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One of the main building blocks in many applications is the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
which serves as an interface between the analogue world and the digital processing unit. The model
is first simulated with the P-I controller and then with the hysteresis controller. In the upper section,
used to find the fitness or resolution. The Table below lists some of the most popular Resonator
types with their accompanying typical Q value in ascending order. Page 18. The Mamdani method
implication is the most commonly used for processing of mapping specific input variable to specific
output variable. 3. Defuzzification: It is here in this process that conversion of input variable i.e.,
conditional fuzzy control actions to a crisp values or to the non-fuzzy control action is done. To
observe the PD activity inside a prototype transformer in the high voltage laboratory using acoustic
emission technique. Chapter 1 deliberates on the outline of problem and the need of power system
contingency, Page 18. Speed will be mainly influenced by the slew-rate requirements and the load
impedance. Because the input to the comparator is usually differential, the input CM-range is also
significant. We have used 180nm technology to analyse the comparator. DESIGN OF AVR AND
PSS USING CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DESIGN I) Root-Locus Method 14 14 Page 7.
The proposed control strategies are simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment and the results
are presented. The performance of Op-amp in the integrated circuit is affects overall performance of
the system. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER CONVENTIONAL METHODS NON-
CONVENTIONAL DIGITAL ANALOG LINEAR TECHNIQUES NON-LINEAR ADAPTIVE
ANALOG DIGITAL ANALOG DIGITAL Page 14. A block diagram of an Op-amp with adaptive
bias circuit is presented in the Figure 4-1.As the adaptive bias circuit is used to increase the slew rate
of Op-amp by increasing the biasing current under the dynamic condition without changing the
quiescent current of the Op-amp gives the benefit of low power consumption. Figure 1: Schematic
Diagram- shunt active power filter Page 15. But the above method deals with only a balanced
system, therefore synchronous detection method is used to take care of unbalanced three phase
systems. With regard to synchronous detection method, from the results and simulation findings, the
projected synchronous detection scheme is aptly fit for harmonic compensation in a system that is
unbalanced. Page 40. The output of the comparator is high (VOH) when the' difference between the
no inverting and inverting inputs is positive, and low (VOL) when this difference is negative. The
LC oscillator was designed to achieve minimal dynamic power consumption for a certain frequency.
Then low power and low voltage circuit design is one alternate. The principle of operation and the
control technique are explained below. 3.4.1 Basic Structure: The basic structure of an auto
transformer is shown in Fig. 3.9. In this circuit configuration the secondary voltage is more than the
primary voltage and the transformer operates as a step-up transformer. The performance of the P-I
controller and hysteresis controller is verified with the simulation results. The types of filters and
difference between them are elaborated in this chapter. The gain per stage that can be obtained is
limited. And it’s called static dissipation as shown in figure below. Page 49. Any positive constant is
a monomial, as is any variable. Frequency stability is a measure of the degrees of which an oscillator
maintains the same value of frequency over a given time. The input impedance of the comparator
should ideally be infinitive, but is often capacitive and must be also taken into slew-rate analysis.
This is done by connecting a uncontrolled rectifier at the input of the VSI. For this purpose, an
adaptive bias circuit is used to improve the slew rate of an Op-amp in sub-threshold region by
increasing the drain current of the input stage transistor of Op-amp under the dynamic condition
instead increasing the quiescent current to reduce the power consumption.
PSO-SQP has the property of high quality solution and fast converging characteristic. There are 3
non overlapping clock signals required. A small amount of active power is formed due to the leading
current and fundamental voltage of the passive filter and it delivers to the dc capacitor. Designing of
comparator takes care of comparator gain, common mode range, propagation delay and power
dissipation, Page 25. Supply Voltage NON LINEAR LOAD Vdc CONVERTER 2CONVERTER 1
Lsh LC FILTER CONVERTER 3 Figure 2.9 Multi-converter UPQC Page 33. The input to the PSS
is the speed and electrical power which are obtained from the wash-out filter that is used to eliminate
any existing dc offsets. It performs simultaneous series and shunt compensation in the power
distribution system. First, we discuss conventional methods of PSS design and then move onto more
advanced methods and recent developments. Nonlinear loads. Therefore, power quality is quantified
in terms of voltage, current, or frequency. And it’s called static dissipation as shown in figure below.
Page 49. The output of the differential amplifier is stated as: ( ) (( ) ) Ideally, Where is the common
mode gain of the amplifier and is the differential mode gain of the amplifier. Figure 3-4 shows the
plot for with in logarithmic scale. 3.1.2 Transconductance of MOSFET in sub-threshold region
Transconductance of a subthreshold MOSFET is: Page 37. The lower the close-in Phase Noise
requirement, the higher the Quality Factor (Q) of the Resonator needs to be. UPQC was simulated
and demonstrated at 220V distribution level. The greater switching frequency as well as the non-
linearity in the characteristics of the power electronics equipments is mostly creditworthy for the
power quality issue. These filters block the flow of harmonic currents into ac mains, by providing
high impedance path at certain harmonic frequencies for which the filter is tuned. By mitigation of
voltage and current such problems of power quality can be reduced. In order to be able to gauge
THD of the current, it is imperative that a fundamental frequency current reference be defined. Page
22. Apart from the low frequency oscillations the input to PSS also contains high frequency turbine-
generator oscillations which should be taken into account for the PSS design. The use of AC power
flows is it gives information of power flows in terms of MW and MVAR, line over loadings and
voltage limit violation with accurate values. The three-layer feed forward neural network contains a
hidden layer, an input layer and an output layer also. Download Free PDF View PDF Design and
construction of a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) IJSEI 2016 - 2017 Engr Rana M
Shakeel Sagging and swelling of line voltage and harmonic currents are two major problems of
power quality. Here the out put is taken from a buffer and rest is as previous section 7. D.1
schematic diagram of Output buffer based comparator Page 73. Harmonic oscillator VCOs have
these advantages over relaxation oscillators. I would like to thank my brother Mr. Lokanath Barai and
other family members for their support. Ergo, there is no necessity for a balanced three-phase sysetm.
By adding the extra circuit the trance conductance of the overall load is becoming, which increases
the gain of the first stage as well as the overall gain. 4.2.1 Simulation results of Op-amp with current
subtractor adaptive bias topology The simulation of sub-threshold Op-amp with current subtractor
adaptive bias topology has been done using UMC 180 nm technology with supply voltage of V. The
input perceived by it is voltage error in the capacitor. Term Paper - Field Assisted Thermionic
Emission, Field Emission, and Applicat. Inequality Constraints Further inequality constraints are
divided into two parts: (a) Hard type, (b) Soft type.
For example, there is a least one VCO inside every cell phone that generates the Radio Frequency
(RF) waves that are used to communicate by-directionally to the cell tower. But the structure of no-
tail current source reduces the output impedance of the differential common mode point, increases
the return loss and reduces the Q value of resonant loop. BIDYADHAR SUBUDHI Department of
Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela MAY 2012 Page 3. Such type of
discharges appears for a long duration around the bare conductor. The first stage is a differential
stage, the differential signal is applied into the pin and the gate terminals of the transistor M1 and
M2 respectively. Thus, the offline-trained fis was used in the fuzzy controller to simulate the PSS.
Fig.26. SIMULINK implementation of the fuzzy controller Page 44. These filters block the flow of
harmonic currents into ac mains, by providing high impedance path at certain harmonic frequencies
for which the filter is tuned. The results obtained using this method had been used further in
determing the performance indices, active power performance index and voltage power performance
index. And they found that Op-amp in subthreshold region gives highest value of FOM for power
and load capacitor. 1.3 Overview of Thesis This thesis presented a comparison study of low power
Op-amp working in the sub- threshold region with the conventional CMOS Op-amp working in
saturation. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is a very effective step in improving these
power quality problems. It is a combination of parallel-Active Power Filter and Series-Active power
Filter. Whereas the series APF helps in correction of voltage related problems by acting as a
controlled voltage source. At first a simple LC VCO circuit is employed and its optimized power is
obtained. Disciplined Convex programs, or DCPs, are convex optimization problems that are
described using a limited set of construction rules, which enables them to be analyzed and solved
efficiently. The resolution is one of the key requirements which determine the power dissipation of
the total comparator circuit. The harmonic current control and DC- capacitor voltage can be
regulated under these two non-linear loads. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download
PDF Related Papers A Review of Power Quality Problems, Standards and Solutions Pradeep Kumar
Power quality has become a major area of concern in present era due to the increase in modern
sensitive and sophisticated loads connected to the Distribution System. After compensation the load
voltage is as shown in Fig. 4.1(c). DVR responds slowly to the change in voltage. However, the
consideration of a phase margin is very vital because it affects the transient response such as the
settling time, slew rate, rise time, fall time and overshoot. Fuzzy rules are also provided along with
to decide the output of the fuzzy logic based system. The performance index with highest value
indicates the severity of that particular line outage and also indicates that it has got maximum
chances of making system parameters to operate beyond the operating limits. Its negative impact
affects electric distribution utilities, end-user equipment rnanufacturen. First, the derived equations
use approximate circuit analysis. A two stage unbuffered CMOS Op-amp is very popular among all
design technique. The PSRR of this Op-amp is 80.23dB. This Op-amp consumes 1.39uW of power.
The SR and the settling Page 63. The system performance for current harmonics, voltage harmonics,
voltage sag and voltage swell will be evaluated. The combination of hidden layer hN, learning rate 1
and momentum factor. According to that data AE signal that travel in the model transformer tank is
reach to the sensor 12954 times. Last, but not the least, we would like to thank the authors of various
research articles and books that we referred to during the course of the project. A.K. Swagat Ranjan
Swain Ashit Kumar Swain Abinash Mohapatra Page 5. Frequency response approach (Lead-Lead
compensator) 3. Each device performance in mitigating voltage sag is studied and analyzed.
Solving a GP can be very easy, but solving a general NLP is even more difficult, and always involves
some compromise. Then obtained signal is passed through a Butterworth LPF of order four. This
paper presents a review of the power quality problems, issues, related international standards. Sorting
of contingencies is done in the descending order of the values of their performance index (PI), and
thus helps in ranking according to the severity. This learning process is difficult and complex as it
consists of loop inside the network and iteration process continues inside the network till stable
output has not been achieved. Voltage-to-Frequency converters are voltage-controlled oscillators,
with a highly linear relation between applied voltage and frequency. The IC design and
manufacturing costs are increasing to the point that fewer products have the volume required to
amortize the large upfront nonrecurring engineering costs. The RBFNN has three layers, first- input
layer, middle-hidden layer and third- output layer. First, we generate the state-space model from Vref
to. The control action of Fuzzy Logic system (FIS) is determined by evaluating linguistic rules with
simple set of rules. Here if stopping criterion is not fulfill then this mentioned procedure would be
run through again with incremental t value. The experiments are conducted on a model transformer
tank filled with transformer oil. Value of hN is deciding factor of MLFNN model, as large value can
reduce the training error associated with this MLFNN model. Among DVR and D-STATCOM, DVR
is better in terms of harmonic reduction. The well-known devices like D- STATCOM, DVR, and
UPQC are used for this purpose. On the other hand, the shunt converter can compensate the current
harmonic and improve the power factor. This component which is the dc part does not undergo shift
in frequency owing to the harmonics. With the advancement of technology, the dependency on the
electrical energy has been increased greatly. I would like to thank family members for their support.
For jth dimension, the limit of maximum velocity is formulated as Page 38. Hence, the design of the
Power System Stabilizer has a lot of scope for future research. Page 47. Chapter 2 includes
contingency analysis, and its creation selection and evaluation and brief detail about Newton
Raphson load flow method; in chapter3 contingency ranking is done by calculating the active and
reactive power performance indices using Newton Raphson load flow method and the results for
various systems. In chapter 4 contingency ranking has been done by using fuzzy logic approach and
the results for various bus systems has been obtained. The latch is basically a back to back connected
inverter circuit which inactivated only during the second phase. Page 6. MOS capacitor has the
advantage of having a significant smaller process variation than that for a MFLUX capacitor. For
this type, the gain stages are connected in a ring. Each of them is explained below in detail. A.
Magnitude of Sag: A sag magnitude is defined as the minimum voltage remaining during the event.
On succeeding at GP modeling, we have an effective and reliable method for solving the practical
problem. The trained output obtained at the mth iteration is expressed as: Page 54. The capacitance
depends upon the gate voltage and it changes values according to the region of operations. This
combination makes it simple to perform the calculations needed to form optimization problems, or to
process the results obtained from their solution. Page 17.