Scientists

1) :-

Germ theory Vaccines

LOUIS PASTEUR -7/0 Microbiology →
Liquid CM / Cholera Anthrax Rabies .

Organisms
ROBERT KOCH -

7/0 Bacteriology & Modern MB →

solid CM / Cholera Anthrax TB

IGNAZ SEMILEWESI -

7/0 Infection control → Hand

washing .

JOSEPH LISTER -

7/0 Antiseptic surgery 1

.

PAUL EHRLICH -

710 Chemotherapy
KARRY -
B '
MULLIS -

Introduced PCR
-

-És
Morphology :
Vegetative forms spores

Capsule :
demonstrated
by
( aka K' '

)
Ag
STAINING IMMUNOLOGICAL
Pneumococcus ☆
"

NEGATIVE STAINING → all

capsules ☆ LAT 1 Rapid method
India Ink used
Meningococcal
H
all capsules
Influenzae ☆ Mc STAINING only
FAYDEN 'S →
☆ QUELLUNG's REA " " °"
'
-

polypeptide capsule
all have polysaccharide Methylene blue used 1,3 .am#raagy
only Polysaccharide capsule
↓ capsule
MENINGITIS Klebsiella
] POLYSACCHARIDE
G.
Perfringens capsule →Em
•
-

ggmya.a.en.a.mmp.m.a.gy.an.myag.ua#LE1t-
on-gkmioodio.se
_

"" "
ice, way : aka
Plasmolysis
☆ Gtve :
Peptidocalynkthickuptoioolayersttechoicaci.cl
G Peptidoglycan (thin upto
10 / ayers ) + LPS
my
:
, ve
☆
, , used for
-

→ FLAGELLA
SON 'S STAIN
staining
( Tannic acid stain ) chitin
+ <
AI
☆ Fungi
:

→
FONTANA STAIN → For thin bacteria ( spirochetes)
( silver impregnation stain )
.

→
WARTH IN STARRY SILVER STAIN → For H -

Pylori

Fimbria : -
For attachment to cause infection

EM
Demonstrated
by { Haem
agglutination
All bacteria UTI must have fimbriae
causing
→

B/c c- out Fimbriae ,

they are washed away
due to
frequent urination

C- •
Coli →
MIC cause of UTI
 Flagella : -

M
Demonstrated by
Motility demonstrated by M/S
-

BRIGHT Mls all

organisms motility
FIELD →
except
thin
organisms
BEST → DARK FIELD Mls → all motility
organisms
WET MOUNT

HANGING DROP

SEMI SOLID AGAR

3) Media :
'
•

( U / tyre Agar
Nutrient Broth Nutrient

Agar
-
peptone Hzot Nacl + Meat extract +

BEST STOOL TRANSPORT MEDIA : -

[ LAIRY BLAIR MEDIUM
1

( BK all
organisms grow) [ Not
easily available]
Alternatives for stool transport media : - .

1) GLYCEROL SALINE (ellcept & CAMPYLOBACTER)

.

BUFFERED VIBRIO

2) PIKES -

Streptococcus

3) Amies/ Stuart media -

Neisseria

→ stool enrichment media :

To inhibit the commensals in STOOL sample

Selenite F broth

{
SLF

]
Inhibit
-

"" °" VIBRIO

stool
pathogen
VIBRIO TTB -

Tetrapnionaye horn
1st is a
pathogen)
except
APW Alkaline Peptone 1-12.0 only enrichment media for VIBRIO
- -

media
Differential
-
-

→ Mc
Conkey Gram ⊕ inhibited
agar
:
are LF NLF
-
-

Gram -0 only grows

.

swarming is
promoted .

G-
along
media also ¥ NLF
CLED Gram ⊕
→ :- re
I LF
grows
.

inhibited
→
Mannitol Salt staph
swarming is
Anamobicautuuemedia:-mT
agar → aureus TCBS → vibrio →
Thioglycolate broth
-

Thayer Martin media → Neisseria → Rcm broth

Wilson blain → Salmonella

4) Biochemical
'

reactions:

Catalase Oxidase Urease

Only few are ⊖ Only few are ⊕ Only few are ⊕

imp -0 imp⊕ imp⊕

GNC
-

STREPTOCOCCUS -

VIBRIO Meningococci
-

Helicobacter
GNB Gonococci
-
PNEUMOCOCCUS -
PSEUDOMONAS -
Proteus

-
ENTEROCOCCUS -

CAMPYLOBACTER
GNB Bordetella
GNB
Brucella
-
HELICOBACTER
-

Haemophilus -

÷ .
¥¥ BB $00

BLUE colour

Bpg
OXIDASE ⊕
.
:: 0%8
oooo

BUBBLE FORMATION
CATALASE ⊕ Pink colour .

UREASE ⊕
A

MIC INFECTION
Organism causing BURN WOUND

↓
PSEUDOMONAS

5) AST :

Phenotypic methods
A
Genotypic methods

Kirby bauer's disc → we see for PCR

- -

diffusion method zone

of Inhibition we detect resistant
genes
-

( on
agar )
Hinton
①
muller
rifampicin
Eg :-, Mycobacteria rpops resistant to
-

:-

AGAR → MIC → sensitive ④ -

sensitive to rifampicin
( ⊕ -

-
Dilution
(GOLD BROTH → Mgc → sensitive .

STANDARD)
⊕

E- strip → mic → sensitive

⊕
 6) HIC : -

→ sterilisation & Disinfection

→ BMW

→ PPE

→ Hand
hygiene

STERILISATION & DISINFECTION

•

↓ ↓

killing forms
of life
•

all forms of life

killing .
all
Ercept state
spore
.

Methods
of Physical (spores ⊕) g-
Chemical .

gyp spokes stores

✓ \
-0
=
↓ spores ⊕

Heat Filtration Radiation HLD ILD LLD

£ Membrane filters ETO
Ionising radiation
Hulogenic Alcohols
-

→ - -

Heat
-

Dry Heat Moist For Heat Labile

↓ . compounds
-

Denaturation
IDEO
)≤ onidativedam.ge
Electrolyte imbalana
(1) c) tcoaguaiion
☐ maturation
/ \ Control B- Punilis
-

H202
( ( ↳ %)
. -

LIQUIDS GASES
Ionising Non -

Ionising '

Aldehyde
.

Oven Autoclave
control :& " "" mom " "
-
Hot air → nay .

rays grownup .
-

↳ Skin disinfectant
→ 12 " '
for mins
Disposables guyace disinfectant
-

hours
160°C
for display
-

→ 2 Time
Controls →
Physical → Temp a
Time display cabinets

Pff [ NO/ j(
controls Temp
Physical CATGUT SUTURES
Biosafety
a
→ →
Autoclave tapes
-

0T -
chemical
.

→
-

Brownies tube
chemical →

thermophilus
Biological Geo bacillus steam
/ B. Atropheus
→

Biological
→ B- subtilis .

i
culture media

⇐
GLASS
.

≤ surgical
COMPOUNDS
INSTRUMENTS
SHARP SURGICAL other than sharp
⇐em , .ms
Plastic & Rubbery

Flaming
Inoculation loops
In spissation
- →

• Inoculation wires
→
80 -85% → 30min
/day for 3 days .

-
Incineration → YELLOW BAG
materials: -
Serum &
Egg containing
culture media .

→
Tyndallisation 3 days
20min / day for
.

100°C →

culture media
Materials: -

Sugar & Gelatin containing

all media sterilised Methods

culture
by MOIST HEAT
-

Autoclave Inspiration Tyndall isation .

( 121°C) ( 80°C)
•

(100°C)
media
any culture
Sugar a Gelatin
except serum a
egg
-

I 0 containing -

containing media .

For M Tuberculosis
- → LJ media
6h's
Early diagnosis
¢5s
→ < →

For C- Diphtheria → selective media

PTBA→ > 48hrs9 BEST SELECTIVE

culture media
 Semion -

heat labile liquid , b/c it is rich in protein

→
¥ → ILD →
MIC used disinfectant on
surface .

Available as 0.5 to 1% Na -

Hypochlorite
Mx Place material
BLOOD SPILL absorbent over the
surface
:- an

↓
Add 0 -5% 1%
to Na -

Hypochlorite .

↓
Leave it
for
↓
15-20 mins .

Wash I H2O

CHLD)
→ Endoscopes → Sterilised
by Aldehyde
Ortho -

paraldehyde ( BEST )
> >>

Glutamaldehyde
→ TESTS FOR DISINFECTANTS : -

RIDE AL WALKER → Test

for efficacy Of organic matter
in ⊖ .

CHICK
(
MARTIN
BETTER TEST)
→ Test
for efficacy in ⑤ Of organic matter
KELSEY Sikes →
capacity to retain its
efficacy even
after
repeated use

INUSE → Test
of disinfectant
MAURER 's contamination
for
BMW
Yellow Red Blue White
-
Cotton -
Plastic -

Glass
-

Metallic sharp

Cloth -
Rubber -

Metal
-

Medicines ( non sharp)

-
Black
-
Tissues
-
Culture media -

General waste .

☆☆ Blood
Bag
-

Discarded container
Mercury in c- H2O
-

: a

collected
by CARDBOARD & SYRINGE

BROKEN AMPULE :
BLUE
-

UNBROKEN AMPULE : YELLOW

Hand
Hygiene : -

Methods : Hand wash Hand rub

c- ⑤ disinfectant
soap H2O M i
-

Ifhandsarevisiblym)
I better]
.

soiled

' '
5 moments
of hand
hygeine :-

Before Pt
touching
-

After pt
touching
-

Before
performing any procedure
-

-
After
performing any procedure
-
After touching pt surroundings

PPE

Gown Goggles Face Shield

Donning
: → Mask → →

Gown
'

Mask
Doffing Goggles
: Gloves → → →

Face Shield
These
4 are essential PPE
 IMMUNOLOGY
maximum

Immunity :
Immunity
Neutrophils , Eosinophils Basophils ,
_

Lymphocytes , B cells ,
1-cells , Ab

Innate ( Birth) Acquired ( Entry organisms)

Activated- NK cells , Monocytes
.
of
by
↓ minor immune response major immune response
11.1 / a. is
c. Dib ⊕ 1ˢᵗ line defense :
3-4 hrs and line defense :
5-7 days .

CD 56+0
MOA : 1ˢᵗ line defense
against
tumor
↓

VIRUS INFECTED CELLS

CELLS Active Passive
-

If any Ag
has MHC-1 on its
surface Ag entry into Ab Ab enters into
body
↓ produced
body RABIES
Inhibit activation
of Eg Infection
Eg :* PEP
of Jg<TETANUS
the Nkcelb :*

↓
☆ Vaccination
out MHCI
Ag
80 NK cells i
destroy
Blood transfusion.FI
.

☆ .

☆ Mother Baby
→

/ CPG DNA
TB DNA RNA
Flagella
Cell mediated
-

-
Grant virus Gram-0
of Bacteria

5
ojpiotgoa
9
immunity Humoral
immunity
major response
3

major immune
4 immune
response
-
-

INTRACELLULAR
TOLL
against against EXTRACELLULAR
LIKE receptors organisms organisms
:

Bat
Structurally
ie :
similar to Protozoa
-

Toll receptors on His top/ asma

DROSOPHILA .

All Viruses
Rickettsia
↓
present { Chlamydia
on cell
of
surfacecells mycobacteria
Innate immune
⑦ <

signals
✗ TLR

roys
Ag

activate

macrophage .

Antibody :

Plasma cells produce Ab's → G A M D E

Igt goes on a attaches

↓
to mast cells

Degranulation
↓
HISTAMINE
Ag -
Abreaction :
Precipitation Agglutination Neutralization

has
If Agglutination to occur

Ag = Ab

Performed dilution of sample

by
Fired Conan
J J
of Ag
1

1:40 -80 I :/ 60 1 : 320

'

1:20 I

As dilution ↑↑ Ab ↓↓

Ab's more in INITIAL TUBES

Ab's less in LATER TUBES
.
.

Abencess
Ag=Ab Ag excess

Initial tubes Middle Later tubes

tubes

Pro Post zone

gone
-
-

phenomenon phenomenon

Heterophile Ag
: Similar
Ag aka HETEROPHILE
Ag 's
Sheep Ag

{
EBV
Ag → RBC PAUL
→ BUNNEL TEST

Heterophile
Rickettsia /
Agglutination Ag Proteus OXK 2,19
Ag WEIL FELIX TEST
→ : >

reactions .

Mycoplasma Ag → Human RBC

Ag → COLD AGGLUTININ TEST

Streptococcal MG
Ag > STREPTOCOCCAL MG
-

TEST

Immunoassays :

HIV is
diagnosed by performing 3 different rapid tests

Pt is
symptomatic Pt is asymptomatic
2/3+0 3/3+0
HIV ⊕ HIV ⊕
 If we
get
indeterminate
↓
results

confirm PCR
We
by
Rapid tests for HIV : -

⊕Resu
2) Lateral flow sample window Sample flows laterally
assay
= : →

( RECTANGLE )
card test window → Read the result
.

• •
b) Vertical flow assay :
( SQUARE card
)

3) COOMB's test :

Immunodeficiency Disorders :
-

BRUTON 'S DISEASE -

COMMON VARIABLE
JDD
- SELECTIVE
IgA deficiency
Aka K linked
Agammaglobulinemia DISEASE
-

↓ ↓ ↓

Tyrosine kinase enzyme Intrinsic B-cell defect Specific cytokine defect

defect

/HUMORAL IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS

↓ Humoral
Immunity .

B- cell defect

DIGEORGE Sx
↓
- PNP
deficiency
↓
Sx

defect
Thymus PNP
enzyme deficiency
Chr -

22-9-11 defective Chr -14 defective

CELLULAR IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS

↓ cell mediated
immunity
T-cell defect

SCID - W " "" " A " """ $ _

ATAXIA TELANqgg-n.sn
↓ ↓ ↓
IL -7 deficiency WASP defect kinase
gene enzyme
deficiency
>>

ADA
deficiency
COMBINED JDD
↓ Humoral Immunity ]
Beek detect
mediated
↓ cell
immunity 1- cell defect
-
 CHEDIAK HIGASHI Sx - Ch GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
.

_ JOBS SX
↓ ↓ ↓
LYST mutation Detective Oni dative burst STAT-34 DOCK -8
gene
mutation

Phagosome Lysosome detect NADP oxidase

enzyme Neutrophil Chemotanis

deficiency defect -

PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE

defective
Phagocytosis

Hypersensitivity :

HST -
I

HST I → Kal
1nfEmmdEY±YEE ( 2b) 01201131101 / PLagowI-Y.pe
-

related
Eg Eg All blood are type:#

GPS Immune
GBM
Eg hemolytic anemia
→ :

Heart →
Rheumatic carditis ITP
Neutrophil → ANCA Vasculitis

Desmoglein Pemphigus
→ .

CHEEKPIECE
'

Ab ④
inhibiting ✓
[M!MYec
Anti A -

→
Myasthenia Gravis

⑤
A-
Pernicious anemia 1--2 DM AJ For }
- BR i

④
C3b③
Ab
activating activates

Graves Disease C5a a

↓
Cs -

Cq
Complement mediated Lysis → 9VH>>>EvHI

HST II -

→ Immune complex mediated .

5 → SLE , serum sickness ( systemic reaction )

H →
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

A → Avtnus reaction ( Local reaction )

R → Rheumatoid Arthritis
p → PAN
+

Glomerulonephritis Itncept GPS]

HST -

I
→
Delayed of HST reaction
type
→
seen intracellular
i
organisms mostly →
Mycobacterium TB
 Graft rejection :

'
1

HYPER ACUTE ACUTE CHRONIC

8- 10
mins hrs days months
-

years
Features
- -

months

Preformed anti donor Post Transplant Post Transplant

HLA antibodies Ab →
Type -2 HST
Mechanism in recipient T-cell mediated
T-cell Type -4 HST
Type -3
→
Type -2 > >>
mediated

% Ab Gb dependent
→
Fibrosis
Intense
Biopsy neutrophils +

FIBRINOID
+

NECROSIS
If T-cell >
Lymphocyte
infiltrated .
Atrophy .

Get : -

I
MHC
-

cuello
☒

Immunocompetent Donor T-cells

Graft rejection
.
L
- - - - - - -
-
Attack
/ destroy
Jmmunosupressed recipient
Of
MHC -1 Donor
☒ tissue
not matched
↓ Main symptoms : -
RASH
Makes Ab
MHCI
/ 1-cells
against JAUNDICE
DIARRHEA
c- in 100 days :-
ACUTE GVHD
days Chronic GVHD
after 100 : -
 BACTERIOLOGY
t.HN#EEEE.A-E.-E--

meningitis Encephalitis
↓ ↓
.

☆ Nuchal
rigidity ☆
Seizures
)
90°
's pain on
passive
/
HIP in
☆
Kernig sign
-

knee extension Henion

☆ B.
rudzinski sign _ retien
El
knee

hip flexion
Henion

I 1
Acute ( < 4 weeks) chronic 14 weeks )

I ↓ 1
BACTERIA BACTERIA VIRUS / FUNGI / PARASITE

"É"
cells
↑ Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes
°
"" """ "
Glucose picture of
MENINGITIS

Proteins
↑ ↑ 99 ↑
15-45
mgldl cops c- B Formation

M/ch by Mlc
"
by

§ PNEUMOCOCCUS
(
MYCOBACTERIUM TB

also by ≤
(H
Meningococcal)
Influenza
'

Native valve I c-
-

Infective Endocarditis MICH by staph Aureus

lesions
Janeway
-

Osler nodes Prosthetic Valve 1- E

-
Roth
spots
-

c- an 1
year of after 1
year of
surgery
↓
surgery
↓

Early Prosthetic Valve It Late Prosthetic Valve I. C-

MIM by
'

MICH by
'

STAPH EPIDERMIDIS
. STREP VIRIDANS
.

( CONS) SANGUB
 _=
-

HIO Pharyngitis
-

By Groep -

A streptococci

skin Ix throat Ix
↓ ↓
Cellulitis Pharyngitis
↓ ↓ .

Complication -9 Post streptococcal → ARF

9N
↓ ↓
Anti -

DNASE ASO > 200101mL

Anti
Hyaluronidase
-

> 300101mL
-

PNEOM.IO
→

Dyspnea ⑤

- .
Nosocomial pneumonia in cystic fibro:S PT

Typical Atypical Boma

"
'
' Tet
( Alveoli involved) ( Interstitial
space) .
cousin
brothers
! Pseudomonas Burkholderia
cepacia
↓ involved cmk )
① Consolidation ↓ source -

tap Hao IV
fluids .

↓ ⊕ Consolidation catalase ⊕ Catalase

Caused
by only =
' oxidase ⊕ oxidase ⊕

BACTERIA
caused by caused by
↓ BACTERIA V / FIP

MKM by PNEUMOCOCCUS Chlamydia V / FIP

any
- -

Mycoplasma

Legionella
-

Mkly
Staphylococcus Aureus causes NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA
 →
GASTROEN-ER.fi Vomiting ,
Diarrhea ,

Dysentery

Bacterial Gastroenteritis Bacterial Food

Poisoning
-

Toxins

☆☆
☆ pre-formed post Formed
.
-

JP < Cohrs JP > 8hr5

Heat stable tonins Heat Labile toxins
&
,

g.
.

↓ ↳ Bacillus
↓
cereus

Staph -
Aureus B. cereus G. Botulinum Diarrheal town
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Entertain Emetic touin Cz Botulinum
-
canned meat
↓ ↓ toxin
Milka Milk Fried Rice ↓
&
Vegetables
products canned meat ↳ a.
perfringens
&
Vegetables d- town
↓

↓
canned meat
&
Vegetables
.

URETHRITIS Urethral
Discharge
→

☐ Sti

-
Gonococcal Non Gonococcal
MIC cause
of Urethritis

Thick Purulent
discharge Thin purulent discharge
-

muco
.

↓ ↓ ↓
.

By Bacteria
By Bacteria By Virus / Fungi / Parasite

GONOCOCCUS -

Chlamydia

Mycoplasma
-

Orea
plasma
-
 -

GENITAL ULCERATIVE DISEASE

☆ Granuloma Infuriate → KLEBSIELLA GRANULOMATIS

-

red
beefy ulcer / bleed on touch , Pseudo bubos / Painless

☆ LGV → Chlamydia Trachoma tis LGV

ulcer / ④ bleed on touch , BUBOS / Painless

☆
Syphilis →
Treponema Pallidum
hard ulcer / ④ bleed on touch , BUBOS / Painless

☆ Chancroid →
Herophilus Ducreyi
.
Soft ulcer / Bleed on touch . BUBOS / Painful

→ Genital Ulcer →
Tabes Dorsalis
syphilis
12°
↓ (3° Syphilis)

Treponema Pallidum

Non -

treponema test treponema Test

Ag ) Ag)
C ( Treponema
Cardiolipin Pallidum

{ Screening test
test
•
✓ ☐ RL •
FTA -
ABS →
confirmatory Test .

( Better ) Prognostic
( monitor Rn
( Gold standard)
response)
•

RPR ◦
TPHA

VAGINAL DISCHARGE

Physiological Pathological
-

Normal Infection
-

White colour
@ 15th of cycle
day
-

Parasite
Trichomonas
Bacterial
Fungal
Gardnerella Candida

Vaginalis Vaginalis Albicans .

Yellow Green White

Cardy white
FISHY SMELL FISHY SMELL

VAGINAL ITCHING

⊕ -0
DX
Trophozoites clue cells
:

Budding
-

yeast
c-
pseudohyphae
☒
METRONIDAZOLE METRONIDAZOLE FLUCANOZOLE
a
 ZOONOTIC DISEASE

Leptospirosis → Rats Urine → HSM .

Renal failure , calf tenderness
Suffusion
Conjunctival
Brucellosis Cattle
→ → Hsm ,
Myalgia ,
Arthralgia
Glander's Disease → Horse → Pneumonia

VECTOR TRANSMITTED BACTERIA

Yersinia Pestis Borrelia Rickettsia

Vector : RAT FLEA

( Ken opsylla Cheopis) ) ( •

•
Louse
Tick &
a

Mite
Flea

Burgdorferi B- recurrent's R
B-
Prowazeki LOUSE
-
→

'

Epidemic Typhus
-

Hard tick soft tick 0×19+0

( Inodid tick) ( house) R → Flea
Typhi
-

LYMES DISEASE RELAPSING -

Endemic Typhus
FEVER 0×19+0
-

Erythema migrans R Rickettsia

.
> Tick .

Annular / lesions Rocky mountain

Target
-

spotted fever
0×191-0 ✗ 2. ⊕

←
R .

conori →
Tick
-

Mediterranean Fever
X ↓ ,
I.⑦

SCRUB
Tsutsugumashi
"
TYPHUS : ientia

TROMBICULID MITE

Weil felix : -

OX K ⊕
 BLACK ESCHAR .

Anthrax Disease Rickettsia Disease

Zoonotic Disease ( Cattle) Vector Transmitted Disease

By .

Bacillus Anthracis By Rickettsia

DX -
ASCOLI THERMO PRECIPITATION DX
-

NEIL FELIX TEST

TEST

CID FAST BACTERIA : -

⑧EQ↳? Non Filamentous Filamentous !ɧ¥

Nocardid
Mycobacteria

My co -
TB
Myco Leprae Atypical
Mycobacterium
Selective Media Non -
Selective Media
↓ cultivable ↓
( ( Egg)
LJ
Egg ) LJ

rapid test To differentiate rapid test

⇐
↓ btw ↓
⊕ Mycosis Ag ⊖
Ag 64
MPTGL; 4 Atypical MPT
Myco

TIPHOID FEVER

Salmonella → most pts :

Recovery
Few pts : carrier

Salmonella / Urine
{ screening
detect test stool culture
To
confirmatory : in
carrier state

@ INDIVIDUAL Test : Vi Antibody test (If organism persists , then ViAb⊕)

Sewers Swab Method → To detect carriers

 TOXINS El their actions

Acts ↓↓↓ PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

by
↓ EF2 ↓ Ribosomes

Diptneriatonin Enotonin -
A
Verooytotonin Shiga
town

C- Diphtheria Pseudomonas EHEC Shigella

C- Diphtheria Pseudomonas

Acts
by ↓↓↓ NEUROTRANSMITTERS

↓ ↓
Inhibitory NT 'S
Excitatory NT

Tetanospasmin Botulinum Tolin

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

Acts ↓ ↓ ↓ CAMP
by

Antheran Toxin cholera tonin Labile toxin

B- Anthracis V cholera
-

ETEC
.

Acts cGMP
by ↓ ↓ ↓

stable toxin Exo toxin A / B

-

C- TEC Cl .

Difficile
 MYCOLOGY sample Mls
Mmmmm by KOH Mount

YEAST YEAST LIKE MOULD/ MOLD DIMORPHIC

#,g
00 00 37°C
00
culture

ÑI25°c
Budding
cell
yeast
Hyphae

CRYPTOCOCCUS -

CANDIDA EEPtatem# HISTOPLASMA

(
MALASSEZIA Rhizopus
{
-

BLASTOMYCES

Absjdia Mucormycetes COCCIDOIDES

Mucor
Obtuse
angled { PCOCCIDOIDGS
"

MUCORMYCETES →
aseptate mold Right-angled branching spoon.in Schenk;
(
ASCOMYCETES →
septate mold septate molds
- - - Talaromycesmarnetii
BASIDIOMYCETES Yeast like
→ Yeast a
except Dermatophyte 's
irregular branching
-

cannon .

DEUTEROMYCETES → CANDIDA Aspergillus Acute Dichotomous

branching
a
-

)
- )

Culture → SDA
Culture Microscopy

Grams Stain LPCB stain

Yeast a Yeast like Moulds ( dimorphic : septate)

mould

% ¥→
annual
spores
✓
SPORANGIOSPORE CONIDIOSPORE
@ septate) ( septate)

tests ? ? ? size shaped

,
arrangement of
spores

④ Fungal Diseases :

1.
Superficial Mycoses : ( Skin , Hair, Nail )

Tinea
-
versicolor Dermatophytosis
→
Skin involved →
Skin / Hair / Nail involved

Hypo / Hyperpigmented patches Trichophyton Epidermopbyton

→
→
By Microsporum
→
MALASSEZIA [ Yeast Like) É
By -

On Fried Micro
Egg app
'°nid¥%
SDA - .

%/
Culture Mls Sphagetti Meatball
- -

app
-

Yellow
woods
lamp Golden light Macroconidia
- -

5. HIN
µ Nail ④ ☒⑤ Hair ④
=
Pencil Boat club shaped
 Hislop OÉMOS /

{
Dermatophyte ltineasis .

Tinea capitis scalp involved

-

Bkistomycosis
Kerion
(Occiidjomy
Favus Ectotnriil

Endowing
costs
T.verrucosumt-schonleinim.n-udoniit.to nscerans
Boggy lesion Cup like crust Arthospore Arthrospores
-

# @
scalp " "" A
outside hair hair
Para coccidiomyco ]
inside .

2-
Deep mycoses
:
Slc mycoses

Mycetoma Sporotrichosis Chromoblastomycosts Phaeohypomycosi

-

Aka MADURA FOOT -

Aka Rose Gardeners DS

slcnoduyesnr along slcnodutes / Verrucas lesions
the line
51C swelling → sinus →
Discharging of lymphatics
granules ( wart like lesions)

Eumycetoma Actinomycetoma Sample Mb :& ÷ Asteroid body lesions)

f. ↓ Yeast .
→ eosinophils
l
cauliflower
White Black Yellow Pink
culture Mb
flowerlike Phaeoid
fungi produces @ Phacoidfwng
Pseudellescheria arrangement ⑥
Boydii
Madurella
mycetom
Nocardia Actinomaduraseptmotfgyd
.
◦ CONIDIA MEDLER's / SCLEROTIC ⑥ those
produce bottles
body
pellets
mergers /
copper Penny bodies

3-
Systemic mycoses :
resp system : Pneumonia

coccidiomyaosesparacoccidiomycose.sc/M:-
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Pneumonia
By Histoplasma capsulatum
.
,
HSM

Sanpete m/s ( Yeast) ⑦ Intracellular

yeast
culture Mlslseptate) ¥É Tuberculate

.tn?kl.#-
conidia

Opportunistic
•

4- mycoses :
-

immunocompromised

Candidiasis Cryptococcus Aspergillosis -51056 Pneumocystis

d
On Birdseed
4M : -

Pneumonia >> > Sinusitis

Agar ]

↓
BROWN coloured
-
'
idftastnergilosui
colonies
' ' -
④ EM ystosis !

↓
B/c Pigment
of
Melanin

In immunocompromised → Infection spreads → Invasive Mycosis

Invasive Candidiasis
aspergillosis Invasive
=

1. Aspergillosis
Invasive =

Invasive Pnewmooytosis
=

↓
Marker -

Galactomannan B- D- Glucan .
 VIROLOGY
-
* HP ) (PAP) ( PCR )
DNA
enveloped DNA non-enveloped RNA
=
enveloped .
RNA non -
envelop
= = =

mango
Hepadna Popova Picorna
HBV HPV , Enterovirus
JC , BK HAV , Consackie, Polio

Herpes Adeno calci

Herpes (8) Adenovirus HEV

.

Poa Parvo Reo

Pon Viruses Parvovirus Rotavirus

segmented N A -

④ → ④ 0 ⑦ end ④unyo ④thomyno

( RNA virus .
-
Rotavirus Tata/ even
Hinrich
FV
Hantav
-
-7% Virus
llseg 2sey 3seg •
seg
NAA → DNA
④pace ⑦Pora
-
HBV #/ JC / BK

RNA ④rea ④uny_a ⑦←ta .

HDV
Lassa fever V
CCFV
- -
-
-

Hanta - V

Fever
Measles →
Bluish white spots @ mouth ( K.OPttk.SI :D
I

Rashes

Virus Culture .

( require Live cells)

= =

1) Animal inoculation :-O mice

2) Embryonaleat culture → CAM

egg
-

→ Amniotic cavity
→ Atlantic cavity
→ Yolk sac .

3) Tissue culture / Cell culture: -

mlcly used VEKO cell line .
 Vital Assays ( Viral load) pocks
=
-
* .

1) Pock
assay
→
Embryonoted egg
culture .
[ CAM] -07 aihite colour
dots

2) Plague Tissue culture → white colour dots

Albay
→

①
Plagues

☆ HB①
HBC
HBsAg
always
•

detectable in Infection ⊕
-

Ag HBEAG
z

deledible while
-

multiplying .

Anti HBS Anti HBC Anti HBE

3rd detected 1st detected and detected
=
= =

→ high infectivity
AÑt → ⊕ →
Injection →
HBen.gg
infectivity
→
ve Low
.|↓
-

No Infection
→ ⊖ →

Look
for Ab¥ anti " "
AntiHB
.

✓ all 3 { Anti HB '

recovery → Anti H Be

✓ Vaccination → only 1-Anti HBS £

✓ window period IgM IgG
☆
only 2
AWE chronic
-
-

Anti HBC
Anti H Be
-

☆ Herpesvirus
sporadic temporal
lobe encephalitis
1) HSV -1 →

→ Genital herpes → Neonatal herpes .

2) Hsv -
2

3) vzv →
icnfeehon → chicken pot
vesicles over

↳ on reactivation → Herpes foster virus (

Shingles ) one
hay of forebear
Congenital Varicella
Infection Fg skin
scarring
←
Short limbs .
 4) EBV → 9mn >
malignancies
Post
g) CMV → JMN >
Congenital Infection >
transplant infection
( mk organism ) ( mk
causing
organism
causing ]
[ Bk virus also causes

nephropathy in
-

Post transplant pt )
6) HBLV

7) RK virus
> encephalitis

8) Kaposi sarcoma virus → Kaposi sarcoma

demyelinating disease in Microbiology .

0
Progressive rnuTtyÉÉpe
Lemko encephalopathy

§
⇐

0 -

multifocal ,
periventriculas .
-

entire brain
inflanmmed
White matter
↓(
-

↓
7- to years
measles infection
after

reactivation disease
of reactivation disease

of measles virus -

JC virus
mental deterioration
progressive ↓ school
( performance ,

seizures myoclonic
(
, jerks .

) characteristic

AdON0ViV✓ !! ¥: E- iii.÷ -÷
"
- -

☆
. . .
.

.
:-.
stereotyped high
112,5 , 6 →
Pneumonia voltage discharge
:

Acute
3,7 → Follicular
Conjunctivitis .

11121 →
Hemorrhagic cystitis

40,41 → Gastroenteritis

☆ Pa Big humans
infects
-

→ 5M disease crashes)
slapped cheek app .

( child )
→
Arthralgia a Arthritis adv④
→ Aplastic anemia 9 Sickle cell anemia → immunocompromised
/ fetal
itÑovirw
→ Abortion Non immune hydrops .
-9
infection

④
Only virus
entry by membrane
fusion .

←"g_-
::*
ssRNA
¥
6

6
to }
viral
-

South India
Hemo*hagic India
Even
④ JXODID TICK

Flavi → KEI YF
Tick
i
☐¥% '
tales .

Arena → Lassa
fever
-
✓ ⊕

Bunya →
c¥¥- Gujarat
⊕
Filo → Ebola V,
margburgv
.

⊕
(

Northern India ( OP)

↓
Basal Ganglia encephalitis
4m : -

Encephalitis → children
in India
Mk cause encephalitis
of
.

reservoir →
aquatic birds .

(herons & ducks ]

H H

amplifier →
Pig
H Houten mosquito creator)
humans →
Humans .

vacané ( SA -14-14-2 strain )

give
Vaccines

( Nakayama El strain)
Beijing
killed vaccine
 Influengaviras Point mutation -9
Ag drift → Epidemic

- Haemaglluhnwi Genetic
→ Neuraminidase
.

measurement Ag shift Pandemic ,

8
segmented
SS RNA
linear RNA '

PML → White matter ,

No iiriyoclonic jerks ,
No
stereotype EEG

CJD →
spongiform encephalopathy , nÑ%%i%jerks .
No stereotype EEG
=

exclusively
SSPE →
pan encephalitis , myoclonic
=
jerks ,
stereotype EEG

R①
Causes Brainstem encephalitis
.

Brain Biopsy .
-

Hippocampus ,
Cerebellum

0
0
bodies
◦
8- Negri
.

◦ Cintra cytoplasmic )
.

inclusion bodies

i!%: -
.

Not in India

→ filamentous virus .

( viral hemorrhagic fever)

Ebola virus
Marg bury
is virus .

(Reservoir : -

Fruit but)

fgndtafnipankirus-gcausesenaphak.is#
Corina
petal receptor ( s receptor)
'

7-lower like
'

↓
Corona
-
V

↓
Pneumonia
↓
ARDS → Lung failure
↓
RAT ⑤ ve
Diagnosis
→

⊖ (RT PCR )
confirm by
ve PCR .

Pico④
Enterovirus
-

HAV → hepatitis

polio → Polio Disease .

Acute hemorrhagic
serotype → conjunctivitis
Consadole → A ☒ 424M
other serotypes > HFMD ]

B →
myocarditis

viral Gastroenteritis
- - -

Adeno -

✓ -

→ Adenov 40,41

catci.tl → Novo d
Sappo -
V

Reov → Rota . V

Astro v
-

→ Astro -
V
 ARASITOLOGY
Mmmmm

protozoa
ciliate Arriba Flaget Spinoza .

cilia pseudopodia sporozoite

Flagella
- .

→ Morphological forms →
Trophozoite El Cy⊕
humans
Infective form to .

living protozoa /
Free Soil 411207

↳
-

→ Habitat Intestinal &

Vaginal protozoa
Blood 9 Tissue protozoa .

mainly
M7reÑaN( Soil
- = - I
a
-11¥) → all
aueAM0EB①
→
Trophozoite d C④ infective form .

→ Enter via while

nose

I
swimming .

/ Encephalitis
meningitis
.

→
N.ae#ria AcanCba Bala
Mca
Sappinnid
↓
E E E-
M
Meningitis Encephalitis
+
-

E-
FAM Jae 2
GAE
2
2

chronic chronic
-
cute chronic
a

contact lens keratitis

pÑn%q%ᵈdia .

%mF!
→
Trophozoites Branning
pgmomiike
⑦
'd
'

!
M
Lobe like

pseudopodia
.

ɧ
pseudopodia
°P°ᵈ
¥1T
am .

Bilobed nucleus
PE
DOC : _

⊕ ⊕ ⑦
Amphotericin -
B

-
MIN proto⇐N Intestine )

Trophozoite a →
Infective -10mA Few oral route .

↓
Gastroenteritis-→ᵈᵈ%%%!ooy .

Ciliates Amoeba
Flagellate Sporozoa .

Batolntidiwm -

f.Histolytica -

Giardia -

Cryptosporidium
coli - -

lyclospova

dysentery Jcysstoisospora
-

dysentery
_

£ diarrhea _
-

#ask shaped
☆ whey
{ malabsorption - diarrhea

acid
fast protozoa
-
.

↳
.

_.

Opportunistic protozoa
11h Immunocompromised) .

Rx - METRONIDAZOLE ( Rome emption ) .

pound Arnall, size

Asif stool sample →

CYSTS 0
,ᵈ ④⑥⑧⑧ .

round

→an☐s+yµ
round round , big ˢ%

⑧ ⑤ ••o
oval , much bigge
2 nuclei 4 nuclei 4 nuclei size .

ok
✗
←•→2
hostile
suckers
8
00 /↳ 8
flagella
.

9
Badminton
racquet shaped .

leaf motility
.
-
11 Va jaan
Flagellates
Trichomonas
vaginalis
.

:-

trophozoites ①
( No cyst?
Only
-

It is the
infective form
-

↓
sensual route (STI)
↓
vaginitis (Strawberry
vagina )
↓

vagin-ddscharq-e-m.cl
Vaginal itching
-

yellowish
in colour
green

{¥¥÷ⁿu
.

-
5 Itagaki
Vaginal discharge
JOB
Di.
. :-

1anostyie.Badmintonracquetshap@Rxi.M
ETRONIDAZOLE Jerky motility .

boy man

)2h/
→
vector
present i in
1113 all ( ↓
- Vector

transmitted by vector bite

-

ts present
MASTIGOTE forms
in Spo80④ present
SPOROZOITE
in

forms
Leishmania Plasmodium
promastigote ( i) to human
Sporozoites -4 )
-
-

↓ ↓
Sandfly anopheles mosquito
Babesia
Trypanosoma
human Ci )
Trypomastigotli ) to
Sporozoites
-
-

↓
# gaodid tick
1- Bruni
Cruzi
'

1- '

T Tonoplasma
F -

sporozoite[ -1 ,
Transmitted
T-ecoorc.it
.by

Tse Tse by
Redvvig
" ""
-

)
-

[No vector ↑

BUY JM .

Sporozoites present in
sporulated 009s'T
 D 's :S : -

PBS / Tissue Biopsy .

9
€
Prumastigote form
-
- a

Infective form
↓
Vector
form
Amashgote - - lsanoyly)
D
Aka Phlebotomies
Argentite
Diagnostic form
PBS / Tissue biopsy / Benjaminanon .
Leishmania

↓
Leishmaniasis → Kala Azar HSM
-
.

Involves RES
Rx B
Amphotericin
-

- .

Sporozoite
.

/
Imodium Infective form
: -

Anopheles mosquito
vector : _

P Vivar
-

P -

Falciparum .

- -

⊕
PLDH Ag ⊕ PLDHAG
⊕
HRP ¥ In INDIA HRP 7-
Ag
-

ZAY
.
-

oni
causing
MALARIA →
fever , chills , Hsm

acute

Trophozoite → ⑦ ④⑤ ⑤
multiple
ring forms
.

≤
→

PBI Schizont seen not seen

Gametocyte round
☒
֥
Banana shaped
.

✓
Nucleus .

R¥ Quinine Artemisinin
compounds .
 Heˢs
Crnullicellulaet:-)
worms

[
d-

Eggs Few Infective

forms
-

Hawa Infective
forms
-

*
Ingestion (few
skin
penetration)

⑤ laying
w?- viviparous
helminths stool sample
Oviparous → →
Egg in .

(most helminths)

¥÷÷÷µ Ovoviviparous (F ,
T, D)
→ Larva
laying
helminths → Larva in tissues
Is/ cars
]
muscle

3. ≥
form ¥
→
④ laying → Larva in stool sample
worms
Strong yloides

stercorahs.TV#0-J-Hdm-i-nths.
%%rae

Cestodes
-
TIED Nks
( Tapeworms ) (Flukes) ( Round Elias:

Cestodes ( Tapeworms)
=
≥ho
1) Taenia solium ( Pork Tapeworm)
L s I - man

)
→
Pig /man
Accidental
II. Host) ( I. Host)
I

!
Host
(1) it)

"" """ " ʰ°ˢᵗˢ

"
""
" ""°
→
ˢ%"ʳᵈ "

cattle
E)
→ man → .

3) Grain ulosus ( Dog

_

C- Chinococcus tape
"

Egg sheep / man

SI
Dog
→ →

C)

]
( ) 1 host
4) Hymenolipis Nana
Dwarf tape worm

host
Egg → SI ☆ 1 (man)
.

in

5) Diphyllobotrium ( Fish tape

]
tatum worm )
} ʰ°$ˢ
L → SI 3 hosts → man qq.sn
cyclops
it
 " → outer m

-
-

✗
"
ltnickbrowmnembf.EE
- hydatid fluid
inner .m
amino came
s
HOOK/et

¥1m ⑧
g. T -

Sofia
# Proto "" "
polar[
⑨ !④ "Yd
filament
embryo
Ñgoin acid fast
HINT c- 3
pair of
hookers
operculum

!
-

D.la#mT-S01iwmDef-host0
Injh
ME pig / MOE .

↓① ↓ .
muscle

Intestinal cysticercus is He
:
Brain Neurooysticercosis ! )
otium

.
→
talk 'ÑD 4m : - a-y-smptomaI-l.me presentation?

Tsaginata se¥jures multiple small cysts

D9'n 9ntH
mad go.my , Brain
8-*
Protoswlez

↓①
Intestinal
cat↓⑥ is
Rx : -
Steroids
# Albendazole
cysticercus
taeniasis

Trematodes ( Flukes)
=

]
(Blood fluke)
1) Schistosoma :
. _- - -
-- - - - - - -- - - .. _ . _- _,_._ 2 hosts
mania snail
.- _
,_
y i

s±in±e¥¥?
Westerman i(
a) Paragons Lung flukes .

}
L( meta cercaria) →
Ingestion → man
→ snail a crab

3) Fasciata hepatica
= ( Liver fluke]
3 hosts

÷::::::::*
pants .

4) Esmail
Fasciata bilski intestinal
fluke)
.

.
 Schistosoma hematobiwm mansoni Tapaniovum
-

Egg spine
⑥ ⑧ ④
c-

< ⑧

terminal spine Lateral Spine Lateral Knob

Other trematodes>
↳ → operculum

Egg i
operculum
⑧
C¥tfG( round worms )

1) Strong yloides Stereolab's [ Parlhenogenic worm ) ( Ovoviviparous;)

↓

,n.a,w
skin penetration -9 → d host ( MAN) Larva in stool

sample .

2) Any /osto.mu duodenal e CHOOK worm )

(Necatov Americanus )
Skin 1 host ( MAN)
L →
penetration → →
1 host
3) Ascari's Lumbricoides ( Round worm]

Egg
→
Ingestion → → I ti
.

www.nm.ua , ,,, ,
I host /MAN)
Egg Ingestion → →

5) Trichuris Trichina ( Whip worm )

host IMAN?
Egg
→
Ingestion → → 1

in PBS
F 6) Ei lariat worm viviparous Larva
- .
-

-
Host → MAN

Larva → Vector bite → S c

/ tissue → 2 host
9- Host → CULEX
( Lulea) Lymphatics mosquito

in muscle tissue biopsy

T 7) Igi Chine /la spiralis -

viviparous
-
Larva
man

Larva → Ingestion → Muscle tissue →

2 host {
pig
 Larva out
8) viviparous → comes when it
D
-

Dracunculus medinens.is
-

2 Comes in
man

Ingestion Slc tissue → athists { Cyclops H2O

Ft
Larva → → .

"

1) Strongly /aides Steroid -

stool sample
atra in stool .

irregular
!→
inner membrane .

2) A. duodenal e ( N Americanus :
.

⑥→ embryo
blastomere

!→
3) Ascari's Lumbricoides :-
'
outer membrane [
irregular]
→ semilunar chitin sheath

embryo)
of
[both the poles

4) Enterobius Vermicular's →

⑥
.

Planoconreri
Egg

5) Trichuris Tri Hura →

Mucus
Plugs .

6) Filarial.
Worm →
Viviparous → Larva in PBS
-

microfilariae
larva

witch
norofti
→
Lymphatic -
Birugyamalayi
habitat

§§g!
&

Lymphatic filaria '"

↓
lymphedema
µ,
nuclei
tattie 4m
↓
•Ñ•④2 big
nucleiin tail tip
swelling
-

Oncocerca Volvulus → Slc tissue ← Loa Loa .

£ i
↓
ˢk filariasis
↓ °

"ˢKnʳhᵈ
...•÷
◦ 'Im
Nucleitip multiple nuclei in
µ,
@
tail tail
tip
.
7) Trichinella Spiralis →
Viviparous → Larva in Mls tissue biopsy
.

↓
Involves
↓
myocarditis
muscle tissue

⑧ Spiral

↓
larva

alternate method to detect is

SKIN TEST (Hypersensitivity test )

( Bachmann .
test )

8) pracunow.us Meduneñs:S -7
Viviparous .

↓ → Larva
coming
out

Habitat: Slc tissue

↓
Skin Blister

↳ rupture the blister

↓
place that area in H2O

↓
Larva comes out
from .SK tissue .
_

Only ② opportunistic helminth

oidesstercorat.is
Strongly/
Ovoviviparous ( Larva in stool)

-0

Volvulus
nchocerca
strong
 Trichinella spirals .

( Only by SI nematodes)
Lanigra±
Animal nematodes > Human nematodes .

Cutaneous stercorak A-duodenak

LM →
strong yloides ,

MIC → (A.com#A-I-3razilensui) N Americanus

.

cause .

visceral LM → Ascari Lumbricoides

Mk cause →
( Tonocana =
Canis
)

↓ HST reaction to migrating larva .( Visceral him ]

Loeffler Pulmonary Eosinophilia
's

( cough / Urticaria)
Self infection
-

cestodes → Tsoliwm & H' Nana

Nematodes → S stercoralls
-

a E- Vermicular"

THE strong yloides , arises Auto

Infection
Operculatedgp
}
C D- Latium d
→
3 hosts -

Operculate
1- → P Westerman i F- Hepatica , F. Busy,
eggs
'

, .

JDA-4A-duoaen.at T -
( N Americanus )
-

Trichur a.
Megaloblastic
anemia
=
{ D- Latium