influence of the aforementioned parameters on I 1D T TC- 12%Or steel~
', ] ~ - - - Fe-eu I~ Graphite st.l M~-AI ,Zn,Mn ~- Fe-Mq-Cr
mechanisms and the level of internal friction (IF) and I J t - ' ~ Brass }i rO.08%C steeli 1 alloys
|r--7 AI powder / V r Stainless I ~-- Tl-al loys
shear modulus defect (DM) in high-chromium ferritic r 1 ] Tt-Bi |--J steel I
alloy are investigated in the present work. A
M
I,2o~" Cast
iron
~3o
15
.~_o~go I ol/f--
75Mn25Cu

lo[, 45TiSgN~
o2 ~ - ~ -
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
G lo~ F~"L 0.4-o.gOsEeel ] 15, MPa 5, MPa
The a-iron and bcc alloys with Cr content from 11 to LOW
DAIdPING Most of the medlum-cacbon, hlEh-carbon low alloyed
commercial steels; Alloys on the base of A1 (AI-8%b~,
25 wt pct were used in the present work. The main heat- 0,1-1,0 AI-IOZZn, AI-O,2%TI, AI-IOZSI. AI-SZCu). TI alloys, etc
treatment regimes investigated here were the annealings Io'~ T 10 -3 71 dO-'
u D ]..c'T E l i n v a r (36Nl,gcr,3W) ~ 45Nt,Cr,T1
s A l.~-~Durlnval(42N1,2T1.5Cr'+ldo,A1) | [ 46N1 ,Or,TI---~[
R M |_i-,TermeLast 4290 (40NI,OMo,_Be!~-t [
I G O R S. G O L O V I N , Senior Researcher, formerly with the Physics Y P J~.Termelast 5409 (37Ni,8Cr,ue) Lt 46NI,Cr,Mo.Ti,AI[
I I l l L'Sumltomo EL-3 (42N1.rCr,3T1)]T~/ 44NI,Cr,lWo,TI ~ [
of Metals Department, Central Research Institute of Iron and Steel i N l/ tTokln TE-2, Tokln TE-3 ~ l
Industry, Moscow 107005, Russia, is with Moscow State Aircraft 0 GLOW]L Nl-Span C (42N1.SCr,3TI,Al,I~)J 1 !
W 10 -4 LIO"4
Technology University, Petrovkast.27, Moscow 103767, Russia. L Longitudinal O s c i l l a t i o n . Shear osc. Lonff. osc.
Manuscript submitted August 4, 1992.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994-- I 11

 Table I. Chemical Composition of Investigated Steels

N Steel Cr C Ti A1 Ni Mo Others
1 c~-Fe -- 0.003 . . . .
2 05Cr12A13 10.7 0.051 -- 2.5 -- --
3 20Cr 12A12 13.1 0.19 -- 2.2 -- --
4 20Crl 2A14 12.9 0.19 -- 3.7 -- --
5 10CrI4A13 14.8 0.10 -- 2.9 -- --
6 20Cr12 t2.2 0.21 . . . .
7 30Crl2Ni 16.6 0.38 -- -- 0.5 --
8 02Crl 6 15.9 0.009 . . . .
9 02Cr 16AI 15.0 0.007 -- 1.3 -- --
10 02Crl6Ni 14.7 0.016 -- -- 0.5 --
11 02Crl6Ni3 15.3 0.017 -- -- 3.2 --
12 02Crl6Ni4 15.5 0.017 -- -- 3.9 --
13 02Crl6Ni5 15.1 0.016 -- -- 4.8 --
14 02Cr 16Ni4Mo2 15.0 0.017 -- -- 4.1 1.75
15 02Crl6Mo 15.8 0.009 -- -- -- 0.9
16 02Cr16Mo2 15.9 0.007 -- -- -- 2.0
17 02Crl 6Mo4 15.0 0.007 -- -- -- 4.37
18 02Cr16Mo4 15.6 0.012 -- -- -- 4.3
19 02Cr 16Mo4Zr 15.1 0.007 -- -- -- 4.4 Zr0.1
20 02Cr16Mo6 16.2 0.017 -- -- -- 5.8
21 08Crl7Ti 16.8 0.065 0.48 -- 0.45 -- CoO. 1
22 04Crl7Ti 17.0 0.036 0.5 -- 0.49 --
23 02Cr20Mo4 19.4 0.013 -- -- -- 4.1
24 02Cr20Mo5Co3 19.7 0.036 -- -- -- 5.4 Co3.2
25 02Cr20Mo2Co3 19.8 0.042 -- -- -- 2.4 Co3.3
26 02Cr20Mo5AI2 19.7 0.026 -- 1.5 -- 4.7
27 02Cr20 20.0 0.016 . . . .
28 02Cr25 24.3 0.027 .018 -- -- --

Measurements of the amplitude and temperature de-
pendence of IF ( A D I F and T D I F , respectively) were
made with the help of different types of strain in spec-
imens: in the amplitude range from 1 to 140 • 10-5; the
temperature range from - 1 9 6 ~ to 820 ~ (an inverted
torsion p e n d u l u m and a torsion p e n d u l u m , b e n d i n g res-
onance equipment " D - 7 , " and a b e n d i n g pillar pendu-
lum); and the frequency range 1 < f < 40 Hz and
magnetic field from 0 to Hs ~ 24 • 1 0 3 A / m .
A semiautomatic inverted torsion p e n d u l u m was cho-
sen as the m a i n e q u i p m e n t for IF m e a s u r e m e n t s because
it gives the lowest level of its o w n energy losses; i.e.,
the torsion p e n d u l u m characterizes the intrinsic losses of
material in the best way. TM For better accuracy of
m a g n e t o m e c h a n i c a l IF determination, the method of
measuring of parameters of IF and D M at the m i n i m u m
average was used. t41 T h e time decay (to) of switching on
two fixed photoreceivers by light rays connected with
the sample was measured. The value of zn may be de-
termined after n oscillations (n = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
etc.) which can be given before. Large values of n are
usually used for materials with a low level of IF (the
range of error in this case is less than 1 pct); for d a m p i n g
materials, it is better to use values n = 1, 2, and 4 be-
cause they allow the most exact values of IF for the cho-
sen amplitude range to be obtained. The range of error
in this case for Q - I is not more than 3 pct but usually
the range of error f o r f i s less than 0. I pct and for Q-~
is less than 1 pct.
The values of IF ( Q - l ) , square frequency (f2), and
amplitude of deformation y have been calculated as
Q-i = 1 / r [In {(sin 2~rn,r,/nT)/(sin 27rnro/nT)}
• n T / ( n T + r, - Zo)
f2 = (n/nT)2
y = d S / 2 L l . (sin 27rnzo/NT) [1]
where d is the diameter of the sample l is the length of
the sample, and L is the distance of the light ray between
the sample and photoreceiver. Typical curves Q-~ and
f : vs y for h i g h - c h r o m i u m heat-treated steel are shown
in Figure 1. The IF of ferromagnetic alloys was depen-
dent on the amplitude of vibration and became higher
with the increase in m a x i m u m shear strain amplitude
")/max. Then it passed through a m a x i m u m . Room-
temperature /3-H curves at different magnetizing fields
were obtained on wire samples introduced as a core of
magnetization coil with the help of the cathode-ray tech-
nique. The m a x i m u m susceptibility was obtained as Xm~x
= B / H , which characterizes the magnetization of do-
m a i n wall (DW) motion. The magnetic coercivity Hc
was obtained from a peak position of )(max (H).
Small angle scattering (SAS) of monochromatic neu-
trons (wavelength 0.186 nm) has been investigated on
the neutron diffractometer " R A W A R , " and tensile tests
have been performed on an Instron machine. The values
of residual internal stress (o'i) and internal residual de-
formation (e2) 1/2 have been estimated through X-ray
studies by measuring the position and width of the b(220)
reflection. The value of stress relaxation (Ao'r) was
determined at the stress level of 80 pct of the yield point
on an Instron tensile testing machine.

1 1 2 - - V O L U M E 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A


f',:
,o, fga
f~
od 2
.0,188
.OJ~
OJSO
o 40 6o ao "s
Fig. 1 - - T y p i c a l curves of ADIF and A D D M at H = 0 and at Hs
(two at H = 0 of high-chromium steel after basic heat treatment).
Structure investigations have been carried out on
transmission electron microscopes 3MB-100 using car-
bon replicas and on JSM-7A using disk foils. The stan-
dard X-ray study was carried out using DRON 2.0
equipment.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The increase of the annealing temperature (To) of
cold-worked wire specimens of a-Fe and 16 pct Cr, 16
pct Cr 4 pct Mo, and 25 pct Cr steels leads to a non-
monotonous change of the logarithmic decrement, defect
of shear modulus, magnetic susceptibility, and coercive
force (Fe-Cr, Figures 2 through 4). Dislocation (Qd ~ at
Hs) and magnetomechanical (a~-t at H = 0, determined
as Q~-l = Q-i _ Qd~) parts of ADIF depend on the T~
differently. The magnitude of magnetomechanical IF
Qm~x and ~/maxat which the maximum appears may be
determined by magnetic and mechanical propertiesJ 61 It
is the annealing temperature of about 950 ~ to 1000 ~
for 16 pct Cr steels that leads to the maximum of Qh ~
(T~), Af2/f 2 (T~), and B/I (T~) and a minimum of Hr
independently of the cooling rate (water, furnace). Re-
crystallization at the temperature of about 820 to 870 ~
leads to the shift of the amplitude location of the max-
imum TQ (for Qm~) and y/(forf2mi.) and the temperature
of the beginning of the high-temperature background
(Th,b) at TDIF curves.
The same character of Q~ vs y was obtained for
Fe-Cr, Fe-Cr-A1, and Fe-Cr-V alloys (but not for Fe-
3%Mo at temperature -<1200 ~ and for a-Fe in the
ferritic temperature range (Figure 5). The value of mag-
netic susceptibility changes in correspondence to IF
(Figure 6). At the same temperature range, the low val-
ues of the coercive force are observed after annealing
(a-Fe, Fe-16 pct Cr) and quenching (Fe-16 pct Cr). It
was pointed out that there is a difference in hardness
(Vickers), and especially microhardness, values under
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
Hs and without the magnetic field after the afore-
mentioned treatments: values of HVm were a little less
than HVn=o. The maximum of the AHV effect coincides
with Q-l, Af2/f2, B/l, and Hc extremum. The increase
of the annealing temperature and time leads to a mo-
notonous increase of the grain size (GS) as it is shown
in Table II.
The increase of the height of the Snoek peak in the
curve of the TDIF is observed due to the rise of an-
nealing temperature and subsequent water quenching.
The enrichment of the bcc lattice by C and N interstitials
is due to the dissolution of carbide and nitride phases
(Figure 7). After annealing or water quenching from
700 ~ to 900 ~ a lot of dispersed carbides (0.3 to
1.5 /xm) were observed with the help of transmission
electron (TEM) (Figure 8). With the increasing of
quenching temperatures, the volume fraction of precip-
itates decreased and disappeared at To > 1100 ~ The
ferrite was practically devoid of particles. In the tem-
perature range of heat treatment from 900 ~ to 1200 ~
the values of Q .-. . . Af2/f 2, B/1, and Hc depend strongly
on the cooling rate. After furnace cooling from 1000 ~
the dislocation density was found to be 3 • 10 9 c m - 2
(TEM) o r ~ 1 0 9 c m - 2 (X-ray), and after water quench-
ing, p = 5 • 10 9 (TEM) or 7 • 10 9 c m - 2 (X-ray). Steel
samples of C r l 6 pct Crl6 pct Mo4 pct and Cr25 pct
steels after annealing and furnace cooling have the bcc
structure only and carbides of chromium (Cr23C6). The
structures of Crl6Mo4 quenched and annealed samples
have spherical precipitates (0.3 to 0.5/zm) of an ortho-
rhombic phase {Fe2(Mo, Cr)}C with parameters: a =
16.276, b = 10.034, and c = 11.323 A. In the case of
annealed samples, the volume fraction of precipitates
was at least two times greater than after quenching. In
the cold work state, the following parameters of sub-
structure were obtained by X-rays: (B2) 1/2 = 5.2 • 10 - 4 ,
Ohk l = 0.265 /zm, and p = 2.3 x 10 ~~ c m -2. After
2 hours of annealing at 800 ~ they w e r e (•2)t/2 = 2.9
• 10 - 4 , Ohk I = 0.242 /xm, and p -- 7.3 x 1 0 9 c m -2.
After water quenching from 950 ~ to 1000 ~ they
were (e2) ~/2 = 3 x 10 -4 , Dhkt = 2 /xm, and p = 8 • 109
c m -2.
The following increase of quenching temperature
leads to the sharp decrease of dislocation density and
internal deformations due to the decrease in block size.
After quenching from 1200 ~ they w e r e (E'2) 1/2 = 0.8
x 10 - ' , Dh, l = 1 /zm, and p = 1.2 • 10 9 c m -2. The
cooling rate influences the parameters of substructure
very much. After furnace cooling from 1000 ~ sub-
sequent parameters were (e2) 1/2 = 0.41 • l0 -4, Dhkl =
0.13 /~m, and p = 0.15 x 10 9 c m -2.
The internal stress level tri can be calculated from the
-1
Qr~x (y) position. As a first approximation, it is possible
to use the following relation: tTj
O'max ~ 0.7256. oi [2]
where O'max may be taken from the strain position of
-l
Qm~x (y) maximum; o'i was found to be 15 to 20 MPa
after furnace cooling. This is in good relation with o'r
from the residual stress relaxation tests (or ~ 18 MPa).t8~
The influence of the cooling rate on some physical-
mechanical properties (tS, logarithmic decrement; A,,
magnetostriction constant; o'i, residual internal stress of
VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994-- 113
 I~0 ,

/ g20

700
l * t~$O

In
I
o ' eo ,o so ~'.~o~ o uo ,~ ao go ~o ,-.los
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 - - T h e influence of annealing temperature on ADIF (H = 0) of cold-worked o~-Fe and Fe-16 pet Cr-4 pct Mo. Digits near curves represent
annealing temperature (~

-.4,;=,
Q~.;a

~',~. 10" rn**:~

180
8o ~o

#20
60 7~_~ ~ 6~ ?
60
too j, ,o~ /
H~ " / 0 |
,4In
iS,

5
too 10

4~ . . . . .
0 90o . o o ~.'c
2OO ~00 600 ~o ~eO0 ~, , "C
Fig. 4 - - T h e influence of annealing temperature (T,) of cold-worked
Fig, 3 - - T h e influence of annealing temperature (T,) of cold-worked samples of 16 pct Cr steel on (a) Q ~ (1), Q,;~ after preliminary
samples of Fe-Cr steel on IF level: Q~2~ (at H,) and Q ~ (H = 0). annealing at 1250 ~C (2), aud Q~-~ after quenching (3); and on
Upper left-hand comer: the influence of annealing temperature (of the (b) coercive force H~ after annealing (1) or quenching (2) and mag-
same samples) on the location of IF maximum (7o) and the temper- netic susceptibility B / I (3) (curve 3 is presented in relative units by
ature of the increasing of high-temperature background (T~b). Refaat All, Cairo University).

114--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A

 ! Table II. Grain Size of Cold-Worked Specimens
(20 m m ) of C r l 6 M o 4 Steel after Heat Treatment
in the Temperature Range 600 *C to 1200 *C
200'.-t ~m
70( Annealing
9 ~,cl
Temperature Time
-=t (~ (h) Average Grain Size (tzm)
,:2r cold-worked structure
elongated grains
50 i without
+0[ 600 <4 recrystallization
+ ,! 700 <4
i 800 <4
3O{ 11
i 850 0.5
5O i
850 4 20
2OO 900 0.2 15
20 +=oL 900 1 21
1 900 2 23
I 900 4 24
!
IoI . L
i
I
J 1000 0.4 15
L L L (i 1000 0.2 25
cot~ ' 2bo " ,bo ' oo' 1000 1 28
wor~d 1000 2 30
1000 4 34
Fig. 5 - - T h e influence of annealing temperature on Q,a~x Th,~, and 1100 0.4 24
3'Om~, location in a-Fe. 1100 0.2 47
1100 1 72
1100 2 75
1200 0.4 75
1200 0.2 105
1200 1 114
f a : 625"r,. 1200 2 116
195

180
c+,v, % V ,%
165

1S0
o,o2
0,3
I 135

o.z
9~ 120
0,01 -

oj
,'fo ~os

0
~<' 90 600 800 I000 t ,*C
Fig. 7 - - I n t e r s t i t i a l s (C + N) content in solid solution and precipi-
75 tations weight percent part (v) vs temperature of quenching of 16 pct
Cr4 pct Mo steel.

60

first order; Ao-,, relaxation of stress; us, ultimate tensile

t.S
stress; o-y+, yield point stress; Al/l, relative elongation;
(e2) ~/2, relative deformation of the second order; and Paint,
30 dislocation density) of C r l 6 M o 4 steel is generalized in
I I 1 I I ' I Table III.
280 560 840 1120 1/.00 1680 1960 Furnace cooling from temperatures less than 600 ~
H [A/m ) ~- was not performed because of the decomposition pro-
Fig. 6 - - T h e influence of annealing temperature (digits near curves
cesses in Fe-Cr system that leads to the formation of
(~ on x - H curves. Curves presented in Fig. 6 were obtained by high-density zones enriched in Cr with elastic stresses
AliJSJ around them.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994--115

 The results presented here confirm the preference of
furnace cooling to the water quenching (from 1000 ~
treatment: for 16Cr4Mo steel, the logarithmic decrement
was found to be 3max = 7 and 3 pct; 20Cr4Mo 6max = 5
and 2 pct; and 6Mo t~r,ax = 4 and 1.5 pct, correspond-
ingly. Finally, the following was chosen as the basic re-
gime of heat treatment: 950 ~ to 1000 ~ 40-minute
furnace cooling to 600 ~ and then air cooling.
The values of Qm,x -~ and Af2/f 2 of heat treatment on
the basic regime of Fe-Cr steels decrease monotonously
with the increase of the temperature of measurements
(Tm) - 1 9 6 ~ to 500 ~ (Figure 9). Dislocation IF
(Qd ~) and the subsequent dislocation defect of modulus
(Af2/f 2) are negligibly small and are practically constant
in the temperature range from - 1 9 6 ~ to 400 ~ But
the maximum on the curves Q-1 (Tm) and Af2/f2(T,,) are
(a) observed at the range 500 ~ to 650 ~ at the background
of the general decrease of aforementioned characteris-
tics. These maximums are connected with the disloca-
tion part of dissipated energy only. The amplitude
location of magnetomechanical IF (Yo) and DM (yy)
maximums decrease with the increase of Tin. The ratio
Ye/Yi ~ 0.7 is practically constant in the investigated
temperature range less than the Curie point (To). The in-
crease of the Tm above Tc leads to the following increase
of the Q-~ value due to the dislocation microplasticity
part only; it is not suitable from the point of view of
practice. The IF level at ambient temperature is larger
after preliminary measurements at 400 ~ and above
than after initial heat treatment only (Figure 9).
From the first-stage parts of ADIF (Hs), the temper-
ature dependence of a microyield stress (correspond-
ing to a definite level of dislocation strain ~'e,,',.~ of
the order of Qd-~slt'y = 10 -7) has been evaluated. This
temperature dependence has been compared to
~'o2(T)(~l/2tro.2(T)) and a satisfactory coincidence in
(b) relative units has been observed at elevated temperature.
Thus, the similarity law t9j between the temperature de-
Fig. 8 - - E l e c t r o n microscopy of 16 pct Cr4 pct Mo samples after pendences of microyield and macroyield stresses has
(a) quenching and (b) annealing.
been found for Fe-Cr alloys at elevated Tm.
Additional annealing (during 1 hour) of heat-treated
(1000 ~ 40 minute, furnace cooling to 600 ~ then
air cooling) samples of ferritic Crl6 and Crl6Mo4 steels
leads to the changing of the maximum value of the IF
--1
(Qmax o r t~max) and depends on the temperature of addi-
tional annealing (Ta,,). Three intervals of different influ-
ence of T~a on the IF level were pointed out (Figure 10):
in the first range, IF level is practically independent from
T,a; in the second range, IF level increases with the in-
Table III. Properties of Crl6Mo4
creasing of T~a proportionally; and in the third range, IF
Alloy after Different Cooling Regimes
level decreases with increasing of Taa. The critical tem-
1000 ~ 40 Min Cooling perature points location situated between the aforemen-
Furnace Cooling to tioned three ranges of Ta, depends on the chemical
Heat Water 600 ~ and then composition of the alloys. In the second and third tem-
Treatment Quenching Air Cooling perature ranges, the IF level increases with an increase
6 ~ , Pct 3 7 in the annealing time (to l0 hours), in general.
A~, 10n 25 38 The Q ~- values on the Q-~ (Tin) curve were higher
o-~, MPa 230 to 240 90 to 120
Atr,, MPa 35 18
after slow heating and cooling than the values on the
~r,,, MPa 560 490 Q-~ (T,,) curve only during heating. This effect could be
~ . , MPa 410 305 used for the additional increase of damping capacity of
AI/I, pct 27 32 chromium steels with the help of thermocycle treatment
(e2) 1/2, 10 4 4.2 taken as standard
(TCT). The TCT of Crl6Mo4 and C r l 6 alloys was car-
Pai~J, 10-9 5 (TEM) or 7 (X-ray) 3 (TEM) or 1 (X-ray)
fled out at Tm = - 190 ~ 820 ~ Changes at Tm< T ~"

116--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A

 due to T C T were practically absent. The T C T at T ~ <
Q~'fO 1",, < Tc leads to an increase o f the Q~-~ level due to some
(a)
cycles of T C T ; at T m > Tc, it leads to a decrease (cooling
speed influences) (Figure 11).
..~0- Additional a n n e a l i n g (Ta,~) at 475 ~ has some pecu-
liarities connected with the 475 ~ embrittlement of
h i g h - c h r o m i u m ferritic steels. Different from one an-
~ other, temperatures there are m a x i m u m on the curve
-1
#017. Qmax vs 7-475 (Figure 12). With the increasing of the an-
nealing time at 475 0(7 on the small-angle scattering o f
0
. . . . . . . . . . . ~J"'-+'-',LZks neutron curves, the additional m a x i m u m appears and in-
creases its height. The experimental data of the intensity
(b)
. . . .

act;', 1o-" a (7/i o-

2,1,,, ~.2, ~.-,%b#

- ,00
200 A .,.

-t -#
&nex 'I0 [i-~I0-~600 700 t~ ,~,
Ul
4OO l B' - 30

l+00 - 12 ~
e.# an" ~
2030001
#170
15-0 d~~!~- -

3oo '.' , ~2,4,,."'__ \"~. -(ae'le9 - 20

o
laa

50
!>
Z ^
- W

. . 33
8O
0 Il ~ -e
O0 ~ "To
2..# 22 7 9 zl 13 I0 4 7
o i ,~ - -,,,~- --'-'-'-~--~. --~,~--~
-200 0 200 000 500 ttn , .*C Fig. 10--The influence of additional annealing temperature (TJ
(annealing time 0.5 h) on the increase of IF (AQ~~) (1.t for 16 pct
(c) Cr, 1.2 for 16 pct Cr4 pct Mo steels) and DM level (A(Af2/f2)) (for
16 pct Cr steel) of heat-treated samples.
ro;4Em 5

,4 (-~-~z),lO
. .
-3 a~;~lo -~
i.-----.~"' . _ ~ : - - ~ ~_, !
9O
fO .- i~__t~i~
"~mnx
1, T
,
20 #0
o,~- I g
o zoo ~o 6oo t,, ,*c

(d)
Fig. 9--Dependence of (16 pct Cr steels, basic heat treatment) 2 9 6 N 2 4, 6 N
(a) IF maximum (Q,~, at H = 0) (1 - *), IF maximum due to magneto- I I I [ I [ I I I l
mechanical hysteresis only (Q~.~-~) (3. *), and IF due to dislocation 0 30 60 9Or, M1# 0 30 60 90r,M m
motion only (Q2~, at H, and y,~ (2-*); (b) the same for DM (Af2/
f~); (c) the location of IF maximum (y~,~) (I) and off: minimum (2); Fig. 11 --The influence of the number of termocycles of additional
and (d) the ratio of the location of IF and DM maximums on the annealing at 620 (*. 1), 680 (*- 2), and 720 ~ (*. 3) on the 1F (2- *)
temperature of measurements (T~). and DM (2. *) values of heat-treated 16 pct Cr steel.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994--117

of small-angle scattering due to an annealing time at
475 ~ are shown in Figure 12 (curve 4). Simulta-
neously, the decrease of the height of Snoek peak on
TDIF (curve 3) and the decrease of the value of tga are
observed. These processes evidence the decay of super-
saturated solid solution and the decomposition in the
substitutional Fe-Cr system. The increase of the char-
acteristic time of positron annihilation (curve 5) takes
place at the time range of the appearing of maximum on
the Q~,~x vs ~'475(curve 1) and minimum on b(~ m) vs ~'476
(curve 2).
Steels with y-a phase transformation (Crl2 pct) after
quenching have a low level of IF. Additional annealing
leads to the decrease of microdistortions and to the in-
crease of damping capacity of these steels. The highest
level of IF is observed after 750 ~ to 780 ~ annealing.
This process is accompanied by the decreasing of the IF
martensite maximum at 200 ~ ( f = 1 Hz). This peak
practically disappears after annealing at 450 ~ for
1 hour.
As shown earlier, the energy losses in ferritic and
martensitic alloys take place due to magnetostriction
~/TIITX/~mox: IIx"f.
o energy dissipation, u ~]
LE
1,25
0,75
deformation, which mainly appears as a result of a
movement of domain structure. The values of magne-
tostriction constant (A,), sound pressure (Lc), and IF de-
pend on the chemical composition of steels (Table IV).
The maximums were observed at 15 to 17 pct ferritic Cr
steels, but binary Fe-16 pct Cr steels have low values of
o',~ and ~ry, for industrial purposes. That is why primary
attention was given to additional alloyed steels on the
base of 16 pct Cr. The experimental results at torsion
tests of the investigation of some steels on the Fe base
are generalized in Table V.
The greatest level of IF was observed in ferritic steels.
The additional alloying of the a-Fe-16 pct Cr system by
Mo and Ni leads to an increase of ~r,, and o'y, and a de-
crease of Q-~ and A 1/1 pct values. The degree of de-
creasing of IF level and increasing ~r,s and O'y, due to
alloying in the Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-Mo systems is
stronger due to the Ni-alloying because of the precipi-
tation on Ni base (size 0 . 5 to 1.5/zm).
As Sugimoto u~ generalized the intrinsic damping ca-
pacity and strength for Hidamets in one scheme, the data
of the aforementioned properties for the Fe-16 pct Cr-
(Mo,Ni) system are presented in Table VI. The 6 pct
value was used for determining the Sugimito coefficient
because of some mistakes in the calculation of the in-
trinsic damping capacity as 9 -~ 26 at high levels of
As a result of additional alloying of 16 pct Cr steel by
Mo or Ni, the values of the Sugimoto coefficient a ' de-
crease (Fe-16 pct Cr-Ni) or are practically constant
(Fe-16 pct Cr-Mo) up to 4 pct Mo. The different inten-
sity of strength and damping capacity due to additional

Table IV. The Influence of Cr Content

o in Binary Fe-Cr Alloys on Magnetostriction
Constant and Sound Pressure Level
2,2
Cr, WtPct l l t o 12 15to 16 18to20 25
&t }ks, 10 6 12 16 14 10
Lc, dB 97 93 95 98
, f , ps o 6 .... pct 4 to 5 8 6 4
0~ 0 ~ 0 " "

1ZO
115 7 Table V. The Influence of Chemical
Composition on the of Fe-Cr-X Alloys
rio Ti% ~% AIZ ~%
0.23.52.25.5 TIZ ~%1I
C~N,
%
2g .4 .o3 0.8 ~8 .z o.z 3 o.g 8 ~ .oSflllO. q a
0,0J B I N A R Y S Y S T E M Fe - ( 0...25 wt% ) Or
a-Fe 08~ Crl2 0r13-14 Crl5 [ Crl6 Crl8 [ Or20 I 0r25
o, ne O,G5%C 0 . 0 2 % C O.tOZC C~rbon content 0.01 - O.O~&c%

6 0.7 4 3.5 8-9 6" [ z!.

2 o,ot

Zm'(. i 10 lO0*b
, ~CrSOMoBA12

Fig. 1 2 - - T h e influence of annealing time at 475 ~ on Q E ' ( H = 0)

(1.1 - 16 pct Cr, 1.2 - 16 pct Cr4 pct Mo), on the width of/3urn ~
X-ray line (2), C + N content in solid solution (3), degree of decom-
position in Fe-Cr system (4), and time of positron life (5).

118--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A

 Table VI. Parameters of Crl6-Alloy with Additional Alloying by Mo and Ni

Alloying Elements Ultimate Tensile Yield Point

(Wt Pct) Strength Strength Logarithmic Decrement Sugimoto Coefficient
Mo Ni gt,, MPa %,, MPa 8 = 7rQ -1, Pct a - ~rys'~
Crl6 pct 370 180 8 to 9 1620
-- 0.5 395 260 5to6 1430
1 380 230 7to8 1720
2 440 250 7 1750
-- 3 630 540 1.9 1080
4 490 305 6 to 7 1980
-- 4 730 640 1.5 960
1.5 4 820 730 1.2 880
-- 5 740 680 1.1 750
6 610 375 3.1 1120

alloying by Mo and Ni gives the possibility to achieve

a chosen level of the damping capacity at the given level
of strength or, vice versa, to achieve a chosen level of
strength at the given value of damping capacity.
As a result of the discussion at ECIFUAS-6 t~21 on the
problem of the influence of preliminary deformation (or
internal stress level) on amplitude-dependent parameters
of internal friction, some experimental data are pre-
sented in the following.
In the estimation of the commercial properties (the
damping capacity) of chromium steels, it is necessary to
take into account a number of external factors. For ex-
ample, it is known that external magnetic field sup-
presses the damping capacity of ferritic steels
(Figure 13).
Usually the number of preliminary oscillations m be-
fore measuring and n, the number of oscillations taken
4o Bo Z.IOs
in Q-1 calculations, are not taken into account. But the Fig. 1 3 - - T h e influence of magnetic field tensity on ADIF curves of
data given in Figure 14 show the influence of n and m Fe-Cr alloy: (1) H = 0, (2) H = 3300, (3) H = 7600, and (4) H =
on ADIF curves. That is why the amplitude hysteresis 24,000 A / m .
in high-chromium steels has been investigated by a com-
parison of the value of Qo I at the minimum value of
deformation (To) after preliminary torsion deformation
(Ypr). The scheme of measurements was discussed I~2Jand
is shown in Figure 15(a).
Three characteristic ranges of the influence of Ypr on
the Oo t values were established: the first one is ampli- ~ " ' ! 0 "~ , _, eL~
tude independent (y = 10 -7 - 1 0 - 4 ) , the second is a
range of the increase of Qo i with the increase of ypr (1 to
3 x 10-4); and at the third range, the values of Qo t
decrease with the increase of yp, and Y,.r2 was found
to be 4- 10 -4 for ~x- Fe and 6 x 10 _4 for C r l 6 M o 4 at
Hs (Figure 15(b)). The increase of the preliminary de-
formation into the range of microdeformation and plastic
(compared with yield point) deformation leads to
suppression of the damping capacity of ferritic alloys, as
is shown in the upper right-hand corner of
too
Figure 15(b). t131
The value AQo~ depends on temperature T,, and time
% of measurements (Figure 16(a)): AQol (just after de-
formation: calculated as % approximation to 0) increases
with a decrease in Tm at y = constant. This regularity is I0 I0"" I0 "a I0 "r I0" IO'l
connected with the decrease of ultimate tensile strength
and critical strength point on ADIF (rcr2) with the in- Fig. 1 4 - - ( a ) The influence of the number of cycles of deformation
n taken for calculation of the Q-J value and (b) the number of pre-
creasing of Tm (Figure 16(b)). The initial values of liminary cycles m before the measurements of Q (at n = 2) on ADIF
Qo ~ may be restored by demagnetizing or annealing the of 16 pct Cr steel (digits at curves are the value of n or m).

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994-- 119

 ,,o ,

,/,1 "% '~

I I I
- " "
t0 20 ,~0 40 50 ~'p.~O5

(a) (b)
Fig. 1 5 - - ( a ) The scheme of measurement AQo-' at torsion tests at H = 0 and H s vs the degree of preliminary deformation (Ye-)"
(b) Experimental data of the influence of yp~ on AQff' at % for a . Fe (1) and for C r l 6 M o 4 (1 '). Upper-right comer: the influence of preliminary
tensile deformation ep on Qm~.

~.o 084
.p Zo sample. The degree and the speed of restoration increase
with the T,, and "r~ (Figure 16). The given results show
the nonstability of the effect of the increasing IF level
due to preliminary deformation. All regularities shown
in Figures 15 and 16 for AQff 1 were established for de-
fect of shear modulus (Af2/f2o), as pointed out by
Kaczkowski, t~21 and additionally for residual micro-
plastic deformation (%).
The same character has the influence of a static tensile
~- ,,, ?9 I |
stress (o'~,) on the IF level (Figure 17(a)): the value of
0 2 ~ 6 B r~,mm IF increases under applied static tensile stress, and only
after o-,, ~ 2.5 MPa does it decrease. The aforemen-
(a) tioned maximums at curves Qo l, Af2/f2o and ~1r VS ~/pr
and Q-) vs o's, appear in the range of deformations less
than the second critical amplitude at the Granato-Liicke
00,2, string model. It means that there are not any residual
HPa effects in the crystalline structure at all in the range of
CD 300 Q~l(ypr) and "yr(')/pr) maximums. The increase of non-
elastic effects takes place without microplasticity in lat-
tice itself but due to the redistribution of DW locations
200 only. The additional increase of the IF level under ap-
plied tensile stress takes place in the stress range less
,oo than the second critical stress of microplasticity too.
The use of resonance methods of IF and DM mea-
surements suggests the opportunity of a different number
HPa of preliminary oscillations before measurements at the
same or larger amplitudes. With the help of the ultra-
sonic resonance equipment of Meson's type (f,,, --- 21
20 kHz), the influence of N (10 to 2 • 107) on IF and DM
0 70 values was obtained (Figure 17(b)), and it confirms the
nonmonotonous influence of N at the curves Q~-~ (7 -<
-0 Tpr) and Q ~ (y -> yp,) levels.
-2(70 o 2 ,oo 6 o o tL
(b) IV. DISCUSSION

Fig. 1 6 - - ( a ) The influence of T~ (digits near curves represent tem- Damping in iron-base ferritic alloys occurs due to the
perature of measurements (~ and r,~ on ~Qg ~. (b) The influence of additional magnetostriction deformation: e = eel + eh,
T~ on AQo t, ~rys (cro.2) and ~',.~2= G- %~2. where the value e h is proportional to the value of the

120--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A


{]~,0'
4,o r (a)
20
-20
o ~f &o z.~ 6~t.RA a
/./. \..
,o // ,,'+
I0 ~ 10 ~ 10~ 106
Fig. 1 7 - - ( a ) The influence of o-s, (a) (1 to 3'-10, 2 to 20, and 3 to
30 • 10 4). (b) The influence of N (16 pct Cr4 pet Mo) on IF param-
eters.
saturation magnetostriction constant (As) and to the value
of the magnetic susceptibility (X)- These effects are
mainly the result of the irreversible motion of the DWs
that are not 180~ The value of eh depends greatly on the
chemical composition and heat treatment of the alloys.
In binary Fe-Cr alloys, the maximum values of the log-
arithmic decrement and the magnetostnclion constant
were observed at 15 to 16 wt pct Cr content and were
the reason for this choice of materials. The magnelo-
mechanical part of the damping depends on the value of
the magnetic susceptibility. It is the d~sappearance of
losses for DW motion that leads to decrease of the
microhardness values at saturated magnetic field.
A monotonous dependence of grain size GS (D), ira-
purity content in ferrite (C,N), volume fraction of
precipitates (v), dislocation density (p~), etc. o f cold-
worked samples vs annealing temperature (T,) cannot
explain separately the appearance of the maximum ob-
served in the experimental Q~,~ (To) curves. It is nec-
essary to take into account all aforementioned factors
simultaneously. There are a number of micro-
mechanisms of dissipation of energy (systems of obsta-
cles) in the real ferromagnetic polycrystal. All obstacles
decrease the DW mobility, Le,, they lead to a decrease
of magnetomechanical energy losses, Each of them may
be characterized by its own partial logarithmic decre-
ment (6h.~ = r The more important micro-
mechanisms are as follows: II41 6h.,~h appears due to the
interaction of the DW with the substitutional solution
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTION5 A
hardened by alloying; ~h'd which appears due to DW
interaction with dislocations; 6h.pr, which appears with
the second-phase precipitations; and 8h. ~b which appears
,
with grains and block boundaries. In cases when the ef-
fectivity o f obstacles for DW drag is determined by elas-
tic distortions o f crystalline lattice mainly and for a
Maxwei1 distribution of internal stresses, the value of
6h~,~,, may be described by the following equation:
6h .... = 0.34 • k x As x E/ori (at o- ~ Orm~),
6h = 4 X k X As X E/3o" (at or <~ Ormax) [2]
where k ~ 1 is the constant characteristic of a shape of
the hysteresis loop, As is the linear magnetostriction con-
stant, and E is the normal modulus of elasticity. As was
shown by Coronel and Beshers "SJ for aFe, the level of
the average internal stress is connected with the stress of
flow (ors) to the effect that b. o-i = o-i, where b ~ 1. That
is why it is possible to use the subsequent performances
of substitutional solution (Aorssh), dislocation (Aord), dis-
1'o persive hardening by coherent (Aorcp) and noncoherent
(Aor,c) precipitates, and grain boundary (Aorgb) hardening
for a determination of the logarithmic decrement under
1,~ the same conditions. Finally, the logarithmic decrement
may be determined,
~h(s) ~ kici ,
N .=
6h~,~ ~ 1/p"; Bh~gb)~ D";
6h~c)~ l/vZ"; 6h~,c)~ r/v" [3]
where n -- 1/2 at Or --~ O'max and n ~ 1 at Or ~ Ormax.
The experimental verification of these equations was
carried out by Rochmanov. "61 Good agreement with ex-
perimental results was observed for a-Fe (<0,03 pet C)
and nickel. Some of the functions of Eq. [3] lead to an
increase of the 6h level with the T~ increases, while few
of them decrease. The main reasons for the increase of
the internal friction with the increase in Ta are as follows:
the dissolution of carbide and nitrogen precipitates
(i,e,, the decrease of its volume fraction (v)); the in-
crease of the GS (D); and the annealing of residual in-
ternal stress, The enrichment of the solid solution by
impurities, and the increase (in the case of quenching)
of quenching internal stress and the appearance of the
ma~ensite arzd/or fcc phase due to increasing of T~ lead
to the decrease of IF level. The last factor (internal
stresses due to quenching and the appearance of mar-
tensite) determines the difference of IF level after water
quenching and furnace cooling. The Fe-Cr(-Mo) alloys
with a high Qm,'xshow a microstructure of single a phase
and have a moderately small Hc.
The nonmonotonous response of ferromagnetic alloy
after different annealing temperatures from the point of
view of damping may be attributed to a few partial re-
sponses. The resulting IF level due to magneto-
mechanical hysteresis is the result of the superposition
of all aforementioned partial contributions to the damp-
ing. The question is how to sum these partial effects. It
is clear that direct summing can not explain the experi-
mental data. Other approaches to the summing of
VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994-- 121
magnetomechanical partial effects have been
discussed.IS.11.~4.16]
It was suggested that (1) each one of the four factors
act independently of the others and (2) during the shift
of the DW under applied stress, it interacts with a num-
ber of different defects of crystalline structure simulta-
neously and induces local eddy currents inside the width
of the movable DW just at the moment of their inter-
action with obstacles. In this case, the law of additivity
of microcurrents conductivity may be written as j =
j~ (i.e., in the case of mechanical oscillations, Q =
(Q~) where (Q is the quality of materials), or for re-
sistance, 1/R = ~ (1/Rg). It means that in the case of
magnetomechanical internal friction, the partial effects
of damping can be summed in the following w a y : [8'14'16]
1/Qh I = E (1/Qh.~i). Naturally, this equation is not suit-
able for summing up the IF due to different mechanisms
of energy dissipation: IF due to dislocations and macro-
and microeddy current. This approach explains the ap-
pearance of maximum on experimental Q~I (T~) curves
as a sum of partial losses. But the problem of summing
the aforementioned parts of magnetomechanical damp-
ing remains open.
Some differences between the behavior of Qh-~ and Hc
after furnace cooling in the range of a large annealing
temperature can be caused by the peculiarity of the
mechanism of damping in ferrite, which is connected
with movable 90-DW interaction with different obsta-
cles; at the same time, the coercive force is determined
additionally by the appearance of the nucleus of re-
magnetizing domains at different obstacles.
For dislocation motion, experimental results of the
ADIF were treated in the axes: tga - 1/T. There is the
critical point between temperature-independent and de-
pendent ranges of ADIF vs Tm (Figure 18); it is the tem-
perature of impurities condensation on dislocations T ' .
tg a e~
tr a r t ~a~,"
YO
I o,,s
Ip/t I tO ~ , h
20 L Star.
25
10
\ux o o.-.o-
t, s zo,/r,x-'
A 1 ~ t-
0 herent with matrix (Figure 11, curves 4 and 5). The in-
Fig. 1 8 - - T h e dependence of the slope of IF v s 3 / ( t g % ) (1) a n d f 2
(tgai) (2) of high-chromium ferritic steel at H s on the temperature of
measurement (7=).
122--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994
The nonelastic character of dislocation motion at T > T •
may be connected with the dragging of impurities by
movable dislocations under applied cyclic stress.
At the same temperature range, two relaxation peaks
appear (Figure 9(a)). Peak A (~600 ~ 1 Hz) is stable
enough and, on the basis of its parameters (H, To), is
determined a Ziner peak; peak B (~700 ~ 1 Hz) is
observed at the temperature of the second-order transi-
tion (To) and may be connected with magnetic transfor-
mation. Impurities grain boundaries effects are possible
in this range too. The additional damping from the
500 ~ to 650 ~ range can be connected with the inter-
ferencing of relaxation and hysteresis effects.
The comparison of the Ta with the T • and Tc shows
that there are some critical points that determine the
range of additional heat treatment possible for additional
increasing of the damping capacity. Thermocycling (Tamb
to Ta) in the temperature range Ta = T • 9 .To leads to
the increase of the IF level and AG effect. The number
of useful cycles is determined by the Ta temperature:
with the increasing of Ta, the number of thermocycling
becomes smaller. The most useful annealing is in the
temperature range a little less than T,, i.e., in the range
of the magnetic domains formation. A prolonged for-
mation of domains leads to higher damping properties.
This effect is connected with the change in the Qh I com-
ponent and may be realized due to (1) the additional de-
creasing of the o-, and its gradient and (2) the change of
DW density, width, and average domain size and the
decrease of the bending energy: DW pinning points.
As noted earlier, the annealing in the temperature
range of the 475 ~ embrittlement has some peculiari-
ties: short-time annealing increases IF level, but pro-
longed annealing leads to a deep decreasing one. The
idea of summing a partial effect of magnetomechanical
damping described previously can be used for the ex-
planation in the case of 475 ~ annealing of investigated
steels too. As a result of annealing, the decay of inter-
stitial solid solution takes place. The first hour of an-
nealing leads to 2 7 0 pct degree of decay (Figure 12,
curve 3). The kinetic coefficient of precipitation was cal-
culated from experimental data with the help of the
Wert-Zener equation:
C = Co exp (-(Z/Zo) k) [4]
For the first annealing hour at 475 ~ k = 0 . 5 . . . 0 . 7 .
This means that the process of dislocation pinning by
impurities (Cottrel's atmosphere) takes place in this
range. This conclusion is confirmed by the simultaneous
decreasing of the tga value. This process is accompanied
with the decrease of width of the X-ray b(u0~ line, i.e.,
internal stress decrease.
At prolonged annealing (z > 5 hours), the decompo-
sition of high-chromium ferrite takes place according to
the metastable missibility gap of the Fe-Cr diagram. De-
composition leads to embrittlement of ferritic steels be-
cause of the appearance of enrichment in Cr and
1
interstitial atoms zones (SAS and IF data), partially co-
crease of annihilation time of positron life under this
condition evidences the increase of microdistortions (in-
ternal stresses) in the embrittled structure. After 100
hours of annealing, the ferritic structure is characterized
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
by the following parameters (for Cr25 pct): diameter, 5
to 10 nm; density of the precipitates, --~ 1016 to 1019 cm2;
Cr concentration, -~50 pct; and microdistortions around
them, near 15 nm in diameter) 17j
The possibility of dislocation and DW movement at
this Cr-modulated structure is suppressed. It leads to the
corresponding hardening: tl8j
Act c = h. ~3/2 vl/2/Gl/2, ol/2. b 2. In ( D o / b ) 1/2
where h and Do are the disk width and diameter, re-
spectively, and G0 is the interphase surface energy. The
magnetomechanical IF in this case may be determined
as
6h.c ~ D~/2" In ( D o / b ) l / 2 / v l/z. h
It leads to the decrease of the IF level due to the in-
crease of the volume fraction of precipitates; i.e., elastic
distortions pin DW motion. This becomes the main ef-
fect at prolonged annealing.
The maximums at curves Qo 1, A f 2 / f 2, and Yr vs •pr
appear in the range of deformations less than the second
critical amplitude at the Granato-Lticke string model;
i.e., there are no residual effects in the crystalline struc-
ture in the range of the aforementioned maximums. The
increasing of nonelastic effects takes place due to the
redistribution of DW locations only. The additional in-
creasing of IF level under applied tensile stress takes
place in the stress range less than the Orcr2 tOO. The same
character of Q-1 vs N curves is a result of permanent
increase of internal stresses.
For the explanation of the aforementioned maximum
Qo ~ or %. vs Ypr and 6s, curves, it is possible to use per-
formance tTl for the same dependence of IF from the
value of the external magnetic field. In the initial state,
the 90~ are situated in the different lowest points
of relay potential. The forces acting on DW are equal to
zero, and DW energy is minimum. Under applied small-
cyclic stresses with amplitude, the main effect of DW
will move reversably with practically no energy dissi-
pation. Small mechanical stresses (due to elastic defor-
mations and tension) or magnetic fields will shift the
DW location to the position where the Relay function
has a greater value. Due to these additional stresses, a
part of DW may shift irreversably (Baurkhausen jump).
In case of yp,. < Yc,2, the external (mechanical or mag-
netic) field leads to the increase of the number of irre-
versable jumps of DW. That is the reason for the
increase of the IF level. The values of energy losses
under applied cyclic stress (AW) calculated from me-
chanical Baurkhausen noise (MBN) and IF data were
found to be in good relation (Figure 19). When yp,. >
%~2, the microplastic deformation appears and it leads to
the decrease of IF (QoZ).
V. CONCLUSIONS
1. The optimum state from the point of view of damping
at high-chromium ferritic alloys is formed as a result
of competing interaction of 90 ~ type DW with a few
systems of different obstacles. High-damping state is
characterized by a low value of internal stress, coer-
cive force, maximum of magnetic susceptibility, and
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
2.0
o M~N
/,
1.5 [] I~_ 9 - j ? .
l
[5a]
10 ..............[
0.5 ~
[5b]
0.0 -
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
7 [ * 10000 ]
Fig. 19--Energy losses (AW in relative units) calculated from MBN
and IF data vs strain amplitude of 16 pct Cr sample (MBN curve was
obtained by AugustyniaD'9t).
a number of equivalent (with the point of view o f
interaction with DW) systems of obstacles. The al-
loys with high values of Qmalx ( ~ 1 6 pct Cr) show a
single a phase and moderately small He. The maxi-
mum of damping capacity of Crl6, Crl6Mo4, and
Cr25 steels is observed after 900 ~ to 1000 ~ an-
nealing and two stages of cooling as a result of super-
position of partial effects of DW interaction with
obstacles.
2. There are three ranges of different influence of mea-
suring temperature on the damping mechanism and
value. In the first range ( - 1 9 6 to T• magnetoelastic
hysteresis is the main mechanism of damping
(~95 pct of Q-I at Tamb). Comparative data of the
damping capacity at room temperature of >50 com-
plex alloyed steels are generalized in Table V. It was
shown that in the temperature range T • < T m < Tc,
the damping of mechanical energy is carried out both
by dislocation and magnetomechanical hysteresis. In
this range, the summing of relaxation and hysteresis
effects is possible, and it leads to the increase of the
general IF level. The additional annealing or thermo-
cycling in this range is useful. At the temperature
above the Curie point, only the dislocation micro-
plasticity takes place. The similarity law between the
temperature dependences of micro- and macroyield
stresses has been found for Fe-Cr alloys at elevated
T,, and saturated magnetic field.
3. The annealing in the temperature range of 475 ~ em-
brittlement has some peculiarities. They are con-
nected with the decomposition of substitutional
Fe-Cr solid solution and with the appearance of Cr-
enriched zones. These processes lead to the decrease
of the damping capacity of ferritic steels during pro-
longed annealing; the reason is in the additional in-
ternal stresses appearing around these zones.
VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994--123
4. The damping capacity and AG effect of high- Yr torsion residual deformation after
chromium steels are very sensitive to external tem- unloading
perature and deformation influences. By increasing tyi internal residual stress
the temperature of the measurement, the damping ca- Ao-, stress relaxation
pacity and AG effect of ferritic steels decrease. Dif- trts ultimate tensile stress
ferently from the preliminary plastic deformation, the yield point stress
preliminary deformation in the elastic (from the point internal residual deformation
of view of crystalline structure) range ( ~ 1 0 -4) and at/l relative elongation
small tensile strength (~2.5 MPa) might increase the
aforementioned properties of the investigated mate-
rial. The effects of the increase of IF level due to the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
preliminary elastic deformation are not sufficiently The author is grateful to Professor D.M. Levin and
stable because of the relaxation effects. Ms. I. Kanunnikova (Tula State Technical University),
Dr. S.O. Suvorova (Moscow Institute of Physics of
TABLE OF SYMBOLS Metals), and Dr. A.B. Lebedev (Sankt-Petersburg
Physics-Technical Institute), all in Russia; Dr. N.Y.
IF, Q-I internal friction
Qd t Rochmanov (Kharkow University) and Dr. I.A. Varvus
IF due to dislocations motion
(Tshernovitskij University), in the Ukraine; and
Oh l IF due to DWs motion Professor Refaat Ali (Cairo University, Egypt) and Dr.
DM, AE/E, AG/G, defect of modulus B. Augustyniak (University of Golansk, Poland) for dis-
Af:/f 2 cussions and help in carrying out some of the experi-
6 logarithmic decrement ments in this work.
ADIF (ADDM) and amplitude and temperature
TDIF (TDDM) dependence of IF or DM
DW domain wall REFERENCES
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124--VOLUME 25A, JANUARY 1994 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A