OUTLINE

– Definitions
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

– Types of Energy Audits

Energy Auditing – Industrial, Commercial and Residential

Audits
– Components of an Energy Audit
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University of Technology, Jamaica

Presented by – Auditors Toolbox
Kirkland Rowe, P.E., CEM – Preparing for the visit
Certified Energy Manager – Conducting the visit
School of Engineering – Audit Report
University of Technology, Jamaica

What is an Energy Audit? What is an Energy Audit?

• An energy audit (or energy survey) is a

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING study of how energy is used in a

facility and an analysis of what
alternatives could be used to reduce
energy costs.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 3 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 4
 Goals of the Energy Audit Energy Audits

• Clearly identify types and costs of energy use TYPES OF ENERGY AUDITS
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

• Understand how energy is being used--and
possibly wasted The basic audit levels, in order of
• Identify and analyze more cost-effective ways increasing complexity are:
of using energy
- improved operational techniques The Walk-Through Audit
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University of Technology, Jamaica

- new equipment, new processes or new – is a tour of the facility to visually inspect
technology each of the energy using systems
• Perform an economic analysis on those
alternatives and determine which are cost-
effective for your business or industry.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 5 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 6

Energy Audits Energy Audits

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDITS TYPES OF ENERGY AUDITS

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

The basic audit levels, in order of INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING The basic audit levels, in order of
increasing complexity are: increasing complexity are:
• Level 2—Standard Audit • Level 3—Computer Simulation
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University of Technology, Jamaica

– The standard audit goes on to quantify – The level three audit will include more detail
energy uses and losses through a more of energy use by function and a more
detailed review and analysis of equipment, comprehensive evaluation of energy use
systems, and operational characteristics. patterns. This is accomplished through use
of computer simulation software.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 7 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 8
 Industrial AUDITS

• The highly specialized equipment that is used in

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

industrial processes is what differentiates these
facilities from large commercial operations.

• The challenge for the auditor and energy

management specialist is to learn how this
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University of Technology, Jamaica

complex—and often unique—industrial
equipment operates, and to come up with
INDUSTRIAL , COMMERCIAL AND improvements to the processes and the
RESIDENTIAL AUDITS equipment that can save energy and money.

Use handout
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 9 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 10

Commercial AUDITS Residential AUDITS

• Commercial audits span the range from • Audits of single-family residences,

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

very simple audits for small offices to however, are generally fairly simple.
very complex audits for multi-story office
buildings or large shopping centers. • For single-family structures, the energy
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University of Technology, Jamaica

audit focuses on the thermal envelope

• Complex commercial audits are and the appliances such as the heater, air
performed in substantially the same conditioner, water heater, and “plug
manner as industrial audits. loads.”
Use handout Use handout
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 11 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 12
 Components of an Energy Audit

The audit process starts by collecting information

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

about a facility’s operation and data of its energy
use. This data is then analysed to get a picture of how
the facility uses and possibly wastes energy, as well
as to help the auditor learn what areas to examine to
reduce energy costs.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

Subsequently, Energy Conservation Opportunities
(ECOs) are identified and evaluated to determine
their benefits and their cost effectiveness. Finally,
COMPONENTS OF AN ENERGY ECOs are selected for implementation, and the actual
process of saving energy and saving money begins.
AUDIT

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 13 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 14

Components of an Energy Audit

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

1. Auditors Toolbox

2. Preparing for the visit

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University of Technology, Jamaica

3. Conducting the visit

This section covers the common energy audit
instruments which are typically used to
4. Audit Report obtain the range of data required.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 15 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition.
 AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX

To obtain the best information for Below is a list tools which are commonly used when conducting an energy
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

a successful energy audit, the audit. Some tools may only be suitable when conducting an industrial or
auditor must make measurements commercial audit. Each tool is discussed in further details in this section.
during the audit visit.
1. Tape Measures 7. Clamp On Ammeter
The type of audit instruments needed 2. Light meter 8. Combustion Analyzer
depends on the range of energy
3. Thermometers
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University of Technology, Jamaica

consuming equipment used at the
9. Air Flow Measurement
facility, and on the potential 4. Infrared Cameras Devices
ENERGY CONSERVATION 5. Voltmeter 10. Blower Door Attachment
OPPORTUNITIES (ECOs) that might 6. Wattmeter/Power 11. Miniature Data Loggers
be considered. Factor Meter

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 17 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 18

AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX

1. Tape Measures 3. Thermometers
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INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Thermometers are needed to measure temperatures
A 25 foot and a 100 foot tape of room spaces and equipment. Some common types
measure are used to check include an immersion probe, a surface temperature
the dimensions of walls, probe, and a radiation shielded probe for measuring
true air temperature. An infra-red “gun” is valuable
ceilings, windows and for measuring temperatures of steam lines that are not
distances between pieces of readily reached without a ladder.
equipment.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

4. Infrared Cameras
2. Light meter Infrared cameras can be used to find overheated
The light meter is used to electrical wires, connections, neutrals,
measure illumination levels in circuit breakers, transformers, motors and other
pieces of electrical equipment. They can also be
facilities. used to find wet insulation, missing insulation, roof
leaks, and cold
spots.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 19 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 20
 AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX

5. Voltmeter
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Select the energy audit instrument you
Voltmeter is useful for determining operating would use to measure illumination in a
voltages on electrical equipment. room.
6. Clamp On Ammeter
These are very useful instruments for
measuring current in a wire without having
to make any live electrical connections.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

7. Wattmeter/Power Factor Meter
Hand-held wattmeter and power factor
meter is used for determining the power 1 2 3 4 5
consumption and power factor inductive
devices.
Answer: explosion-incorrect; applause-correct

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 21 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 22

AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX AUDITOR’S TOOL BOX

8. Combustion Analyzer 10. Blower Door Attachment
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Building or structure tightness can be measured
Combustion analyzers are portable devices with a blower door attachment. This device is
capable of estimating the combustion frequently used in residences and in office buildings
efficiency of furnaces, boilers, or other to determine the air leakage rate or the number of
fossil fuel burning machines. air changes per hour in the facility.

11. Miniature Data Loggers

9. Airflow Measurement Devices These are electronic instruments that record
measurements of temperature, relative humidity, light
Measuring airflow from heating, air intensity, light on/off, and motor on/off. With external
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University of Technology, Jamaica

conditioning or ventilating ducts, or from sensors they can record measurements of current,
other sources of airflow is one of the voltage, apparent power (kVA), pressure, and CO2
energy auditor’s tasks. Typical airflow
measuring devices include a velometer, an
anemometer, or an airflow hood.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 23 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 24
 PREPARING FOR THE VISIT
Some preliminary work must be
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

done before the auditor makes the
actual visit to a facility.

Data should be collected on the

facility’s use of energy through
examination of utility bills, and
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University of Technology, Jamaica

physical description and operation
of the facility.

This section examines the preliminary work This data is analyzed to aid in
which the energy auditor must complete identifying Energy Conservation
before visiting the facility to collect data. Opportunities during the actual
site visit to the facility.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 26

PREPARING FOR THE VISIT PREPARING FOR THE VISIT

Energy Use Data
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

The energy auditor should start by collecting
data on energy use, power demand and cost
for at least the previous 12 months. Twenty-four
months of data might be necessary to
adequately understand some types of billing
methods.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

This data should then be put into tabular and Look for anomalies
graphic form to see what kind of patterns or in energy use and
problems appear from the tables or graphs. investigate possible
Any anomaly in the pattern of energy use
raises the possibility for some significant
reasons.
energy or cost savings by identifying and
controlling that anomalous behaviour. How does this relate
27 28
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition.
to the image here?
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition.
 SAMPLE JPS BILL
PREPARING FOR THE VISIT
Rate Structures
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

To fully understand the cost of energy, the
auditor must determine the rate structure
under which that energy use is billed.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

•The auditor can help the customers
understand the rate structures that control
the cost of the energy.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 30

PREPARING FOR THE VISIT PREPARING FOR THE VISIT

Rate Structures Rate Structures

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

• Electrical Demand Charges: The demand • Ratchet Clauses: Some utilities have a
charge is based on a reading of the ratchet clause in their rate structure
maximum power in kW that a customer which stipulates that the minimum power
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University of Technology, Jamaica

demands in one month. demand charge will be the highest

demand recorded in the last billing period
or some percentage (i.e., typically 70%) of
the highest power demand recorded in
the last year.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 31 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 32
 PREPARING FOR THE VISIT
PREPARING FOR THE VISIT
Rate Structures
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

When conducting an energy
audit in Jamaica, the only
Discounts/Penalties: utility bill the auditor needs to
• Utilities generally provide discounts on their review is the one provided by
energy and power rates for customers who JPS.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

accept power at high voltage and provide
TRUE FALSE
transformers on site.
• They also commonly assess penalties when
a customer has a power factor less than 0.9. Answer: explosion-incorrect; applause-correct

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 33 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 34

PREPARING FOR THE VISIT

PREPARING FOR THE VISIT
Physical and Operational Data for the Safety Considerations
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Facility INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING Safety is a critical part of any

energy audit. The audit person or
team should be thoroughly briefed
The auditor must gather information on on safety equipment and
procedures, and should never place
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University of Technology, Jamaica

factors likely to affect energy use in the themselves in a position where they
could injure themselves or other
facility. This includes geographic location, people at the facility.

weather data, facility layout and construction, Auditors should be extremely

operating hours, and equipment , which can all careful making any measurements
on electrical systems, or on high
influence energy use. temperature devices.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 35 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 36
 CONDUCTING THE VISIT
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Once the information on energy bills,
facility equipment and facility operation has
been obtained, the actual visit to the
facility can be made.

The auditor must consider the following

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University of Technology, Jamaica

components when conducting the visit at
the audit location:
1. Introductory Meeting
This section covers the activities carried out by the 2. Audit Interviews
energy auditor upon visiting the facility, which includes 3. Walk-through Tour
the collection of energy audit data and interviewing key 4. Getting Detailed Data
stakeholders with knowledge of the facility .
5. Preliminary Identification of ECOs

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 38

CONDUCTING THE VISIT CONDUCTING THE VISIT

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

1. Introductory Meeting 2. Audit Interviews
The energy auditor should meet with Getting the correct information on facility equipment and
the facility owner/operator, briefly operation is important if the audit is going to be successful. The
company expectations from the audit can be determined by
discuss the purpose of the audit and interviewing the general manager, chief operating officer, or
indicate the kind of information that is other executives.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

to be obtained during the visit.

The facility manager or plant manager is one person that
If possible, the person who is in a should have access to much of the operational data on the
position to authorize expenditures or facility, and a file of data on facility equipment. For an home
make decisions should also be at this audit, the home owner can provide all this information.
initial meeting.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 39 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 40
 CONDUCTING THE VISIT CONDUCTING THE VISIT
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

When conducting the walk 3. Walk-through Tour
through tour of the facility, the
A walk-through tour of the facility should be
energy auditor needs to collect
very detailed information.
conducted so the auditor can see the major
operational and equipment features of the
facility.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

TRUE FALSE
The main purpose of the walk-through tour is
to obtain general information. More specific
Answer: explosion-incorrect; applause-correct
information can be obtained from
owners/operators after the tour.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 41 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 42

CONDUCTING THE VISIT CONDUCTING THE VISIT

4. Getting Detailed Data
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INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Following the tour, the auditor should acquire Getting Detailed Data
detailed data on equipment and operation that What to look for
will lead to identifying Energy Conservation An inventory of all equipment that consumes energy should
Opportunities (ECOs). This includes data on be taken. Data on types, sizes, capacities, fuel use, electrical
1. Lighting characteristics, age, and operating hours should be recorded
2. HVAC equipment
for all of this equipment.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

3. Motors
4. Water heating
5. Other energy consuming equipment/devices Prepared data sheets can be used to record number of each
This data is most easily recorded on individualized type, type, size, model numbers, age, electrical specifications,
data sheets that have been prepared in advance. energy rating, fuel use specifications, hours of operation and
environmental characteristics such as temperature, humidity and
pressure where appropriate.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 43 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 44
 CONDUCTING THE VISIT
5. Preliminary Identification of ECOs
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

While the audit is being conducted,
the auditor should take notes on
potential ECOs that are evident.

Identifying ECOs requires a good

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University of Technology, Jamaica

knowledge of the available energy
efficiency technologies that can
accomplish the same job with less This section provides an overview on the format
and components of the audit report in which the
energy and less cost. data collected is examined, organized and
reviewed for completeness.

Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 45 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition.

THE AUDIT REPORT THE AUDIT REPORT

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

•Following the audit visit to the facility, the data • Regardless of the audience for the audit
collected should be examined, organized and report, it should be written in a clear, concise
reviewed. and easy-to understand format and style.
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University of Technology, Jamaica

•The auditor then prepares the energy audit report

• The executive summary should be tailored
containing the results and recommendations.
to non-technical personnel, and technical
jargon should be minimized. A client who
•The length and detail of this report will vary
understands the report is more likely to
depending on the type of facility audited
implement the recommended ECOs.
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 47 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 48
 AUDIT REPORT FORMAT Energy audits are an important first step
in the overall process of reducing energy
costs for any building, company, or
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

1. Executive Summary 5. Energy Bill Analysis

a) A brief summary of the

a) Utility rate structures
b) Tables and graphs of energy
industry. A thorough audit identifies and
recommendations and cost
savings
consumptions and costs
c) Discussion of energy costs and energy
analyzes the changes in equipment and
2. Table of Contents
3. Introduction
bills
6. Energy Conservation Opportunities
operations that will result in cost-effective
a) Purpose of the energy audit a) Listing of potential ECOs energy cost reduction. The energy auditor
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University of Technology, Jamaica

b) Need for a continuing energy b) Cost and savings analysis
cost control program c) Economic evaluation plays a key role in the successful conduct
4. Facility Description 7. Action Plan
a) Product or service, and a) Recommended ECOs and an of an audit, and also in the
implementation schedule
materials flow, size,
construction, facility layout, b) Designation of an energy monitor and implementation of the audit
ongoing program
and hours of operation
b) Equipment list, with 8. Conclusion recommendations.
specifications a) Additional comments not otherwise
covered
Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 49 Reference Text: Turner, W. C., & Doty. (2007). Energy management handbook 6th Edition. 50

END OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDITING

Energy conservation begins with a change in attitude!!!

University of Technology, Jamaica

Presented by
Kirkland Rowe, P.E., CEM
Certified Energy Manager
School of Engineering
University of Technology, Jamaica
Kirkland.rowe@utech.edu.jm; kirkrowe@hotmail.com
Tel: (876) 822-1416