SUMMARIZING PASSAGE

Text I

Third World countries often mistakenly decide to permit rapid industrialization. When this
industrialization occurs, many new factories open, and workers get jobs. Unfortunately, many of these new
jobs are not permanent. The leaders of an industry want their factories to be as productive as possible, and
they will do anything to achieve that goal. Whenever they can, they take advantage of automation, which
means that workers are replaced by a more efficient machine.___________________________________________.

1. The main information of the text tells us 2. Which of the following sentences is the
about … best concluding sentence for the text?
(A) rapid economic growth in developing (A) Thus, industrialization can boost
countries Third World countries’ economic
(B) the importance of automation for growth.
Third World countries (B) As a result, automation may increase
(C) the advantage and disadvantage of the rate of unemployment.
industrialization (C) In short, many employees have the
(D) the advantage of automation for opportunity to get new jobs.
leaders of industries (D) Therefore, there is an increase in
(E) automation which is the best way to employees’ standard of living.
get maximum profit (E) To conclude, industrialists can better
share their profit with employees.

Text 2

We know that doctors and other health-care workers are meticulous about washing their hands.
What about their clothes? A recent New York Times article highlighted growing concerns in the US about
the role that doctors’ garments play in the spread of bacteria.

According to the newspaper, the discussion was repeated this year in the US when the British
National Health Service imposed ‘bare below the elbows’ rule. It does not allow doctors to wear ties and
long sleeves, both of which are known to accumulate germs as doctors move from patient to patient. The
article reported a study from the New York Hospital Medical Centre of Queens that compared the ties of 40
doctors and medical students with those of 10 security guards. It found that about half the ties worn by
medical personnel were a reservoir for germs, compared with just one in 10 of the ties taken from security
guards.

When asked about the subject of doctors’ clothes and their possible role in the spread of infections,
most local doctors, and some hospitals, declined to comment. Associate Professor Dale Fisher, the Chairman
of infection control said that ties and other pieces of clothes are sometimes referred to as reservoirs for
microorganism that may cause nosocomial infection (infection caught while staying in a hospital) but he
added that the risk of infections from contaminated clothes needed to be put in perspective.

3. The main information of the text tells us (D) the meticulous doctors and health-
about ? care workers
(A) concerns in the US about the spread (E) recognition of a doctor’s role in
of diseases spreading bacteria
(B) the spread of germs through the
garments of medical personnel 4. An article in the New York Times
(C) a recent New York Time’s article mentioned that ?
about doctors
 (A) the New York Hospital Medical
Centre of Queens conducted a
research on doctorpatient
relationship
(B) the British National Health Service
issued a rule allowing doctors to wear
long sleeves
(C) there is a concern about people’s
wearing ties and long sleeves when
going to the hospital
(D) the clothes of doctors are considered
to be the source of bacteria that may
infect people
(E) the clothes of the patients are the
means of spreading bacteria to
doctors who are treating them
5. The findings of the New York Hospital
Medical Centre show that ?
(A) 40 medical workers have been
infected by various diseases from
patients
(B) all the ties worn by medical personnel
are reservoirs for germs
(C) no one of the 10 security guards gets
the bacteria from patients
(D) long sleeves are to be the most
suitable wear for hospital personnel
(E) 50 % of medical personnel’s ties have
been proven to be a reservoir of
bacteria
6. ‘bare below the elbow’ in line 5 means ?
(A) a jacket with long sleeves
(B) a formal attire
(C) a shirt with short sleeves
(D) a doctor’s uniform
(E) a shirt with a tie
7. From the text we may conclude that ?
(A) the New York Times’ article has
helped socialize the legally
recognized findings of the New York
Hospital’s research
(B) generally doctors and hospitals do
not know that they are accused of
spreading bacteria to people
(C) Professor Dale Fisher is sure that
what doctors wear are reservoirs of
germs that cause people to get a
certain disease
(D) the findings that doctor’s clothes can
be a means of spreading a disease
have not yet been accepted by most
doctors
(E) hospitals in the US have adopted the
policy of ‘bare below the elbows’ for
all medical doctors.
8. If the food-producing nations had not
sent immediate aid, thousands of
people in the drought regions would
have died.
From the above sentence we may conclude
that ?
(A) there was still empathy among
nations
(B) nations deliberately produced food
for the victims
(C) potential nations which could help
were indifferent
(D) food-producing nations were hit by a
severe drought
(E) victims of the drought were unable to
Survive

Text 3

Unlike beloved children’s stories, nature is a cruel, hard world that is painted not in watercolors
but in blood. A study found that chemicals released by plants as they are eaten can help push caterpillars to
cannibalism. Many plants release the chemical methyl jasmonate when stressed or damaged. Getting
gnawed on by a caterpillar is stressful, so when the caterpillars start biting, the chemical flare goes up. Other
nearby plants sense the flare and start producing their own methyl jasmonate, building a chemical
camouflage around their leaves 5 and stems. Once all the food sources taste terrible, caterpillars turn to the
next available meal: each other. Plants with the time to build up a strong defense can make their leaves so
unappetizing that caterpillars will start eating each other to get their fill, leaving the plant alone.
 Researchers now plan to also look into how insect viruses are transferred during their more
carnivorous period. If viruses that harm caterpillars are transferred more easily by cannibalism, that could
be a gain for the plants. Not only are their leaves protected 10 from pests, but now those predators are
spreading disease amongst themselves, reducing the herbivore population further. Interestingly enough,
cannibalism can serve some important functions among these herbivores. Eating each other literally takes
the competition out of the food chain, and keeps the surviving population strong in a time when food might
be scarce. Therefore, we should not be too quick to judge these fuzzy little cannibals. It’s a bug eat bug world
out there.

9. Which of the following statements is NOT
TRUE according to the text?
(A) Stress may save plants from being
consumed.
(B) Plants can manipulate their own
perception of taste.
(C) Under constraints, plants can alter
their predator’s appetite.
(D) Cannibalism helps maintain food
supply in times of need.
(E) The chemical methyl jasmonate
drives caterpillars away from their
natural food.
10. The topic of this passage is. . . .
(A) Caterpillars’ Consumption Behavior
(B) Cannibalism and Its Effect on
Caterpillars
(C) The Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on
Insects
(D) Plant’s Defense Mechanism against
Herbivores
(E) The Cause and Effect of Cannibalism
Among Caterpillars
11. It can be inferred from the text that. . . .
(A) cannibalism may balance the supply
and demand for food
(B) viruses are easily transferred by means
of cannibalism
(C) the chemicals decrease the caterpillars’
hunger for food
(D) cannibalism is a natural phenomenon
among herbivores
(E) other bugs can also turn cannibalistic
towards each other

Text 4

Despite their advantages, technological advancements have led to the polarization of the labor
market. While middle-skill jobs become increasingly automated, high-skill jobs that require a combination
of cognitive skills, creative acumen and leadership expertise have not been affected. Similarly, low-skill jobs
that require customer service have been drastically changed by automated systems. Therefore, it is the low-
class and middle-skill routine occupations that have been decimated by the technological revolution.

As low-skill and middle-skill opportunities shrink, giving rise to high jobs, wages also become either
high or low. This disparity has already impacted the economy and will continue to change the labor market’s
landscape. Although it naturally impacts current employees, students and job-seekers should also take heed
of the patterns that have emerged. Since the jobs that are harder to automate involve creativity, cognition
and social skills, job-seekers should develop these intangible qualities to make themselves more valuable
to potential employers.

The medical field has also been impacted by automated machines. Many diagnostic tests and
surgical tools have become automated by complex machines and programs. However, the human touch in
the medical field is essential as it ensures that a patient is being treated as a human instead of just as a body.
A nurse’s interaction with his or her patients is invaluable and impossible to effectively replicate. Similarly,
while machines can assist with tasks before, during, and after a surgery, a machine cannot replace a skilled
human surgeon since it lacks intuitions and instincts.
 12. The following are questions that the
passage tries to address EXCEPT. . . .
(A) Who is affected by the automation of
jobs?
(B) How has the labor market become
polarized?
(C) What is the impact of automation to
wage conditions?
(D) How can the government balance
automation and human labor?
(E) Why is human touch irreplaceable in
the medical field?
13. What can be inferred about high-skill jobs?
(A) There is a decline in vacancy.
(B) They are at great risk for automation.
(C) They require more cognitive skills
than social skills.
(D) They play a role in the automation of
low-skill and middle-class jobs.
(E) They are relatively safe from being
automated in the labor market.
14. What is the tone of the passage?
(A) Outraged
(B) Sarcastic
(C) Persuasive
(D) Introspective
(E) Objective

Text 5

From birth, infants naturally show a preference for human contact and interaction, including faces
and voices. These basic predispositions to social stimuli are altered in individuals diagnosed with autism
spectrum disorders (ASD). A new study conducted by researchers at the Yale University School of Medicine
now reports that 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism divert their gaze from facial features
when that face is speaking. One of the best methods to examine autism in very young infants is the use of
eye-tracking. This technology uses advanced video monitoring and special software that tracks and ’maps’
exactly where the eyes are focused and for how long. Dr. Frederick Shic and his colleagues used this method
to examine how 6-month-old infants looked at videos of still, smiling, and speaking faces. The infants were
later assessed at 3 years of age and divided into groups based on their diagnosis of ASD, other
developmental delays, or typical development. Infants who later developed ASD not only looked at all faces
less than other infants, but also, when shown a face that was speaking, looked away from key facial features
such as the eyes and mouth.

"These results suggest that the presence of speech disrupts typical attentional processing of faces
in those infants later diagnosed with ASD," said Shic. "This is the first study to isolate an atypical response
to speech as a specific characteristic in the first half year after birth that is associated with later emerging
ASD." These findings indicate that infants who later develop ASD have difficulty maintaining attention to
relevant social information as early as 6 months of age, a phenomenon that could reduce the quality of their
social and communicative exchanges with others and, consequently, the trajectory of their social
development.

Autism typically can’t be diagnosed until at least two years of age, but this and other studies confirm
that abnormalities in behavior and attention can be detected as early as 6 months of age. "It seems clear
that brain changes related to autism appear much earlier than we traditionally diagnose this disorder,"
commented Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry. "This study elegantly illustrates that autism-
related disturbances in social relatedness are present very early in life, shaping one’s most fundamental
social contacts."

These affected infants may be experiencing an altered social experience at a critical developmental
point. The hope is that this and further research can help clarify how and when the developmental trajectory
is altered in children who develop autism and, potentially, develop targeted interventions that could
normalize their developmental processes.
 15. The author’s purpose in writing this article
is to ... . 17. The word "atypical" in paragraph 2 is
(A) compare typical children and closest in meaning to ... .
children that develop autism at early (A) illegal
age. (B) unusual
(B) illustrate the advanced research in (C) important
psychiatry due to modern technology. (D) irregular
(C) argue that autistic infants should (E) impossible
receive special treatment fromtheir
family. 18. It can be inferred from the passage that the
(D) explain that autism can be detected research ... .
early by using an eye-tracking test on (A) succeeded in revealing new
infants. important information about autism
(E) informthat infants with autismhave diagnosis.
difficulties in identifying people’s (B) managed to discover the reasons
intentions. autism causes changes in children’
brains.
16. According to the text, infants with ASD ... . (C) found why autism at an early stage
(A) gazed at facesmore frequently than was easier to detect than at a later
typical infants. stage.
(B) stared at all faces without noticing (D) convinced parents to send their 6-
their key features. month-old babies to get the eye-
(C) were more attracted to smiling faces tracking test.
than speaking faces. (E) required many years of observation
(D) avoided looking atmain facial and collaboration with various
features of speaking faces. researchers.
(E) diverted their gaze from speaking
faces and smiling faces.

Text 6

(1) The factor that determines whether ozone is good or bad is its location. (2) Ozone is "good"
when it is in the stratosphere. (3) The stratosphere is a layer of the atmosphere starting at the level of about
6 miles (about 10 kilometers) above sea level. (4) The stratosphere naturally contains about six parts per
million of ozone. (5) This ozone is very beneficial because it absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from
reaching us. (6) When it is at ground level, in contrast, ozone is "bad". (7) Ozone is a very reactive gas that
is hard on lung tissue. (8) It also damages plants and buildings. (9) Any ozone at ground level is a problem.
(10) Unfortunately, chemicals in car exhaust and chemicals produced by some industries react with light to
produce lots of ozone at ground level. (11) In cities, the ozone level can rise to a point where it becomes
hazardous to our health. (12) That’s when you hear about an ozone warning on the news. (13) To protect
yourself from ozone exposure, you should be aware of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in your area every day.

19. Which of the following sentences is irrelevant?

(A) Sentence 5.
(B) Sentence 7.
(C) Sentence 8.
(D) Sentence 12.
(E) Sentence 13.

20. The paragraph should end with ...

(A) These facts show that ozone can be found in different layers of atmosphere.
(B) Thus, the position of the ozone decides if it is considered advantageous or disadvantageous to
human.
(C) Since ozone is dangerous, many pharmaceutical companies manufacture a variety of health
products.
(D) In conclusion, the composition of ozone can either be beneficial or dangerous to our health.
(E) It is clear that chemicals produced by human worsen the condition of ozone in the atmosphere.