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Moreover, the system stability has become an issue. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic
Commerce Research (JTAER). That figure takes into account manufacture, construction,
maintenance, efficiency, decommissioning, and other factors and is among the key metrics that wind
farm investors use to decide what to build—and where. A world map for wind energy potential is
illustrated in Fig. 2. Taking the United Kingdom for example, the usable offshore wind energy alone
is enough to provide three times more than the required electricity consumption in the country, given
sufficient support. Nowadays heuristic optimization algorithms including the genetic algorithm (GA)
and Simulated Annealing (SA), have been widely developed and used in the optimization of
electrical machines to overcome the limitations of initial conditions, local optimization, the difficulty
of considering multi parameters as well as other deficiencies. Paper should be a substantial original
Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. We use cookies on
our website to ensure you get the best experience. Influence of different PM thickness: ( a ) Model
variables; ( b ) Dynamic characteristic response. When the wind speed is below rated, running the
rotor speed with the wind speed and keeping the tip speed ratio constant ensure that the wind
turbine will extract the maximum energy. In addition to the limit of output power and efficiency, the
rated design parameters are considered as the limitation, such as the rated output voltage and
frequency. 4.2. Optimization Design The dynamic performance optimization design of the stator
coreless AFPMSG is the nonlinear multi parameters optimization according to the previous model
and analysis, where the algorithm adopted is important to the optimization results and efficiency.
Permanent magnet synchronous generator structural model. Generator losses are divided into 3
categories, these are mechanical losses. Output and dynamic performances of the AFPMSG before
and after optimization. Clearly, the conventional MRAS gives rise to the fluctuations, which are as
high as six times of that with the proposed method. Journal of Low Power Electronics and
Applications (JLPEA). However, the inherent randomness and fluctuation of renewable energies
results in the output of direct driven coupling with low speed and instability, which requires
advanced system control and suitable generators. The change of EMF factor that is caused by the
ratio is greater than other variables, resulting in the output dynamic performance. These machines are
used especially in direct-drive wind chains, with variable speeds. In order to be human-readable,
please install an RSS reader. Phases a a c c b b a a c c b b a a c c b b a a c c b b. Axial flux
permanent magnet synchronous generator (AFPMSG) configuration without the stator core and
simulation model. ( a ) Assemble model; ( b ) Ironless stator structure; ( c ) simulation model. The no-
load back-EMF of the three motors is shown in Figure 10. Find support for a specific problem in the
support section of our website. In order to avoid unscheduled maintenance, they should also be
equipped with fault-ride-through capacity to improve their reliability. The percentage of the error rate
between the results of the two models is calculated. In addition, they are generally more complex,
costly and more prone to failure than induction generators. Figure 15 demonstrates the speed-tuning
signal under the reference speed change from 40 to 100 rpm at full load. Moreover, compared with
the T-PMSM and T-TWPMSM, the poles of the armature magnetic field of the proposed motor have
increased by two times, which means that the output torque value of N-TWDDPMSM is twice that of
the other motors and the speed of the N-TWDDPMSM is half that of the T-PMSM and T-
TWPMSM. For the studied case, the density of the magnetic field reached approximately 1.4 T in
the stator yoke and 1.7 T not only in the ribs but also in stator teeth. All returned items must be in
new and unused condition, with all original tags and labels attached.
Their major downside is the high cost of active materials, especially the PMs. Thus, the improvement
of the generator design is treated as being the main component of the considered chain to assure
active materials’ mass and cost reduction. Content Alerts Brief introduction to this section that
descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works Manage preferences
Contact Want to get in touch. The key parameters used in the simulation are listed in Table 1 and the
detailed control scheme is presented in Figure 6 for illustration. Editor’s Choice articles are based on
recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Its next stage is
a 500-kilowatt generator, which it will test on a dynamometer at the National Renewable Energy
Centre, in Blyth, England. Among the two identical machines, they work back-to-back as a motor-
generator (M-G) set, one acting as a motor to drive another working as a generator. In Section 3, the
finite-element models (FEMs) of different motors are established using Magnet software under the
same criteria. It’s producing wires in which many round filaments of MgB 2 with diameters of 10
micrometers are embedded. The accuracy of the control algorithms can be observed by comparing
the similarities between the estimated parameters and the measured parameters lines in the figure.
Structure of the ironless AFPMSG. ( a ) Rotor and permanent magnet (PM) structure; ( b ) Ironless
stator structure. Simulation results of genetic algorithm optimization code: ( a ) generator’s mass vs.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). That size difference
may offer an advantage in manufacturing, Powell says, because it would give turbine makers the
option of building new high-megawatt turbines in older, smaller factories. As a comparison, the
existing MRAS method is used as the benchmark. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access
the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing
field for scientists across the world. Furthermore, the installation and fixing of the toroidal windings
are very simple. The optimization problem aimed to produce a lightweight generator to reduce the
cost of the constructive materials, especially in the case of the high cost of the NdFeB magnets.
Sensor-based and sensorless vector control of PM synchronous motor drives: A comparative study. A
world map for wind energy potential is illustrated in Fig. 2. Taking the United Kingdom for
example, the usable offshore wind energy alone is enough to provide three times more than the
required electricity consumption in the country, given sufficient support. Please note that many of the
page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Weimers Engineering,
Environmental Science IEEE Power Engineering Review 1998 A new transmission and distribution
technology, HVDC Light, makes it economically feasible to connect smallscale, renewable power
generation plants to the main AC grid. At the early stage of wind-generation systems, synchronous
generators and squirrel-cage induction generators were used for power generation, where any power
fluctuations from wind would transmit to the grid. To avoid the problems of slow convergence and
“precocity”, adjustable crossover probability and mutation probability are used in the GA process. It
is still possible to cancel an order after 24 hours, provided that it has not yet been shipped. The best
control action is chosen to minimise the cost function. This paper aims to develop a new sensorless
and adaptive control method for a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator. We
use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Editor’s Choice articles are based
on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. More in-
depth analysis should be carried out in the design, control and operation of the wind turbines
primarily using numerical, analytical and experimental methods if wind turbine generators are to be
further improved. When the wind speed is higher, the control is to maintain a constant rated power
via the pitch angle control or stall control.
The primary goal for a wind turbine is to: Produce the maximum kWh’s in a given time period at a
given location At the most reasonable cost. Due to the high moment of inertia contributed by the
structure, the generator can also be used as energy storage to absorb the input disturbance energy,
which increases system’s anti-disturbance capacity and reliability. Although the FCS-MPC has
received much attention because it is easy to implement, flexible to define control objectives and
excellent in transient performance. The output voltages before and after the optimization are shown
in Figure 17 a, while Figure 17 b illustrates the envelop curve of the maximum output voltage.
Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM). This stable voltage from
stator goes to grid circuit to connect the power from this wind power station to grid system. As a
result, it can be concluded that the armature magnetic field of the three-slot unit motor forms a pair
of poles and changes periodically. 3. Design of the Proposed Motor To verify the feasibility of the
proposed motor, the N-TWDDPMSM model is designed and compared with the traditional motor.
With the improvement of the wind energy conversion system (WECS), doubly fed induction
generators (DFIGs) and permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) have become
dominating wind turbine technologies, especially for medium and large wind turbines. With
superconductors, the instinct is to make the lightest, smallest turbine generator possible, says
Abrahamsen, but from the perspective of low LCOE, “we had to conclude that a lightweight
generator as always beneficial is not quite always true.”. And the turbine was only 6 meters in
diameter versus the reference design’s 10 meters. When comparing the data of Table 2, the structure
parameters of the generator are optimized with minor adjustments to the overall diameter and axial
length. The modelling concerns radial flux PMSGs’ with surface magnets and inner rotor topologies.
Therefore, in addition to the current of each phase winding at different times, the current directions
of the three-phase winding coils at different times are shown in Table 4. In the DFIG topology, the
stator is directly connected to the grid through transformers and the rotor is connected to the grid
through PWM power converters. The GA uses a vocabulary adopted from that of natural genetics.
Speed-tracking performance under the reference speed change from 30 to 60 rpm at full load. ( a )
MRAS control method. ( b ) Proposed MPC-MRAS control method. It can be observed that the
generator needs to take some time. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and
Education (EJIHPE). The increased mass of the generator can be a limiting factor for offshore
installations because the shipping carrying capacity is generally limited to 100 tons so that the direct
drive generator may not be greater than 10 MW. For more information on the journal statistics, click
here. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). The rotor can act
as a regenerative storage unit (e.g. flywheel), smoothing out torque and power fluctuations prior to
entering the drive train. Output performance of starting and input disturbance. ( a ) Start with
constant torque input; ( b ) dynamic performance with step torque input. Therefore, the rated speed
of the N-TWDDPMSM is degraded by 50%, and the rated output torque of the N-TWDDPMSM is
higher than that of the other motors. 4.3.2. Comparison and Analysis of Air-gap Flux Density and
Back-EMF under No Load The air-gap flux density waveforms and the corresponding harmonics of
the N-TWDDPMSM, T-TWPMSM, and T-PMSM are shown in Figure 9. For other regions, the mesh
is bigger due to the simplicity of the electromagnetic field. However, a stumbling block is that the
back-EMF is dependent on the rotor speed. Thus, to reduce the amplitude of the dynamic output
voltage, an integrated optimization model aiming at the maximum voltage overshoot is proposed
with taking the structure parameters as variables. In the case of using electromagnets in synchronous
machines, voltage control takes place in the synchronous machine while in permanent magnet excited
machines, voltage control is achieved in the converter circuit. And a leading YBCO maker, AMSC,
produced a rough turbine design several years ago. (The company did not respond to requests for
comment on this article.) But most of the recent European superconducting wind turbine projects
have independently settled on a different superconductor: magnesium diboride. The main structure
parameters are optimized by the GA applied to search for the best solution from the variables of the
generator for the object function.
The stator always transfers power to the grid while the rotor can handle power in both directions.
The magnetic flux lines of the T-TWPMSM and T-PMSM both appear as two pairs of poles, while
the N-TWDDPMSM has four pairs of poles. The 3D model of the stator coreless AFPMSG is
developed and simulated via the electromagnetic field simulation software Maxwell ANSOFT
(Maxwell v16, ANSYS, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA). This approach had a significant impact on the
performance and the cost of the considered machine. Funding This research was funded by
Goldwind grant number 2016144. They operate as a result of an interplay of mechanical, magnetic,
and electrical processes that change in complex ways with every tweak of a parameter. It undergoes a
variation according to the capacity of the blades to capture the energy and the mechanical losses of
the turbine rotor. In operation, the outer ring is held stationary, while the turbine’s low-speed input
from the blades spins the central steel cylinder. Flowchart of the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization
design procedure. Follow IEEE Spectrum Support IEEE Spectrum IEEE Spectrum is the flagship
publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and
applied sciences. The special structure introduced above makes the AFPMSG better regarding its
dynamic and anti-disturbance performance, and it is suitable for low speed and high torque direct
driven variable speed generation application. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease
(GUCDD). The model in Figure 4 contains all of the main parameters that are needed for dynamic
performance. The use of permanent magnets (PMs) in construction of electrical machines brings the
following benefits. That fast-moving field induces a voltage in the coils of copper wire. Simulation
results are presented in Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12. Figure 7
shows the stator d-q voltages; Figure 8 shows the line to line voltage V ab and Figure 9 shows the
line current I a. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of
MDPI journals from around the world. Based on the principles above, the primary parameters of the
T-PMSM, T-TWPMSM, and N-TWDDPMSM are summarized in Table 5. 4. Finite-Element
Modeling and Characteristics Analysis 4.1. Establishment of Finite-Element Model With the
parameters reported in Table 5, the FEMs of different structures of motors are respectively
established to compare characteristics the armature magnetic field distributions and analyze the
operating characteristics under no-load and on load conditions. Speed-tuning signal under the
reference speed change from 40 to 100 rpm at full load. ( a ) MRAS control method. ( b ) Proposed
MPC-MRAS control method. Therefore, superconducting generators provide much promise in high
capacity and weight reductions, perhaps suited better for wind turbines rated 10 MW or more. The
mathematic optimization model of maximum output voltage overshoot is presented as follows. The
traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor has a simple structure and high reliability but has a
long axial length and large volume. AC synchronous WTGs can take constant or DC excitations
from either permanent magnets or electromagnets and are thus termed PM synchronous generators
(PMSGs) and electrically excited synchronous generators (EESGs), respectively. Transmit high
amounts of torque without contact - there is absolutely no wear and tear, ever. In the machine
design, the arrangements of the stator, rotor, cooling and gearbox may pose particular challenges in
order to keep HTS coils in the low temperature operational conditions. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). Applying Fourier analysis, Figure 10 b shows
that the back-EMF waveforms of the three motors do not have even harmonics, and the peak value
of the fundamental component of the back-EMF of the N-TWDDPMSM, T-TWPMSM, and T-
PMSM are 298.96 V, 306.71 V, and 311.89 V, respectively. Because the voltage of the phase
resistances is ignored, the DC-link bus voltages of the three motors are approximately equal.
International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Equations (1), (2), and (4)
indicate the relation between the EMF (electromotive force), electromagnetic torque, electromagnetic
power and structural parameters.
The dynamic response is shown in Figure 12. 4. Integrated Optimization Design 4.1. Optimization
Model As discussed previously, the dynamic response of AFPMSG varies with different structure
parameters, and the two dynamic performance indicators that regulate time and maximum output
voltage overshoot are affected. Indeed, the error presented for the case of the permanent magnets’
induction and the vacuum flux is low, with percentages of 6% and 2.9% respectively. For the case of
the EMFs’ and the electromagnetic torque’s error, the percentages of 26% and 17% respectively, are
explained by the windings technique effect in the generator considered and the smoothness of a
finite element approach compared to an analytical approach. Axial flux permanent magnet
synchronous generator (AFPMSG) configuration without the stator core and simulation model. ( a )
Assemble model; ( b ) Ironless stator structure; ( c ) simulation model. When they are integrated into
the power grid, synchronizing their frequency to that of the grid calls for a delicate operation.
Conclusions Acknowledgments References DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter
There are two ways to cite this chapter: 1. Among the control systems, MPC systems have attracted
much attention. These machines are used especially in direct-drive wind chains, with variable speeds.
Therefore, based on the same power grade and mechanical size, significant improvements in torque
per ampere and torque to volume ratio are noted for the N-TWDDPMSM compared with the T-
PMSM and T-TWPMSM. The power sources introduce are solar PV source, a battery and a super
capacitor. The smaller, French project called EolSupra20 aimed straight for the 20-MW mark with its
LCOE exploration and came up with very different results. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition
Disease (GUCDD). Design variables of the AFPMSG before and after optimization. Feature papers
are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must
receive. And a leading YBCO maker, AMSC, produced a rough turbine design several years ago.
(The company did not respond to requests for comment on this article.) But most of the recent
European superconducting wind turbine projects have independently settled on a different
superconductor: magnesium diboride. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best
experience. The ratio is the vital geometry parameter of motor design, which not only decides the
diameter of the generator but also affects the variables of the dynamic analytical model, including
the rotational inertia, EMF factor, resistance and inductance. The information provided above is for
reference purposes only. Study and Optimal Design of a Direct-Driven Stator Coreless Axial Flux
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Improved Dynamic Performance. In the design and
operation of DFIGs, it is beneficial to match the generator’s characteristics with the site-specific
wind speed by moving this maximum efficiency point close to the rated or operational load.
Therefore, specification design and optimization of the generator have always been highlighted in the
research of renewable energy exploitation and utilization, as the generator plays a key role in the
direct driven energy conversion. For the case studied, 6 constraints are taken into consideration. It
can be found that the zero-sequence component in the Fourier components is the average output
torque of each motor. Although it may be easier to service separate wind turbine components such as
gearboxes, bearings and generators, the industry is increasingly in favor of system design of the
integrated drive train components. They remove the necessity of a DC stage and directly synthesize
the incoming AC voltage waveform to match the required AC output. The rotor is turned by
primeover producing a rotating magnetic field. SWTs are more expensive per kilowatt installed as
compared to large-scale wind turbines. Waveforms of torques of three motors under rated operation:
( a ) torque waveforms; ( b ) Fourier components. Armature magnetic field distributions: ( a ) T-
PMSM; ( b ) T-TWPMSM; ( c ) N-TWDDPMSM. This article is an open access article distributed
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). In terms
of the size, large wind turbines of the MW order began to appear in the EU, the US and now in
China and India.
Thereby, the slot width must be greater than a minimum width of a slot. The central cylinder consists
of alternating stripes of steel and nonmagnetic support material. This field couples with the
permanent magnets of the inner cylinder to produce high-speed rotation. But the general practice is
to achieve this goal by electrical means. After 2 s, the speed-tuning signal for the proposed control
method remains at 0.012, but the speed tuning signal of conventional MRAS control method
suddenly changed to 0.122 at 2 s. After then, it becomes very unstable. Because of this, direct drive
systems are increasingly desired in new wind turbine systems. One example is the excited
synchronous generator with wound field rotor is a well-established design in the marketplace; and
another may be a popular neodymium magnet generator design which also attracts much attention in
the marketplace. The proposed method includes a new model reference adaptive system, which is
used to estimate the rotor position and speed as an observer. Small size and light weight: Its size and
weight are 30% less than those of conventional generators. 3,Excellent heat dissipation due to the
Aluminium alloy outer frame and special internal structure. 4,permanent magnet generator rotor
using patented alternator, together with the special stator design. Paper should be a substantial
original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. The bearing
gland is installed on the pedestal and the spindle is assembled into the rotor. The primary drawback
of the N-TWDDPMSM is the large copper losses, which leads to a lower efficiency and power
factor than in the traditional ones. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical
professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Under the
same power grade and mechanical size, the output torque value of N-TWDDPMSM is twice that of
the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor (T-PMSM) and the traditional permanent
magnet synchronous motor with toroidal windings (T-TWPMSM), and the speed of the N-
TWDDPMSM is half that of the T-PMSM and T-TWPMSM. It also relies on a high-temperature
superconductor—yttrium barium copper oxide—instead of MgB 2. Therefore, the area reserved for a
conductor per slot must be greater than a minimum value. Figure 14 illustrates the basic structure of
the modified design procedure. The EolSupra20 design uses a set of cryocoolers to keep the rotor at
10 K, a temperature that maximizes the superconductor’s current-carrying ability. Compared to
onshore wind energy, offshore wind energy has some appealing attributes such as higher wind
speeds, availability of larger sites for development, lower wind sheer and lower intrinsic turbulence
intensity. The output voltage and power of optimization are bigger than that before optimization,
indicating that the improved structure parameters enhance the electrical performance. Please kindly
provide us with evidence photos or videos of the defective item. It is fixed greater than or equal to
0.9. The maximum value of the efficiency is calculated according to the evolution and the
convergence of the optimization problem. In different types of MPC approaches, the finite control
set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) and the deadbeat predictive (DB) control are two of the
well-known methods. As an outcome, an optimal solution is offered for the wind generators market,
providing a 16% cost reduction. The elimination of DC capacitors improves the reliability, size,
efficiency and cost of power converters. Moreover, the stator is sealed using glue to make a
protection for the windings. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. In
the following, the complete dynamic analytical model that is based on the structure and
electromagnetic relationship investigation of AFPMSG is given in Section 2. Output and dynamic
performances of the AFPMSG before and after optimization. Therefore, the optimization of motor
performance will be a future investigation and shall be reported soon. Therefore, it is a single criteria
optimization with 8 mixed variables and 6 constraints.