#1 - Introduction To Photovoltaic System

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Design a Smart Future
Introduction to Photovoltaic Systems-EE200
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Activities Focus
ENGINEERING
Behind the Meter Front the Meter ?
Utility Oa
OF ELECTRICAL
AC Disconnect Disconnect ~
AC Switch Switch
<
Bidirectional Service a
= Energy Meter Transformer by
Grid-tied Circuit Breaker
Inverter Panel —
INSTITUTE
r 2
“Photovoltaic Systems. ++Cogeneration (CHP).

.
“*Power Systems Analysis. » &
2,
“Wind Turbine. “ Energy Efficiency. * Distribution Systems. f=»

Fuel Cells. Energy Auditing. “Power Systems Quality.
GLOBAL
“Energy Storage. “> Energy Management. “*Power Systems Protection. =

**Back up Generators. + & More. “Grid Integration of Renewable J
Energy Resources.
**Impact of DG interconnection to the Grid.
THE
+ & More.
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Co Re Lelee
ENGINEERING
Quiz#1 (5pts)
Assigment#1 (5pts) ~\
Quiz#2 (5pts)
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Ng
G >=80%
Assigment#2 (5pts) — a Grade
Quiz#3 (5pts) > (100%)
Pass
Assigment#3 (5pts) =e
Final Project (20pts) | ee
INSTITUTE
Final Exam (5Opts) G < 80%
Fail
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$30 Exam Fee

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Electrical Power System Overview

ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
400 kV
2 x=
transformer transmission line transformer

INSTITUTE
(substation)
GLOBAL
THE
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Electrical Power System Overview
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ENGINEERING
Transmission ... , Distributed ati

oe Power el
lan = storage ae
System
Natural Gas
wha
OF ELECTRICAL
: ; He
rt it Hi ; {
A GS oe
be
a
at i
: { gi 1] fa’
4
x = ‘(Le
; : nu
Distribution PHEV ag
Substations 2
Home E psEfficiency
ome Energy
Storage
INSTITUTE
Wind Farm
Solar Farm
GLOBAL
THE

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Solar Power System Overview

ENGINEERING
To Utility
OF ELECTRICAL
Household
Loads
. Utility
ACD =" Disconnect
Ss Switch
AC
Bidirectional
INSTITUTE
DC Disconnect Energy Meter

Switch Grid-tied Circuit Breaker
Inverter Panel
GLOBAL
THE

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ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
OF ELECTRICAL
Fundamentals of Solar Energy

INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
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Outline
1.1 Introduction
ENGINEERING
1.2 The Sun

1.3 Air Mass
1.4 Radiation, Irradiance, and Insolation
1.5 Peak Sun Hour.
OF ELECTRICAL
1.6 Solar Radiation Measuring Tools.

1.7 Solar Position.
1.8 Geographic coordinates
1.9 The revolution and rotation of the Earth
INSTITUTE
1.10 Tilt Angle

1.11 Finding the Insolation for your Location.
& more Topics.
GLOBAL
THE

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Facts about the Sun & the Earth

ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Sun Earth Ratio
Diameter (km) 1,392,520 12,756 1:109

Circumference (km) 4,373,097 40,075 1:109
INSTITUTE
Surface (km?) 6.0874-10'@ 5.101-10° 1:11,934

Volume (km°) 1.4123-10'8 1.0833-10' 1:1,303,670
Mass (kg) 1.9891-10 5.9742-10*4 1:332,946
Average density (g/cm*) 1.409 5.516 1:0.26
Gravity (surface) (m/s*) 274.0 9.81 1:28
GLOBAL
Surface temperature (K) 5777 288 1:367

Centre temperature (K) 15,000,000 6700 1:2200
THE

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h = 6.626 x 10 joules ~ he = 1.99 x 1025 joules-m
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Wavelength (A) |
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Shorter Wavelength
INSTITUTE
Longer Wavelength
GLOBAL
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| GIEE
>» The primary law governing blackbody radiation is the Planck Radiation
ENGINEERING
Law, which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface

area into a fixed direction (solid angle) from the blackbody as a function
of wavelength for a fixed temperature.
>» The Planck Law can be expressed through the following equation
OF ELECTRICAL
2he? 1
BAT) = 95 * fae)
e =2
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 * 10-34] «s

c = speed of light = 2.997925 « 10° m/ sec
INSTITUTE
A= wavelength (mM )
k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.381 « 107°3 J/K
T = temperature (K)
E is the spectral irradiance in Wm?um"
GLOBAL
THE

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ENGINEERING
> On Earth, its atmosphere filters the sunlight. When

the sunlight is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced
as sunshine, which is a combination — of
bright light and radiant heat.
OF ELECTRICAL
8 minutes ——>
J
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

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Atmospheric Effects on the solar
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4 Atmospheric effects have several impacts on the solar radiation at the Earth's
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O©GIEE-All rights reserved RA

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18)
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-

| GIEE
Example
ENGINEERING
2 m? area) is equal to
If the radiation/Irradiance over a certain location (with
for 4 hours, what is the
800 W, it remained receiving this amount of radiation
insolation (Irradiation)?
OF ELECTRICAL
Solar Radiation 800 W
4 hours
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
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Example
ENGINEERING
If the radiation/Irradiance over a certain location (with 2 m? area) is equal to

800 W, it remained receiving this amount of radiation for 4 hours, what is the
insolation (Irradiation)?
Solution:
OF ELECTRICAL
kWh = 4 hrs x 800W/m? x 2 m?

= 6400 Wh (6.4 kWh)
Insolation = 4 hrs x 800 W/m?
= 3200 Wh/m? (3.2 kWh/m7) per day
INSTITUTE
Solar Radiation 800 W
4 hours
GLOBAL
THE

18)
= Peak Sun Hour
Oo
iu) >» The figure below shows a curve of solar radiation for a specific location during the
z day.
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4
a
gradually until it reaches the maximum value where the sun is perpendicular to the
iS) location where we have measured the solar radiation. This occurs at 12:00 PM noon,
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i
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ve day (kWh/m? per day).
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4 solar radiation S(t) with respect to time.
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Lh) >» Let us assume that after we calculate the insolation from the curve, we found that
é this is equal to 5.5 kWh/m? per day.
x
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c >» We can express this value by referring to the peak value of the radiation which is 1
LS) kW/m?.
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a
7 >» Therefore, we will get the curve in figure B where we can deal with it more easily
S than curve A, and we can understand better. The area of the red rectangle in Figure
4+
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oo
ok specific day. We can find the insolation by calculating the area under the curve of solar
4 radiation vs. the time as we have just mentioned.
a
=
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WW
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Area Under Curve = Solar Insolation
°
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= 12:00PM Time of Day _—* Time
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f= a Peak Sun Hours
A s
| GIEE
Peak Sun Hour

Conclusion:
ENGINEERING
are the number of hours per day when the solar irradiance
equals 1,000 W/m?
OF ELECTRICAL
For Example:
5 peak sun hours = 5 kWh/m?, where the energy received during total
daylight hours equals at 1000 W/m?
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
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Solar Radiation Measuring Tools

Pyranometers
ENGINEERING
=
Kr
Solar irradiance is typically measured with a pyranometer.
> It is a sensor that measures the total global radiation (direct and diffused) in
a hemispherical field of view.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/programs/esrl/solar/solar.html

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OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE
THE GLOBAL
http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2015/03/what-is-a-solar-pyranometer/

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Handheld pyranometer
This uses silicon solar cell or photodiode
detectors with an easy-to-use digital read
of total solar radiation. out
THE GLOBAL INSTITUTE
http://www.solarsales.ca/products/meters/
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ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

Geographic coordinates
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The position of the site

ENGINEERING
Geographic coordinates: (Latitude and longitude)

e latitude (d)
¢ longitude (A) LS
Latitude (d): specifies the north-south position
OF ELECTRICAL
of a point on the Earth's surface. N @

— 0° at the Equator
— 90° (North or South) at the poles
North Pole
90
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
-908
South Pole

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= Geographic coordinates
Le)
Lu)
cs
x
WwW Longitude (A): specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.
Ww
c
LS) - the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,
z
18) England, was intended to establish the position of zero degrees longitude.
a
a
2
x prime meridian meridians
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©GIEE-All rights reserved wWww.giee.org

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— Geographic coordinates/Location
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Latitude
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abbreviated to UTC, is the primary

The Time ; time standard by which the world '
i regulates clocks and time. ;
ENGINEERING
GMT — Greenwich Mean Time

Boston
Sunday, March 12
Time Zone:
Sunday, November 5
Coordinates:
OF ELECTRICAL
Boston | United States | Massachusetts

Time mode: 24 hours or 12 hours (AM/PM)
Current local time in Boston, United States
Sunday, 23 Jul 2017 06:20 PM

INSTITUTE
Standard Time Zone: GMT/UTC - 05:00 hour
Daylight Saving Time: OS7 in use +1 ho

Current Time Zone offset: GMT/UTC - 4:00
e ae
4
GLOBAL
Soston. Map of location
See other cities

of United States
View travel resources for Soston
DST - Daylight Saving Time (Summer Time)
THE
GMT - Greenwich Mean Time

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

| GIEE
Daylight Saving Time (DST)

ENGINEERING
a clock change over the summer months to save energy. By this change, an hour of
electricity for lighting will be conserved by moving sunset closer to the time when most
people go to bed’.
Sleep at 10 PM Finish work at 3PM

OF ELECTRICAL
Start work at 7AM
Sunset | sunrise Regular Time

11PM-120F 9 -84776-5-44342-1-12-11-10-9-877}36-5-4AM
Regular Time+1-hr
INSTITUTE
12PM-11-110'-94817-6-5-4-3;72-1-12-11-10-978; 6-5-4AM
t |
GLOBAL
Sleep at 10 PM Finish work at 3PM Start work at 7AM

One hour of electricity for lighting is conserved
THE
Reference: esril.noaa ROV

Solar Position Roof Azimuth Too!
| GIEE
Demonstration Animation
. : Elevation Animation
Solar High & Azimuth paren
ENGINEERING
Up
8z
OF ELECTRICAL
< 7 >> h
INSTITUTE
6» = elevation angle, @ = zenithangle, | 9a = azimuth angle,

measured up from measured from measured from
horizon = Altitude vertical North
GLOBAL
> Solar height (Altitude) and azimuth can be calculated based on the /atitude, hour
angle, and declination angle.
THE

18) Sun Position Calculator:
= So ar seh ! 1 Te} a New Ver.: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/
Oo Old Ver.: https://www.esrl.nosa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/azel.htm!
Solar High & Azimuth
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Sun Position Calculator:
Solar Position
| GIEE
New Ver.: https://www.esri.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/
Old Ver.: h ; esr, ; md/er \ Lhtmi
Calae Uiek DO Awieesiusth
Goucester
ENGINEERING
ster rs Peatiody Salem

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a (i.e. compass heading): Roof Azimuth Tool STM Cm lier Bul et 0)
e 1. Find the roof by address. Address: i 70 lafayette st Bridgeport q Find Azimuth Tool @
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button to quide you through
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a direction of a roof edge.
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” The SunEye is Back.
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Longitude: emer
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Cre
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4
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The revolution and rotation of the Earth
| GIEE
North Pole
ENGINEERING
+ Northern Hemisphere
OF ELECTRICAL
Southern Hemisphere|
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
4 Seasons
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
Low density of
incident rays
(northern winter)
Sun
GLOBAL
High density of
incident rays
(southern summer)
THE

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SUMMER SOLSTICE: The first day of the Season of Summer. On this day (JUNE 21 in the northern
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x longest of the year.
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po
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a
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=E southward).
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a darkness at the Pole. In the northern hemisphere: SEPTEMBER 22 (the Sun crosses the Equator
a
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°
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June 21-22 Shs, December 21-22
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September 22-23
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Sun Position Calculator:
Solar Position
| GIEE
New Ver.: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/pgrad/solcalc/
Old Ver.: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/azel.htm!
Solar Noon
ENGINEERING
Ternperate Zone
OF ELECTRICAL
Tropical Zone
Temperate Zone
INSTITUTE
The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at:

- the Equator on the equinoxes
- the Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23°26'13.7” N) on the June solstice
- and at the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26'13.7” S) on the December solstice.
GLOBAL
In the Northern hemisphere, above the Tropic of Cancer, the sun is directly to the
south of the observer at solar noon, and in the Southern hemisphere, below the Tropic
THE
of Capricorn, it is directly to the north.

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Hour Angle
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°
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In the morning the hour angle is negative, in the afternoon the hour angle is positive.
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the Hour Angle is 0° at solar noon.
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Declination Angle
e
equatorial plane
The angle between the earth-sun line and the
stb
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23.45
OF ELECTRICAL
degrees
December 21
March and
September 21
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
reserved www.giee.org
OGIEE-All rights
| GIEE
Declination Angle
ENGINEERING
> Declination changes with the date and is independent of the location.
> The declination is maximum (23.45°) on the summer/winter solstice and
0° on the equinoxes.
This declination causes

OF ELECTRICAL
> The sun to be higher in the sky in the summer than in the winter.
> Longer summer sunlight hours and shorter winter sunlight hours.
zenith
meridian 90°
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
©GIEE-All rights reserved ee a

aa eo
Ww
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o
Declination Angle
oO ,
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Z ] +23.45 June 22
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ropic o .
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e vag +5 Apr 3, Sept 10
- al )> 0 Mar 21, Sept 23
- v. -5 Mar 8, Oct 6
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sa 2345" Tropic of .
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ro
any time. The optimal tilt angle will be latitude minus the declination angle (considering the sign of the angle).
The revolution and rotation of the
| GIEE
lade
Sun Path
ENGINEERING
June 21-22 Longest day

; March 21-22
OF ELECTRICAL
(a) Summer solstice at 40° latitude

(b) Sprin
or fall
g equat
ino
40° latitude
x
December 21-22 Shortest day
, in
INSTITUTE
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(c) Winter solstice at 40° latitude
GLOBAL
(d) Summer solstice at 80° latitude

THE
OGIEE-All rights reserved

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— The revolution and rotation
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*The apparent path of the sun across

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the solstices and equinoxe s during
s.
* Summer noon time sun in the northern

mid-latitudes is also higher above the hori
than the winter sun. zon
ARES Se Mia ata reserved

aH Medel eimai ey mie laa
| GIEE
Sun Path Charts
of f am
us solar altitude indicate the range o
ENGINEERING
Tables and charts of solar azimuth angle vers C

sun positions for particular location.
LOT Al. f
ELECTRICAL
OF
GLOBAL INSTITUTE
THE
Sun Path Charts
| GIEE
Sun Path Charts

ENGINEERING
SUN PATH CHART FOR 40°N

OF ELECTRICAL
ALRTUDE ANGLE
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
AZIMUTH ANGLE

| GIEE
Sun Path Charts

Stereographic Sun Path Diagrams
THE GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Altitude: a f : - Peat adi

30 ail we 62
LV ici etls | salts
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Date Lines .
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Sun Path Website 2
Sun Path Animation
Sun Path Software 1
Sun Path Software 2
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a
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ENGINEERING
The Earth’s annual orbit around the Sun. (otto scale)

21ST
MARCH
195 Day> s 80, weary
; Nexthern Spreng “ays :
tqurex Ne - point
OF ELECTRICAL
Southern
Aturrn Equinox
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December
’ Y Noort bors
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INSTITUTE
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SEPTEMBER hes in a plane called The Ecliptic
GLOBAL
THE
Annual Insolation (U.S.) Tool: http://www.solmetric.com/annualinsolation-us.html!

v8
= Magnetic Declination
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Magnetic Declination Magnetic Declination Tool
| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Magnetic Declination Map of North America for the year 2010

ELECTRICAL
OF
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GLOBAL
THE
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East= +ve Correction to the West
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Shading
| GIEE
> Shading is a problem in PV modules since shading just one cell in the
module can reduce the power output to zero.
ENGINEERING
> Photovoltaic modules are very sensitive to shading.

OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
Shading Tools/Devices:
Shading reports are typically generated by one of two devices, the Solar
Pathfinder and the Solmetric Sun-Eye. Both devices cost anywhere between a
GLOBAL
few hundred to a few thousand dollars.

THE

Shading Patent: https //www.google.com
/patents/US7516557
Solar Pathfinder Tool
O©GIEE-All rights reserved

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| GIEE

Application Specific
Latitude Specific
Rays show Solar Time
Arcs show Months

| GIEE
Solar Pathfinder Video 1
Solar Pathfinder Video 2
The diagrams are application spe-

cific: “South-facing” (for Norther
hemisphere) or "vertical" is for ap-
plications of 20-90 degrees tilt —
usually solar; "Horizontal" is for
applications of 0-20 degrees tilt —
usually ecological
The diagrams are latitude specific

(the closer to the equator, the more
the sun’s monthly paths will be
overhead).
The rays depict solar time.
The arcs depict average sun path for

given month.
The small numbers given in half-

hour increments give percentage of
radiation for that half-hour.

White Dot
Blue Triangle
Magnetic Declination Tab
ore
www.giee
©GIEE-All rights ae
| GIEE

ENGINEERING
Example:
The sun will not shine on
this site until approxi-
mately 9:30am during the
month of December. It
will be shaded again in the
afternoon from about
OF ELECTRICAL
2:15pm to 3:45pm.
In February, the sun will

shine on the site from
9:15am throughout the
rest of the day.
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

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) From sun path sheet, solar availability for month of October:
ot
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-
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unshaded area (percentage of radiation).
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18) Video 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=JDgtYEQLdxw
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Oo : Report: Solar Access and Shade Report
The Solmetric SunEye SunEye Sheet
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z allows users to assess total potential solar energy given the shading of a
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a
a
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system or house.
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é Monthly solar access: (Tilt=38°; Azim=180°)
96% 97% 97% oom
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x
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a
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ENGINEERING
Because of the curvature of the atmosphere, the air mass is not quite
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horizon.
OF ELECTRICAL
AM = ! 1.6364
cos(0)-+0.50572(96.07995—6)
INSTITUTE
*An empirical relationship from Kasten and Young (1989) for air mass that works for zenith angles approaching
GLOBAL
90° is
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£ and the number 0.7 arises from the fact that about 70% of the radiation
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Tilt Angle
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This is the angle between the solar module (which converts solar radiation into
ENGINEERING
electricity) and the ground as shown in the figure below.
\, \NY),
OF ELECTRICAL
‘
INSTITUTE
d)
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GLOBAL
THE

Tilt Angle
| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Solar module / More sunlight falls on a tilt

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OTilt = 90°
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ENGINEERING
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INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
Zz
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sunset sunset On 21 December
21 June equinoxes
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Amman (31.9333° N, 35.9333° E)
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* London Amman New York

| GIEE
How to obtain PSH values and optimum Tilt angle?

ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
POWER®
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/
INSTITUTE
NASA Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources

GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Introduction
ENGINEERING
Solar and meteorological data sets from NASA research for support of
renewable energy, building energy efficiency and agricultural needs.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Finding the Insolation for your Location

ENGINEERING
>» For example, Irbid City has a location of (32.5500° N, 35.8500° E), and London: City
has a location of (51.5072° N, 0.1275° W).
> The table below shows Monthly Averaged Insolation Incident on a Horizontal Surface
(kWh/m2/day) for both cities Irbid and London as a 22-year average.
OF ELECTRICAL
Jan | Feb | Mar |Apr | May |Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec
Irbid 2.71 | 3.43 | 4.72 | 6.04 | 7.19 | 7.79 | 7.62 | 6.88 | 5.85 | 4.36 | 3.15 | 2.49
London 0.75 | 1.37 | 2.31 | 3.57 | 4.59 | 4.86 | 4.82 | 4.20 | 2.81 | 1.69 | 0.92 | 0.60
INSTITUTE
> We can find the monthly insolation for each location on the earth by using NASA
Surface meteorology and Solar Energy Tables. We will use these tables to design our
solar power system.
GLOBAL
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer/
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| Tilt 17° 3.33 401 5.16 6.14 7.04 7.44 7.36 694 6.28 5.09 3.85 3.15 5.49
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Ts Tilt 47° 3.95 442 5.20 558 5.73 5.74 580 5.98 613 555 4.53 3.82 5.20
a Tilt 90° 3.36 3.44 3.47 2.97 2.48 2.21
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= Tilt 39° 486 576 546 586 584 563 539 5.77 6.16 636 5.55 4.62 5.60
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Aiwa
Pitch & Angle Locator
Pitch & Slope

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www.giee.org
©GIEE-All rights reserved
=
Wee
Tilt Angle
| GIEE
Digital protractor
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

Ww
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Le)
LY) > Asite assessment involves determining whether the location of the PV array
c system will be shaded, especially between the hours of 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. solar time:
x
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S
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Ww
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| GIEE Tilted Array Sy oe Tol lay
The minimum separati
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ENGINEERING
Row-Space Factor for 9

a.m.—3 p.m.
16
14
12
OF ELECTRICAL
Factor
10
Row-Space
ao
INSTITUTE
~ | 2 8 @ & hk a we
Latitude (°)
Multiply the row-Space
factor by the module
distance between row height to get the necess
s of modules. ary
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Reais ae-Wn rights reserved
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Separation Factor, Distance/Height (D/H)
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Tilted Array Spacing
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ENGINEERING
Interrow Spacing at 35°N Latitude

OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
SOUTH Row Height

x 2.3 = 4.6 ft.
GLOBAL
THE
Reference: https://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-electricity/design-installation/interrow-spacing
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ENGINEERING
Example#1:
Q Location: 32.331752, 35.802865
O) L= 6m, O tir =13°
Q Minimum Inter-row Spacing?
OF ELECTRICAL
Sun
<— True South

INSTITUTE
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Britt Brit
GLOBAL
Row in the South Row in the North

THE

| GIEE

ENGINEERING
Example#1: X=1.35m
QO) Location: 32.331752, 35.802865 Altitude= 23°
C) L= 6m, Orin=13° Azimuth=40°
Q) Minimum Inter-row Spacing?
OF ELECTRICAL
X= Sin(6,i1-) XL |
<
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D.. =
m Tan(§qi-)
<—— True South
INSTITUTE
Britt Britt
GLOBAL

THE

| GIEE

ENGINEERING
Example#2:
OQ Location: 45.020507, 25.680411
OC) L= 6m, O8arr=15°
QO Minimum Inter-row Spacing?
OF ELECTRICAL
Sun
<— True South

INSTITUTE
Ne)
e
e®™
Britt Brit
GLOBAL

THE

| GIEE

ENGINEERING
Example#3:
Q Location: -33.895816, 151.201098
OQ L= 4m, Oar=15°
Q Minimum Inter-row Spacing?
OF ELECTRICAL
Sun
<— True South

INSTITUTE
Ne)
e
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Britt Brit
GLOBAL

THE

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Ww
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© based on complex calculations made by GIEE and can be used in small systems
4
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4
4 North of Jordan
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ite
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<
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4
WW
Assume the tilt angle is 27°, the length of the PV panel is 1.6m, and
oo the location is Irbid city. The minimum inter-row spacing can be
a
c calculated as follows:
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= Dm=1.84 x sin(27) x1.6 = 1.34m
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ie) on the winter solstice, December 21st.
2
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z
Ww >» You need to obtain the minimum solar altitude angle 9an, which is the minimum.angle
a
ae
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_
+
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a
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=ro
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rights reserved www.giee.org
©GIEE-All
| GIEE
Solar Collectors Orientation

ENGINEERING
| Tilt Angle | | Azimuth Angle | Altitude Angle | Magnetic Declination Angle

OF ELECTRICAL
Autumn/Spring Summer Sun

INSTITUTE
Winter Sun
GLOBAL
cy
THE

ee ae eo 4
| GIEE
Nie} F:]mae-le.(-)
ENGINEERING
Solar tracker: A device for orienting a day lighting reflector, solar photovoltaic
panel or concentrating solar reflector or lens toward the sun.
aT
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
The companies that sell solar trackers are claiming an increase of 25-45% in power
THE
output compared to fixed-tilt solar systems

| GIEE
Solar tracker
ENGINEERING
Why need a solar tracker?
> The sun's position in the sky varies both with the seasons and time of
day as the sun moves across the sky.
OF ELECTRICAL
> Solar powered equipment works best when pointed at or near the
sun.
> A solar tracker can increase the effectiveness of such equipment over
any fixed position, at the cost of additional system complexity.
INSTITUTE
o Increase Solar Panel Output

o Max. efficiency of the panel
GLOBAL
o Maximize Power per unit Area

o Able to grab the energy through out the day
THE
O©GIEE-All rights reserved TRA

ea eae 4
| GIEE
Solar tracker
ENGINEERING
Cumulative daily irradiation received by fixed and tracking collectors for different
seasons, direct beam contribution only.
8 10F Tracking collector

OF ELECTRICAL
Se i, Fixed collector |
9 8 A =summer
. BTL ilo
E 6F> C= winter C
EO acer ea
o 4 C
INSTITUTE
5£
2 2
~
O 0 \ i 1 1
GLOBAL
THE

Ye) elmer ecs
Single axis solar trackers
is used
The horizontal-axis solar tracker
sun gets
in tropical regions where the
short.
very high at noon, but the days are
d in
The vertical-axis solar tracker is use
get
high latitudes where the sun does not
very
very high, but summer days can be
long. - _ — — — — —
O©GIEE-All rights
Solar tracker
rs
Double axis solar tracke
tical axle.
> Have a horizontal and a ver
motion exactly
> track the Sun's apparent
anywhere in the World.
move a surface
> Two-axis tracking systems
always into an ideal position.
relatively
> Two-axis tracking systems are em
complicated
www.giee.ore
O©GIEE-All rights reserved
| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Chapter 2
OF ELECTRICAL
Fundamentals of Electricity
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
©GIEE-All rights r
| GIEE
**Electric current, voltage, resistance
ENGINEERING
current
—_—>
OF ELECTRICAL
Resistance
‘is
om
Weel
1
Voltage source
INSTITUTE
|
Voltage = 2 V
GLOBAL
Voltage=1V
cl
THE

| GIEE
Fundamentals of Electricity hn,

“*Ohm’s Law
ENGINEERING
I=V/R |< Ohm’s Law
I = Current (Amperes)
OF ELECTRICAL
V = Voltage (Volts)
R = Resistance (Ohms)
Example 2-1:
INSTITUTE
What is the current flow in a 12-V DC circuit containing a total resistance

of 2 Ohms?
V=12,R=2
GLOBAL
I=V/R
I= 12/2=6 Amperes
THE

| GIEE
=i
“AC Vs. DC
ENGINEERING
Current
Current
_ es | )f
OF ELECTRICAL
The
The
Direct Current Alternating Current
INSTITUTE
DC
GLOBAL
Remember that in our houses we use AC electricity. The outlet provides us with 120-V 60Hz such as in the
THE
United States or 240-V AC 50Hz such as in Jordan.

| GIEE
** Power System
ENGINEERING
Generation Transmission Subtransmission Distribution
345,000 volts
a fs “sy A
69,000 volts 13,200 volts
13,200 volts —
i Z A TT ie
OF ELECTRICAL
cro co
Q A A A iit 1 Up pro ‘
ls =
Generating — Transmission Transmission Transmission Customer Distribution Customers
Station Substation Lines Substation Substation
Distribution
Substation
INSTITUTE
Transformer
Generator Transformer
Subtranmission x Distribution Line

Transmission Line Line
GLOBAL
=Distribution
4 ‘ x a Loads
Electrical One-Line Diagram nee
THE
O©GIEE-All rights reserved www.giee org

| GIEE
** Power System - Transmission
ENGINEERING
Transmission
Voltage Levels
OF ELECTRICAL
Transmission
* 230 kV
* 345 kV
* 500 kV
69 kV
* 765 kV
* 1,000 kV and
INSTITUTE
above
Sub-transmission
*69 kV
GLOBAL
*115 kV
* 138 kV
THE
Source: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric power/illustrated glossary/transmission lines.html & NREL

18
my
o Fundamentals of Electricity
LL)
os ** Power System — Growth of Transmission Voltage
+
18)
=
5 Voltage (Ts
< (kV) Installed
; A 1893
44 1897
rr 150 1913
rs 165 1922
r 230 1923
= 287 1935
o 345 1953
: 500 1965
° 765 1969
oO
ty
+
ro Source: NREL

| GIEE
** Power System — Distribution
ENGINEERING
Distribution Voltage Levels Mea coker co:

OF ELECTRICAL
Medium Voltage
4.16 kV ¥
6.9 kV
13.2 kV Transformer Ce) S Tee ate
25 kV
34.5 kV
INSTITUTE
46 kV
Low Voltage
480 V
120/240 V (single-phase) Single-Phase Overhead (7.62 kV to 120/240 V)
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
**Single Phase & Three Phase
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Three Phase Waveform Phasor Diagram

INSTITUTE
The voltage between any of the phases and the neutral is called the phase-
to-neutral voltage or phase voltage Vp.
GLOBAL
It is usual to call the voltage between any two lines as the line-to-line
voltage or line voltage VL.
THE

| GIEE
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
Three Phase Power Supply

GLOBAL
THE
errr rrr rere

| GIEE
ENGINEERING
load load
120 (W) #1 #2
OF ELECTRICAL
P=10kW P=10kW
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
** AC Single Phase Power Calculations
ENGINEERING
[Sie] = |Vp| * |I|p

Pig = Vp x Ip < Cos(@v1)
Qie = Vp * Ip < Sin(@vi)
OF ELECTRICAL
Sie = Vp x Ip*
Power Factor (pf) = Cos(@v1)

INSTITUTE
O, OY
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
** AC Single Phase Power Calculations
ENGINEERING
[Sie] = |Vp| x |I|p

Pig = Vp x Ip < Cos(@v1)
Qieg = Vp * Ip < Sin(@vi)
OF ELECTRICAL
Sig = Vp x Ip*

INSTITUTE
load load ©
120 V 1 #2
P=10kW P=l0kW
GLOBAL
THE

Ww
—
oO Fundamentals of Electricity
4)
< ** AC Single Phase Power Calculations
a
we I
Ww i I
cAO | Ungrounded ®
2 | > Oo i
Te I ¢ Secondary I
| ¢ winding Tt AC '
‘ Grounded 1
< wane = sounded (per) +—] 240V ac 1
e | ¢ Centertap(CT) 120V AC
ro | i
© '
oe7 'i Ungrounded mie \
Te | : 1
em
w Step-down transformer with _ '
= center-tapped secondary winding l
I
om | + I
a | ; . ° ov] \
a!
2
Bak: \ ; 120 V -
7:
a
=e : |
'
Oo I
we 1
rm!
| GIEE
** Three Phase Power System
ENGINEERING
@ There are two ways to connect 3 systems: |

* Wye (Y) |
* Delta (A) |
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
errr rere rere rrr ae

| GIEE
*¢ AC Three Phase Power Calculations
ENGINEERING
|S36| = 3]Vp| * [Ip] = V3|Ve| * [I

P3¢ = 3 Vp < Ip x Cos(@v1) = V3 Vi x I x Cos(Ov1)
Q3o = 3 Vp x Ip x Sin(®v1) = V3 Vi x It x Sin(@v1)
OF ELECTRICAL
S3@ = 3 Vp x Ip* = V3. Vix IL*

INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
*“* AC Three Phase Power Calculations
ENGINEERING
For a balanced star/Y connected load with line voltage VL and line
current IL,
ete ea ce [p= IL
Zp = Vp/ Ip= Vi /N3IL
OF ELECTRICAL
S3 = 3Vplp* = V3 VLLIL*
| Thus P3g= V3VL-LIt cos @, Q3 = V3Vi-LIL sin @
Three -Phase 120/208Y

INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
** AC Three Phase Power Calculations
ENGINEERING
For a balanced delta connected load with line voltage Viine and line
current Liine
Vig= Vi-L, Ip = It /N3

OF ELECTRICAL
Z16= Vid/ Ip= V3 Vi / It

S36= 3V16 Ip= V3 ViLLIL
Thus P3$= V3VL-LIL cos ¢, Q36= V3 VL-LIL sin @

INSTITUTE
Phase B
| (wild leg)
240V 240V 208 V
1 Phase A
240 V 120 V
GLOBAL
Neutral
120 V
THE
ee

*.
+*
i)
G)
ea
AC Three Phase Power Calculations
22)
P=)
=
re]
5
ad
al
al
©
F
@
van
.
Ls)
Qa
www.giee.
org
| GIEE
** Balanced 3 Phase (¢) Systems
ENGINEERING
I
@ A balanced 3 phase () system has three voltage sources with I
I
equal magnitude, but with an angle shift of 120° equal loads on i
each phase equal impedance on the lines connecting the I
I
generators to the loads
OF ELECTRICAL
I
i
@ Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 39. I
@ Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage, low power I
I
settings, such as residential and some commercial. I
I
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase3 i
I
INSTITUTE
I
I
I
i
I
I
GLOBAL
I
I
i
I
THE

| GIEE
** Advantages of 3 Power
ENGINEERING
|
l
l
| @ Can transmit more power for same amount of wire (twice as
| much as single phase)
OF ELECTRICAL
l
|
| @ Three phase machines use less material for same power
|
rating.
|
l
l
@ Three phase machines start more easily than single phase
1 ;
; machines
INSTITUTE
|
l
|
l
l
l
GLOBAL
1
l
l
i
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-2
ENGINEERING
From the circuit that is shown in the figure below, if the voltage is 12 V and the
resistance is a 100 Q, find the current that flows in the circuit.
Solution: From Ohm's law:

current
Vol —
Current= SS
OF ELECTRICAL
Resistance
7 V 2 12v =r
R 1002 ~
ry
INSTITUTE
ie
Voltage source
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-3 Sn,

ENGINEERING
The figure below shows a flashlight circuit; if the current that flows in the circuit
is 500 mA and the resistance is 6 Q, find the value of voltage source in the circuit.
Solution: From Ohm's law:
V=IxR= (500x107 A)x(6 2) =3V

OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-4
An electric heater is constructed by applying a potential difference of 120 V to
ENGINEERING
a Nichrome wire that has a total resistance of 8 Q. Find the current carried by
the wire and the power rating of the heater.
Solution:
Because V=/xR,wehave [= — = ——
OF ELECTRICAL
= i5A
We can find the power rating using the expression;
P = J* x¢ FP =15°«8=1800watts=18W
INSTITUTE
Or We can directly use;
paz R ae = 1.8kW
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-6
ENGINEERING
In the circuit shown, EAB = 20820° V

a. Find the load phase voltage Vab
b. Find ST, QT, and PT delivered by the generator.
c. Find ST, QT, and PT of the load.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-7
ENGINEERING
Assume a A-connected load is supplied from a 3 13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z =

100220°Q
V4 =13.820° kV
OF ELECTRICAL
Vie =13.82—120° kV
V,, =13.82120° kV
INSTITUTE
_ 13.820° kV
=1382Z—20° amps
” ~ 100.220° Q
GLOBAL
Tne =1382Z—140° amps lq =1382100° amps

THE

| GIEE
Example, cont’d
ENGINEERING
Lp 1 eq =138Z — 20° —1382100°

~
I|
= 239Z—50° amps
I, = 239Z-170° amps [, =23970° amps
OF ELECTRICAL
S Yaa3 x V, ee =3x13.82Z0°kV x 138220° amps

= $.7220° MVA
INSTITUTE
= 5.37+ 71.95 MVA

pf = cos20°=0.94 lagging
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Example 2-5
A three phase 400V, 50 Hz, balanced supply feeds a balanced load consisting of
(a) three equal single phase loads of (40 + j 30) Q connected in star, and (b) a
three phase heating load (purely resistive) of 1.8 kW.
Determine the supply current, supply power factor, active and reactive power
supplied and the value of the capacitances that must be connected in delta to
improve the overall power factor to 0.95 lag. Obtain the result using one phase of
the three phase system.
ZL1 = 40 +j 300 >
ea
Ip] = 4.619<- 36.87 “ . 4

Ep = 230.9<0 V pp? = ee 0 ok.
Pp2 = 600W EA) Zui) | Zn2 7)
Ip = 6.8762-23.770A
THE GLOBAL INSTITUTE
M"
supply current = 6.8762-23.770A
supply power factor = cos (0 — (-23.77)) = 0.915 lag
active power supplied = V3VLIL cos o = V3 x 400 x 6.876 x 0.915 = 4360 W
reactive power supplied = V3VLIL sin o = V3 x 400 x 6.876 x sin (-23.77) = 1920 var
Qcap = 1.920-1.433=0.487 kvar C=9.689 uF each connected in star

| GIEE
Example
ENGINEERING
Suppose that a room has the following loads:
>» One TV: with rated power of 75 Watt.

>» One ceiling Fan: with rated power of 60 watt.
> One Light: with rated power of 18 watt.
OF ELECTRICAL
If daily usage of 7,4 and 5. Calculate :

(a) The maximum power if we used them in the same time in W.
(b) The total daily energy consumed in Wh.
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Solution:
Usage
ENGINEERING
i tea mA)
Appliance Quantity Power (W) tT nae
TV 1 25 7 75x7 =525
ceiling Fan 1 60 4 60x4 = 240

OF ELECTRICAL
Lights 1 18 5 18x5 = 90
Total 3 153 [max] -- 855 Wh/day
(a) Pmax = 153 W

INSTITUTE
(b) Total Energy = 855 Wh per day

GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Daily Load Profile

ENGINEERING
16.0
+ 14.0
OF ELECTRICAL
1 12.0
+ 10.0
+ 8.0
| 6.0
4.0
INSTITUTE
2.0
A. A A LL 1. A. i iL. iL i L A i iL ia i. dL. L.. 0.0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00

Time
nee
GLOBAL
Peak Load is a maximum load power (W)

Daily Power consumption is a total energy that is consumed in one day (Wh)
THE

| GIEE
Daily Insolation
ENGINEERING
Solar Energy changes daily >> Power Generation changes daily
insolation 0.6 kWhim?

7.7 kWh? 5.4 kWhim? 5.7 kWhim? 3.3 kWhim?
rem sun iil 77h 54h 57h 33h 06h
OF ELECTRICAL
Available power" 499 wr 345 wh 364 Wh 211 wh 38 Wh

(@100V P) 12
a J
aie -— ]
€ 1.0 \ I
= ose ; \ hy /
5Bal
06 Foo / ' } |
INSTITUTE
a | | \ | ' NI
= | | \ } s | \
O2— | | \ | \ nu) Ti
\ \ J ? f ha
GLOBAL
Sunny Sunny Cloudy Cloudy Rain
*: at 100Wp SHS (PV efficiency 80%, Battery efficiency 80%)

THE

| GIEE
Electricity Tariffs
ENGINEERING
Jordan-Residential
-160
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
Jordan-Commercial
Range (kWh) cost JD/kWh

1-2000 0.120
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Electricity Tariffs
ENGINEERING
USA
Table 5.6.A. Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector,
by State, November 2016 and 2015 (Cents per Kilowatthour)
Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation All Sectors

OF ELECTRICAL
Census Division November November November November November November November November November November
and State 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015
NewEngiand &) 18.86 18.54 15.02 14.63 11.96 12.14 7.419 8.69 15.94 15.61
Connecticut @D 19.66 20.04 16.45 1527 12.82 12.97 8.99 11.04 17.27 16.88
Maine a 16.24 16.20 12.46 13.02 9.16 8.96 13,02 13,06
Massachusets @) 19.15 18.35 14.89 14.60 12,89 13,19 5.26 6.75 16.02 15.59
New Hampshire 19.11 18.15 14.67 14.39 12.33 12.62 - = 15.96 15.48
Rhode lsiand @ 18,17 18.62 14.48 14.54 347 13.25 9.23 19.29 5.80 15.97
INSTITUTE
Vermont mo 17.84 17.67 14.78 14.63 9.91 10.11 - - 14.62 14.49
Middle Atiantic &D 15.82 16.00 12.11 12.30 6.82 6.98 10.26 11.19 12.23 12.35
New Jersey tl] 15.28 15.32 11.76 12.04 9.66 9.69 8.39 9.37 12.75 12.86
New York a 17.75 18.23 13.99 14.04 5.87 5.87 11.23 12.14 14.08 14.19
Pennsylvania @D 14.24 14.20 9.15 950 678 6.98 7.27 8.32 10.08 10.20
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
(ede ola lai

ENGINEERING
KSA-2018
boo eMm Cee Oees Me eeeic Mel etic Mela tie)

4 Peer ey
(Halalah/ (Halalah/kwh) Charities (Halalah/kwh) (Halalah/ _ facilities,
OF ELECTRICAL
PL) ME Sa oe
Tere reer
kwh) Tee Nn si)
INSTITUTE
More than 6000

GLOBAL
¥ The Saudi riyal is made up of 100 halala or 20 ghirsh.

¥ One SR = 0.27 USD
¥ 18 Halalah = 5 cents
THE
| GIEE
Exercise
Calculate the price of energy consumption.

ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL
OF
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
Ww
— Exercise
o
Oo Suppose that a house has the following loads:
3
4 3 OTF aT) g4)
. Appliance arceay pind oe time(hrs)/day elite (Wh/day)
‘ ae E =Qx P xT
ata
5
< Light 4 a 4 a h
; TV 1 100 3 b
95 A C ;
& Laptop 1
M Kettle 1 1000 0.2 d k
= ;
wi Microwave
q Oven 1 1200 0.15 e |
my Phone
= Charger 2 ° a f m
ra g n
10 ween fen —
fo Total
7)
é
Oa- Calculate :
0 (a) The maximum power if we used them in the same time in W.
°o
pe (b) The total daily energy consumed in Wh.
o
Ww (c) Calculate the monthly energy cost for this house. Assume electricity rate is
<=
= 10¢/kWh.
| GIEE
Solution:
ENGINEERING
- Usage ata
: Quantity telus AD Power(W)
Appliance time(hrs)/day (Wh/day)
(Q) (P) each (P) Total (7) aes
Light 4 25
_
4x25= 100 4
4 x25x4
400
=
1x100x3 =
OF ELECTRICAL
TV 1 100 1x100= 100 3 300
Laptop 1 95 1x95=95 4 1954 = 380
Kettle 1 1000 |1x1000=1000 0.2 ae -
Micra
Oven
1 1200 |1x1200=1200] 0.15 | 2% 2200%0.3=
180
INSTITUTE
enone
Charger
2 5 2x5=10 4 2x5x4
= 40
1,500
Total 10 o------ 2505 W [Max]] _—_ -------- Wh/day
GLOBAL
THE

WwW
uw
rT) Load Analysis Example
iu)
<
rr
z
C Rem ae Quantity Power (W) Power (W)
r
Renae
rs PP ey} Tiers Than) y
TT} 1s
ad
P Light 160 4 160x4= 640 24/12 15360/7680
x Water Heater 2 1200 2x1200= 2400 6 14400/0
rT Refrigerator 1 400 1x400= 400 10 4000
Ww
rT Clothes washer 1 1500 1x1500=1500 0.25 375
oa
= Air Conditioner#1 2 150 2*150=300 24 7200
a
ra Air Conditioner#2 1 150 1x150=150 3 450
fo
2 lron 1 1700 1x1700=1700 0.10 170
| Fan 4 76 4x76=304 12 3648

rm]
i)= S 8+ ~)~=—hUuetal hlhlUlllUUQU Ol eee
7394/4994W Ss
5 Total 10 [Max]
Ww
47

| GIEE
Energy Measuring Tool

ENGINEERING
Energy Meter
KILL A WATT® @
:
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
https://eshop.macsales.com
THE

sur
other Mea ter
c Clamp Me
nt:
Measureme /DC Current
o l t a g e , A C
ac/dc v
K
TesTER CO.U
ee-Of
www.gi
| GIEE
Other Measuring Tool

DMM
ENGINEERING
Measurement:
AC/DC Voltage, AC/DC Current, Resistance, Diode, Capacitance...
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

a
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WwW SERVICE FOR BILLING PERIOD PAGE 1 of 2
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c ES | 2" 22.2016 to Jul 28, 2016
© PLAINVILLE MA 02762 ACCOUNT NUMBER TT a
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ive} Aug 21. 2016 $ 28.63
oo
a
S ACCOUNT BALANCE
+4 Previous Balance 0.00
=
1S) Payment Received No payments have been received during this billing period - 0.00
WW
a Current Charges + 28.63
ive}
ve Amount Due P $ 28.63
°
Welcome to National Grid, we're proud to be serving you.
Ww
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- > Gopaperless! Electronic billing and payments make managing your monthly bill
=FE easier. Save time, money, and natural resources www.ngrid.com/paperless.
”
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=
=

ve) Electric Bill-USA, MA
=
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©
é DETAIL OF CURRENT CHARGES
+
Ww
i Delivery Services
c Service Pernod No. of days Current Reading - PreviousReading = Total Usage
Le) Jun 29 - Jul 28 29 4399 Acta! 4253 Estimase 146 kWh
ra
WW meter numocR 59178561 next SCHEDULED
READ DATE ONOR ABOUT Aug 26
a RATE Residential Regular R-1
S Customer Charge 4.00

4+ Dist Chg First 146 KWH 0.04182 x 146kWh 6.13
=
Oo Transition Charge -0.00035 x 146kWh -0.05
Ww Transmission Charge 0.02829 x 146kWh 413
os
WW Energy Efficiency Chg 0.01784 x 146kWh 2.61
ve Renewable Energy Chg 0.0005 x 146kWh
o Total Delivery Services
ve)
= Enroliment Information ©
=) To enroll with a supplier or change to
=- another supplier,
you will need the
following information
about your account:
Supply Services Losdrone SEMA
”
SUPPLIER National Grid Acct No: EE Cycle: 19, AL-T
c
| Electric Usage History
os Basic Service Fixed 0.08042 x 146kWh 11.74 kwh
a Total Supply Services Jul 16 146
°
|
Oo
ive)
Ps
ro

Ww Electric Bill-USA, MA
=
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Lu)
< DETAIL OF CURRENT CHARGES
x
Ww ELECTRIC USAGE HISTORY (kWh)
ve Delivery Services
300
z Service Period No. of days Current Reading - — PreviousAeading = = Total Usage 240
Oo
z Jul 28 - Aug 26 29 4665 Acua! 4399 Acnai 266 kWh 100
Ww meTeR NuMBER 59178561 wexrScHEDULED READ DATEONOR ABOUT Sep 27 a
a
rate Residential Regular R-1 a
is
2 Customer Charge 4.00
+
= Dist Chg First 266 KWH 0.04360414 x 266 kWh 11.60 A 1
oO Transition Charge 0.00035 x 266kWh 0.09 § am aoe
ive)
a Transmission Charge 0.02829 x 266 kWh 7.53
Ww
ve Energy Efficiency Chg 0.01784 x 266 kWh 4.75 WB Actual (ClEstimated
° Renewable Energy Chg 0.0005 x 266 kWh
Ww Total Delivery Services
-
=
=-
” Supply Services
c SUPPLIER National Grid
a
oe
8) Basic Service Fixed 0.08042 x 266kWh 21.39
Le)
a Total Supply Services $ 21.39
Le)
ive
x
b~

| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Chapter3
OF ELECTRICAL
Fundamentals of
Photovoltaics (PV)
INSTITUTE
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Photovoltaic Cells
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----------------> Common Types of PV Cells

ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Mono Poly Thin Film

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crystalline polycrystalline amorphous

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Based on the types of crystal used, solar cells can be classified as,
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2 There are several varieties of cells today that can be used to absorb sunlight and
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Photovoltaic Cells
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Silicon photovoltaic cells
a
Pre
Monocrystalline photovoltaic cell Polycrystalline photovoltaic cell
-More difficult to manufacturer. -cheaper

-More expensive. -less efficient than monocrystalline cells for the
-More efficient than polycrystalline cells [multicrystalline cells]. same size. That means having a large area for
the same output.
INSTITUTE
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a eee > Cells, Modules and arrays

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> =
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Cell
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Module/ Panel Array

THE

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sped ai cabin ws eke > How does it work? What’s in a Si Solar Cell?
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Photovoltaic Cells
| GIEE
eae areas Sn ee > How does it work? P-N Junction

ENGINEERING
The electric potential barrier between

the two semiconductors of a solar cell
OF ELECTRICAL
Creates a low resistance path for

excited electrons to flow through
“Loose” electrons flow from the rich
end to the poor one creating a direct
current.
INSTITUTE
Electrons
http://express.howstuffworks.com/exp-solar-powerl.htm
GLOBAL
*This is called the photovoltaic effect and explains why the true name for
solar cells are PV cells
THE

=
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siciuaiamieuaiatcaiaioas > How does it work? The Band Gap
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> This is the energy gap between two “bands” of energy between two
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cs
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| GIEE
Photovoltaic Cells
> Solar Cell

ENGINEERING
Energy gap of several common

semiconductors at room temperature
OF ELECTRICAL
E,.
Material eV
Si 1.1]
Ge 0).67
GaAs 1.43 |
INSTITUTE
CdS 2.42
CdTe 1.48
GLOBAL
THE

=
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The Multijunction Solution
4
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4
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tp://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells

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Photovoltaic Cells
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ENGINEERING
q = 1.6x10-19 coul, ae
OF ELECTRICAL
k = 1.38x 10-23 j/K Isc: Short circuit current

T is the cell temperature in K. lo: The dark saturation current
Note that the amounts of current and voltage available from the cell depend
upon the cell illumination level.
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

Photovoltaic Cells
| GIEE
ai a a > Electrical Parameters of a Solar Cell: |-V Curve

ENGINEERING
An individual silicon solar cell has a Voc of 0.6V under 25 °C, AM1.5 and 1000
W/m? illumination.
40 Maximum
Ee power point (Vagp. I,B
OF ELECTRICAL
I5¢- :
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3.05
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3 < 2.0 r Voc 0.604 V
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Photovoltaic Cells
| GIEE
jaschdeniainahaaiianennial > Electrical Parameters of a Solar Cell

ENGINEERING
irradiance effect: I-V characteristics of real and ideal PV cells
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0 T T T T
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Cell voltage, V
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a > Standard test conditions

ENGINEERING
¢ Irradiance 1 kW/m?
e Air mass: AM1.5
¢ Temperature: 25° C IV tester
cooling fan
OF ELECTRICAL
cE) adjustable lamp height

one or more lamps
computer controlled
current voltage source
Seager QM W
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
water cooling
THE

Photovoltaic Cells
itions
> Standard test cond
° |rradiance 1 kW/m?
e Air mass: AM1.5
IV tester
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=25°C
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cell current in A
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Lu)
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<
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c
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Thus, if the cell current is known under standard test conditions, Go = 1
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°
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~ -1(G) =(G/ Go) (Go)
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If a solar cell produce 3-A at 1kW then at 0.5 kW the produced
3
a current will be 1.5-A
<q
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°
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Ww
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Lu) Tilt angle & the time of
é the day and the year
x
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| GIEE
Features of Solar Power Systems

ENGINEERING
Solar PV systems have some features as follows :
1. Cleanliness
eThere are no any exhaust gasses.
OF ELECTRICAL
2. There are no mechanical moving parts needed to generate electricity

from the sun;
¢Solar system is quiet.
eLess maintenance work.
3. High initial cost but very low running cost.

INSTITUTE
4. It can be installed in most places easily.

GLOBAL
THE

Applications of Solar Power ya
ENGINEERING|
1. Lighting.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE
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oRcChn a: All rignts
| GIEE
Applications of Solar eT
i Clit
ENGINEERING
2. Water Pumping.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
YSAL
Solar Pumping at Afaneh Fa

rm in Azraq-Jordan.
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Pe) ee SE cues
Psy) heli
ho us es an d ge neral buildings.
3. Power
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| GIEE Applications of Solar Po
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ENGINEERING
4, Monitoring systems.
OF ELECTRICAL
INSTITUTE
Weather Station
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= Applications of Solar Power Systems
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Wodc Photovoltaic
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Solar Project deve
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Annual U.S. PV Installations
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Lu)
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x
Ww
Ww
z
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— 6°
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as
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— )
a
WwW
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° Power Inverter
WW (It Converts electricity from DC
=
= form to AC form to be able to AC Load
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” home . Most of the devices and to power with AC
2 ;
Photovoltaic panel /solar panel
machines in the house need AC electricity]
a electricity to run]
oe [It Converts the solar energy to
a DC electricity (Direct current ] ’ ‘
Le)
oe]
Le)
WW
Ps
a

WwW
o If there is no sun or night time!!....How can we get electricity?
Lu)
Lu)
3
4 Charge controller
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Ww [Organize charging
3 and discharging
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4
Ww
a
a
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x
= DC Electricity
AC Electricity r
iS) _ [Oirect current}
[Alternating current]
Ww
a
Ww
ve DC Electricity : A , I ”
: ‘
° [Direct current]
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=) OC Electricity
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4)
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a
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If there is no sun!!.... how can we get electricity?
| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Charge controller
[Organize charging
and discharging
the battery]
OF ELECTRICAL
if there is Sun the path will be in this direction
Bri
DC Electricity
AC Electricity
_ (Direct current]
[Alternating current (a
DC Electricity
[Direct current]
= ills
INSTITUTE
OC Electricity
[Direct current]
(tet no sun the path will be in this direction
GLOBAL
Battery bank
[To store energy and use it
in the days when there is
no sun rays]
THE

Off-grid PV System overview
| GIEE
ENGINEERING
(Goya m eels [Organize charging (Seyees ete ay [Appliances that

energy to DC and discharging from DC form to AC we need to power
electricity] the battery] form] with AC electricity]
OF ELECTRICAL
[To store energy and

Oy yeolceac mur
use it in the days
we need to power
via emilee mae mie Lg)
with DC electricity]
ee
INSTITUTE
eo =.-
Charge controller
GLOBAL
#°+°4+>°
Battery bank
THE
©GIEE-All a0 aie ee eee ee www.giee.org

| GIEE
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Types of PV Systems
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE
Types of Solar Power Systems

ENGINEERING
Utility-Interactive
/On-Grid/Grid-Connected
OF ELECTRICAL
Utility-Interactive with
Battery Storage
INSTITUTE
GLOBAL
Stand-Alone System
/ Off-Grid
THE

| GIEE

Stand-Alone System(Off-grid System)
ENGINEERING
aX
OF ELECTRICAL
PV Array Installed
on a House Roof
INSTITUTE
To Household
Charge Loads
Controller
Dc Stand-Alone Circuit Breaker

Inverter
GLOBAL
Battery Bank
THE

| GIEE
Grid-Tied System (Battery Free)

ENGINEERING
oY
OF ELECTRICAL
PV Array Installed
on a House Roof
Household
Loads
Dc
INSTITUTE
AC
Bidirectional
Energy Meter
GLOBAL
Grid-tied
Circuit Breaker
inverter
Panel
THE

| GIEE

Grid-Tied System (Battery Free)
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
To Utility
Household
Loads
Utility
AC Disconnect
Disconnect
Switch
INSTITUTE
Bidirectional Service ee
Energy Meter Transformer
DC Disconnect
Switch Grid-tied Circuit Breaker
Inverter
Panel
GLOBAL
THE

| GIEE

Grid-Tied System with Battery Backup
ENGINEERING
OF ELECTRICAL
Ee...
PV Array Installed eee
on a House Roof
<>
INSTITUTE
Utility
Charge
Controller Bidirectional
Energy Meter
Dual Purpose
DC Circuit Breaker
GLOBAL
Inverter
Panel
Battery Bank
THE

| GIEE
Asem ella) 2)
Grid-Tied System +Added battery storage
AC Coupled
ENGINEERING
Ny
PV Array Installed
OF ELECTRICAL
on a House Roof
To
Critical Regular
Loads Loads
t Battery Based t
Inverter/Charger
AC AC AC
INSTITUTE
Bidirectional
Energy Meter
Grid-tied Isolated AC Panel Main AC Panel
Inverter
AC
GLOBAL
Battery Bank
THE

| GIEE
ENGINEERING
Ny
PV Array Installed
on a House Roof
OF ELECTRICAL
To
Critical Regular
Loads Loads
Battery Based
if Inverter/Charger if
AC AC AC
INSTITUTE
Bidirectional
Energy Meter
Grid-tied Isolated AC Panel Main AC Panel
Inverter
AC
GLOBAL
Battery Bank
THE

1. Photovoltaic Modules/panels ype
——— ee
2. Charge controller >

3. Batteries — ™
—~ —~>
4. Power inverter.
|
5. The load. rea \ .
+
ts
L

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Introduction to Photovoltaic Systems-EE200

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Behind the Meter Front the Meter ?

“Photovoltaic Systems. ++Cogeneration (CHP).

“Wind Turbine. “ Energy Efficiency. * Distribution Systems. f=»

“Energy Storage. “> Energy Management. “*Power Systems Protection. =

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Final Exam (5Opts) G < 80%

$30 Exam Fee

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Electrical Power System Overview

transformer transmission line transformer

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Transmission ... , Distributed ati

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Solar Power System Overview

DC Disconnect Energy Meter

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Fundamentals of Solar Energy

1.2 The Sun

1.6 Solar Radiation Measuring Tools.

1.10 Tilt Angle

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Facts about the Sun & the Earth

Sun Earth Ratio

Diameter (km) 1,392,520 12,756 1:109

Surface (km?) 6.0874-10'@ 5.101-10° 1:11,934

Surface temperature (K) 5777 288 1:367

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Law, which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface

h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 * 10-34] «s

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> On Earth, its atmosphere filters the sunlight. When

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Solar Radiation 800 W

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If the radiation/Irradiance over a certain location (with 2 m? area) is equal to

kWh = 4 hrs x 800W/m? x 2 m?

Solar Radiation 800 W

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the two curves

” 7 the two curves fe

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