Unit – 02

Arrays,
Functions and
Graphics

43
PHP Array Definition:-
• Array in PHP is type of data structure that allow to store multiple elements of
same data type under a single variable thereby saving us the efforts of creating
a different variable for every data.
• An Array in PHP actually an ordered map. A map is a type that associates values
to keys.
• An array stores multiple values of similar type in one single variable which can
be accessed using their index or key.
• An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.
• If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in
single variables could look like this:
$cars1 = "Volvo";
$cars2 = "BMW";
$cars3 = "Toyota";

44
PHP Array Definition:-
• However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a
specific one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?.
• The solution is to create an array!
• An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can
access the values by referring to an index number.
Create an Array in PHP:-
• In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:
array();

45
PHP Array Type:-
• In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays

46
Get The Length of an Array:-
• The count() function is used to • Example:-
return the length (the number
of elements) of an array: <?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
• Output:- "Toyota");
3 echo count($cars);
?>

47
Indexed or Numeric Array:-
• An array with a numeric index
where values are stores linearly
• Numeric array use number as
access key.
• Syntax 1:-
<?php
$variable_name[n]=value;
?>
• The index can be assigned
automatically (index always starts
at 0), like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota");
• or the index can be assigned
manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
48
Indexed or Numeric Array:-
• Syntax 1 Example:- • Output:-
<?php Computer Engg.
$course[0] = “Computer Engg.”; Information Tech.
$course[1] = “Information Tech.”; Civil
$course[2] = “Civil”;
// Accessing the element directly
echo $course[0+, “<br>”;
echo $course[1], “<br>”;
echo $course[2], “<br>”;
?>
49
Indexed or Numeric Array:-
• Syntax 2:- • Example:-
<?php
$variable_name[n]=array(n=>value, <?php
……….); $course = array( 0=> “Computer Engg.”,
?> 1 => “Information Tech.”, 2 => “Civil”);
Output:- echo $course[0];
Computer Engg. ?>

50
Loop Through an Indexed Array:-
• To loop through and print all the • Example:-
values of an indexed array, you <?php
could use a for loop, like this:
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW",
"Toyota");
• Output:-
$arrlength = count($cars);
Volvo
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++)
BMW
{
Toyota
echo $cars[$x], "<br>";
}
?>
51
Associative Arrays:-
• This type of array is similar to • Syntax:-
indexed array but instead of
linear storage, every value can
be assigned with user define <?php
key of string type. $variable_name*‘key_name’+=value;
• Associative arrays are arrays
that use named keys that you $variable_name=array(‘key_name’
assign to them. => value,……….);
• An array with a string index ?>
where instead of linear storage,
each value assigned a specific
key.
52
Associative Arrays:-
• There are two ways to create • Example 1:-
an associative array: <?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", $age = array("Peter"=>"35",
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43"); "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
Or:- echo “Ben age is=”, $age*“Ben”+;
$age['Peter'] = "35"; ?>
$age['Ben'] = "37"; Output:-
$age['Joe'] = "43"; Ben age is= 37

53
Loop Through an Associative Array:-
• To loop through and print all • Example:-
the values of an associative <?php
array, you could use a foreach $age = array("Peter"=>"35",
loop, like this:
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
• Output:- echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" .
Key=Peter, Value=35 $x_value;
Key=Ben, Value=37 echo "<br>";
Key=Joe, Value=43 }
?>
54
Multidimensional Arrays:-
• These are array that contain • Syntax:-
other nested array. array (
• An array which contain single
or multiple arrays within it an array (elements….),
can be accessed via multiple array (elements….),
indices. ………
• PHP supports multidimensional
arrays that are two, three, four, );
five, or more levels deep.
However, arrays more than
three levels deep are hard to
manage.
55
Multidimensional Arrays:-
• Example 1:- // accessing elements
<?php echo “Ram Email id is:”
// Define multidimension array .$person*0+*“email’”+
$person = array( echo “Laxman Age is:”
array(“name => “Ram”, “age” => .$person*1+*“age’”+
“20”, “email” => ram@gmail.com”),
array(“name => “Laxman”, “age” =>
?>
“18”, “email” => laxman@gmail.com”), Output:-
array(“name => “Sita”, “age” => “19”, Ram Email id is: ram@gmail.com
“email” => sita@gmail.com”)
Laxman Age is: 18
);

56
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
• First, take a look at the • We can store the data from the table
following table: above in a two-dimensional array, like
this:
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
• Now the two-dimensional $cars array
contains four arrays, and it has two
indices: row and column.

57
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
• To get access to the elements
of the $cars array we must echo $cars[0][0].": In stock:
point to the two indices (row ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";
and column):
echo $cars[1][0].": In stock:
".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1][2].".<br>";
<?php
$cars = array ( echo $cars[2][0].": In stock:
".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2][2].".<br>";
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13), echo $cars[3][0].": In stock:
".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3][2].".<br>";
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15) ?>
);

58
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
•Output:-

Volvo: In stock: 22, sold: 18.

BMW: In stock: 15, sold: 13.
Saab: In stock: 5, sold: 2.
Land Rover: In stock: 17, sold:
15.

59
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
• We can use a for loop inside for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++)
another for loop to get element
from multidimensional array. {
<html> echo "<p><b>Row number
<body> $row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";
<?php
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
$cars = array (
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
array("Volvo",22,18),
}
array("BMW",15,13), echo "</ul>";
array("Saab",5,2), }
array("Land Rover",17,15) ?>
); </body> </html>
60
Accessing Multidimensional Arrays elements:-
• Output:- Row number 2
Row number 0 • Saab
• Volvo • 5
• 22 • 2
Row number 3
• 18
• Land Rover
Row number 1 • 17
• BMW • 15
• 15
• 13
61
Extracting Data from Arrays :-
• You can use extract() function extract($course);
to extract data from array and echo “CO=$CO<br>”;
store it in variables. echo “IT=$IT<br>”;
<html> echo “CE=$CE<br>”;
?>
<title> Array </title>
</body> </html>
<body>
<?php Output:
$course*“CO”+ = “Computer Engg.”; CO=Computer Engg.
$course*“IT”+ = “Information Tech.”; IT=Information Tech.
$course*“CE”+ = “Civil”; CE=Civil

62
Compact() Function:-
• This function is opposite of Example:-
extract() function. <?php
• It return an array with all the $var1=“PHP”;
variables added to it. $var2=“JAVA”;
• The compact() functions create $var3=compact(“var1”, “var2”);
associative array whose key print_r(var3);
value are the variable name ?>
and whose values are the
variable values. Output:-
Array( [var1]=> PHP [var2]=> JAVA)

63
Implode and Explode:-
• Imploding and Exploding are Syntax:-
couple of important functions string implode(separator, array);
of PHP that can be applied on
strings or arrays. • The implode() function accept
• The implode() is a built-in two parameter out of which one
function in PHP and is used to is optional and one is
join the element of an array.
mandatory.
• The implode function return a • Separator:-
string from the element of an
array.
• Array:-

64
Implode :-
• Example:- echo $text;
<html> ?>
</body>
<head>
</html>
<title> array </title>
<body> Output:-
<?php
$course[0] = “Computer Engg.”; Computer Engg., Information Tech.,
Civil
$course[1] = “Information Tech.”;
$course[2] = “Civil”;
$text=implode(“,”,$course);
65
Implode :-
• Example without separator:- // join without separator
<html> print_r(implode(“-”,$inputArray));
?>
<head>
</body>
<title> array </title> </html>
<body>
<?php Output:-
$inputArray= array(‘CO’, ‘IF’, ‘CE’);
COIFCE
// join without separator
CO-IF-CE
print_r(implode($inputArray));
print_r(“<BR>”);
66
Explode:-
• The explode() function break a
string into an array. • The implode() function accept
• The explode() is a built-in three parameter out of which
function in PHP is used to split one is optional and two is
a string in different string. mandatory.
• The explode() function split a • Separator:-
string based on the string
delimeter.
• Syntax:- • OrignalString:-
array explode(separator,
OrignalString, NoOfElements); • NoOfElements

67
Explode :-
• Example:- ?>
<html> </body>
</html>
<head>
<title> array </title> Output:-
<body>
Array ( [0]=> PHP: [1]=> Welcome
<?php
[2]=> to [3]=> the [4]=> world
$str= PHP: Welcome to the [5]=> of [6]=> PHP
world of PHP;
print_r(explode(“ ”,$str));

68
Array_flip() function :-
• The array_flip() function $a=array( “CO”=> “Computer Engg.”,
flip/exchange all key with their “IT” => “Information Tech.”, “CE” =>
associated value in an array. “Civil”);
• The array_flip() is a built-in $result=array_flip($a);
function in PHP is used to print_r($result);
exchange element within array.
?>
<html> </body>
<head> </html>
<title> array </title> Output:-
<body> Array ( [Computer Engg.]=> CO
<?php [Information Tech.]=> IT [Civil]=> CE)

69
Traversing Arrays:-
• Traversing an array means to
visit each and every element of
array using a looping structure
and and iterator function .
• There are several way to
traverse array in PHP.
<?php
$course = array(“CO”, “IT”,
“CE”);
echo “Looping using
foreach:<br>”;
foreach($course as $val) {
echo $val “<br>”; -
$total = count($course);
echo “The number of element
are $total<br>”;
echo “Looping using for:<br>”;
for($n=0; $n<$total; $n++)
{
echo $course*$n+, “<br>”;
}
?>
70
Traversing Arrays:-
• Output:- foreach($course as $val) {
Looping using foreach : echo $val “<br>”; -
CO $total = count($course);
IT echo “The number of element
CE are $total<br>”;
The number of elements are 5 echo “Looping using for:<br>”;
Looping using for : for($n=0; $n<$total; $n++)
CO {
IT echo $course*$n+, “<br>”;
CE }
?>
71
Modifying Data in Arrays:-
• Example:-
<html>
<head>
<title> Modifying in array </title>
<body>
<?php
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”;
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”;
$course*2+ = “Civil”;
echo “Before Modification”;
?> </body></html>
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
echo $course[1], “<br>”;
echo $course[2], “<br>”;
echo “After Modification <br>”;
$course[1] = “Mechanical Engg.”;
$course[] = “Electrical Engg.”;
for($i=0; $i<count($course);$i++)
{
echo $course*$i+, “<br>”;
}
72
Modifying Data in Arrays:-
• Output:-  Deleting Array Element:-
Before Modification • The unset() function is used to
Computer Engg. remove element from array.
Information Tech. • The unset() function is used to
Civil destroy any other variable and
After Modification same way use to delete any
Computer Engg. element of an array.
Mechanical Engg. • Syntax:-
Civil void unset($var,….);
Electrical Engg
73
Deleting Array Element:-
• Example 1:-
<?php
$course = array(“CO”, “IT”,
“ME”, “CE”);
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”;
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
echo $course*1+, “<br>”;
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;
echo $course[3], “<br>”;
unset($course[1]);
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”;
print_r($course);
echo “Delete entire array
elements: <br>”;
unset($course[1]);
?>
• Output:-
Array ([0]=> CO [2]=> ME [3]=> CE)
Delete entire array elements:
74
Deleting Array Element:-
• Example 2:-
<?php echo “After Deletion: <br>”;
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”;
$course*1+ = “ ”;
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”;
$course*2+ = “Civil”; for($i=0; $i<count($course);$i++)
$course[3] = “Electrical Engg.”; {
echo “Before Deletion: <br>”; echo $course*$i+, “<br>”;
echo $course*0+, “<br>”; }
echo $course*1+, “<br>”; ?>
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;
echo $course[3], “<br>”;

75
Deleting Array Element :-
• Output:-  Reducing an array:-
Before Deletion: • The array_reduce() function
Computer Engg. apply a user define function to
Information Tech. each element of an array, so as
Civil to reduce the array to a single
Electrical Engg. value.
After Deletion: • Syntax:-
Computer Engg. • Mixed array_reduce(array
Civil $array, callable $callback
Electrical Engg [, mixed $initial = null])

76
Reducing Array Element :-
• Example:-  Array_search:-
<?php • The array_search() function an
$n = array(1, 3, 5, 7); array for a value and return the
$total = array_reduce($n, key
‘add’); • Syntax:-
• Mixed array_reduce (mixed
echo $total;
$to_find, array $input [, bool
?> $strict = false])
• Output:- 16

77
Array_search :-
• Example:-
<?php
$a = array(“a”=> “5”, “b”=>
“7”, “c”=> “9”,);
echo array_search(7, $a, true);
?>
• Output:- b

78
Sorting Array :-
• Sorting refer to ordering data in • ksort() - sort associative arrays in
an alphanumerical, numerical
order and increasing or ascending order, according to
decreasing fashion. the key
• Sorting function for array in PHP • arsort() - sort associative arrays
• sort() - sort arrays in ascending in descending order, according
order to the value
• rsort() - sort arrays in descending • krsort() - sort associative arrays
order
in descending order, according
• asort() - sort associative arrays in
ascending order, according to the to the key
value

79
sort() and rsort() in Array :-
• Example:- echo “After sorting in Ascending
<?php order:<br>”;
$num = array(40, 61, 2, 22, 13); sort($num);
echo “Before sorting:<br>”; $arrlen=count($num);
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++)
$arrlen=count($num);
{
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++) echo $num*$x+, “<br>”;
{ }
echo $num[$x], “<br>”; echo “After sorting in Descending
} order:<br>”;

80
sort() and rsort() in Array :-
sort($num); • Output:-
$arrlen=count($num); Before sorting:-
40
for($x=0; $x<$arrlen; $x++) 61
2
{
22
echo $num*$x+, “<br>”; 13
After sorting in Ascending order:
} 2
?> 13
22
40
61

81
sort() and rsort() in Array :-
Output:-
After sorting in Descending
order:
61
40
22
13
2

82
aort() and ksort() in Array :-
• Example:- echo "<br>";
<?php }
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", echo “Sorting according to Key:<br>”;
"Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43"); ksort($age);
echo “Sorting according to foreach($age as $x => $x_value)
Value:<br>”; {
asort($age); echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" .
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) $x_value;
{ echo "<br>";
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . }
$x_value; ?>

83
aort() and ksort() in Array :-
Output:-
Sorting according to Value:
Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Sorting according to Key:
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter, Value=35
84
Splitting and Merging Array :-
• You can also cut up and • You can also merge two or more
merge array when needed. array with array_mearge()
• Suppose you have 4 course in
array of course and you want
to get a subarray consisting of • Syntax:-
last 2 items.
• You can do this with array_merge(array1, array2,…..);
array_slice() function
• Syntax:-
array_slice(array, start, length,
preserve);

85
Splitting Array :-
• Example:- echo “After Spliting array: <br>”;
<?php subarray = array_slice($course, 1,
$course*0+ = “Computer Engg.”; 2);
$course*1+ = “Information Tech.”; foreach($subarray as $value)
$course*2+ = “Civil”; {
echo “Before Spliting array: <br>”; echo “Course: $value<br>”;
}
echo $course*0+, “<br>”;
?>
echo $course*1+, “<br>”;
echo $course*2+, “<br>”;

86
Splitting Array :-
• Output:-
Before Spliting array:
Computer Engg
Information Tech.
Civil
After Spliting array:
Course: Information Tech.
Course: Civil

87
Merging Array :-
• Example:- echo “Subject: $value<br>”;
<?php }
$sem5 = array(“ACN”, “OSY”, ?>
“SEN”); Output:-
$sem6 = array(“WPD”, “JAVA”, Subject: ACN
“Python”); Subject: OSY
$subject = array_merge($sem5, Subject: SEN
$sem6); Subject: WPD
foreach($subject as $value) { Subject: JAVA
Subject: Python

88
array_diff() & PHP Array functions:-
• Example:- • array_intersect():-
<?php • array_chunk():-
$a1 = array(“ACN”, “OSY”, • array_combine():-
“SEN”); • array_unique():-
$a2 = array(“ACN”, “JAVA”, • array_count_value()
“Python”); • array_pop():-
$diff = array_diff($a1, $a2); ?> • array_product():-
• array_push:-
Output:-
• array_reverse():-
Array ([1]=> OSY [2]=> Python) • array_sum():-

89
PHP Functions and its Types:-
• The real power of PHP comes • A function will be executed by a
from its functions. call to the function.
• PHP function are similar to • There a two part
other programming language.
1) Crate a PHP function
• A function is a piece of code
which take one or more input 2) calling a PHP function
of parameter and does some
processing and return a value. • User define function declaration
• PHP has more than 1000 start with word function:
built-in functions, and in
addition you can create your
own custom functions.
90
PHP Functions and its Types:-
• Syntax:- <body>
function functionName() <?php>
{ function writeMessage()
code to be executed; {
} echo “Welcome to PHP function!”;
• Example:- }
<html> writeMessage();
<head> ?> </body> </html>
<title> PHP function Program Output:-
</title> </head> Welcome to PHP function!

91
PHP Functions with Parameters:-
• PHP gives you option to pass function add($num1, $num2)
your parameters inside a {
function.
$sum = $num1+ $num2;
• Example 1:-
echo “Sum of two number is:
<html>
$sum”;
<head> }
<title> PHP function with add(70,40);
parameter </title> </head>
?> </body> </html>
<body>
Output:-
<?php>
Sum of two number is: 110

92
PHP Functions with Parameters:-
• Example 2:- familyName(“Ram","1985");
<html> familyName(“Laxman","1988");
<head> familyName(“Sita","1990");
<body> ?>
<?php </body> </html>
function familyName($fname,
$year) { Output:-
echo “Name $fname Born in Name: Ram Born in 1985
$year <br>"; Name: Laxman Born in 1988
} Name: Sita Born in 1990

93
PHP Functions returning value:-
• A function can return a value
using the return statement in
conjunction with a value or
object.
• You can return more than one
value from a function using
return array (1,2,3,4).
• Example:-
<?php>
function add($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1+ $num2;
return $sum”;
}
$return_value = add(70,40);
echo “Returned value from the
function: $return_value”;
?>
Output:-
Returned value from the function: 110

94
Variable Functions:-
• PHP support the concept echo “In simple()<br/>”;
variable function. }
• Means that if variable name is function data($arg =“”) ,
parentheses appended to it, echo “In data(); argument was
PHP will look for a function ‘$arg’.</br>”;
with same name. }
$func = ‘simple’;
• Example:- $func();
<?php> $func = ‘data’;
function simple() $func(‘test’) ?>
Output:-
{
In Simple()
In data(); argument was ‘test’. 95
Anonymous Functions (Lambda Function):-
• We can define a function that $r = $add(2, 3);
has no specified name. such a
function is Anonymous echo $r;
Functions or Lambda Funcion. ?>
• Use as a values of callback. Output:-
• The function is randomly 5
generated and returned.
• Example 1:-
<?php>
$add= creare_function( ‘$a’, ‘$b’,
‘return($a+$b)’);

96
Anonymous Functions (Lambda Function):-
• Example 2:- ?>
<?php> Output:-
$gpg= function($name); Welcome To GPG
{ Welcome To Computer Dept.
printf(“\nWelcome To”, $name);
};
$gpg(‘GPG’);
echo”<br>”;
$gpg(‘Computer Dept. ’);
97
Operation on String:-
• PHP string is a sequence of
characters i.e. used to store
and manipulate text .
• String is one of the data type
supported by PHP.
• The string variable can
contain alphanumerical
characters.
• A “string” of text can be
stored in a variable in much
the same way as a numerical
value.
• But the assignment must surround
the string with quote mark (“…” or
‘…’)
 Single quoted string:-
<?php
$name = ‘Ram’;
$str = ‘Hello $name’;
echo $str “br>”;
var_dump(‘Hello Ram’);
?>
Output: Hello $name
string(9) Hello Ram
98
Operation on String:-
 Double quoted string:-
<?php
$name = ‘Ram’;
$str = “Hello $name”;
echo $str;
?>
Output: Hello Ram

99
Converting to and from Strings:-
 Using number_format():- // convert string in number
• The number_format() function echo number_format($num,3);
is used to convert string into a ?>
number.
<?php Output: 2021
$num = “2021.0429”; 2021.042
//convert string in number
echo number_format($num),
“<br>”;

100
Converting to and from Strings:-
 Using type casting:-
• Typecasting can directly // Type cast using float
convert a string into float, echo (float)$num, “<br>”;
double and integer primitive // Type cast using double
type. echo (double)$num;
<?php ?>
$num = “2021.0429”;
//Type cast using int Output: 2021
echo (int)$num, “<br>”; 2021.0429
2021.0429

101
Converting to and from Strings:-
 Using intval() and floatval:-
• The intval() and floatval() // intval() convert string into float
function also convert a string echo floatval($num);
into its corresponding integer ?>
and float value.
<?php Output: 2021
$num = “2021.0429”; 2021.0429
//intval() convert string into int
echo intval($num), “<br>”;

102
Type Specifier :-
• %: To display %. • u: display as an unsigned
• b: display in Binary number. decimal number.
• c: display as the corresponding • x: display as a hexadecimal
ASCII character. number.
• d: display as a decimal number.
• e: for Scientific notation
• f: display as a real number.
• o: display as a octal number.
• s: display as a string.

103
Type Specifier:-
• Example:- $m= 04;
<?php> $date= 29;
printf(“ I have %s pens and %s echo “The date is:”;
pencils. <br>”, 3, 12); printf(“%02d-%02d-%04d <br>”,
$date, $m, $y);
$str=sprintf(“ After using I have ?>
%s pens and %s pencils.<br>”, 2,
10); Output:-
I have 3 pens and 12 pencils.
echo $str, “<br>”; After using I have 2 pens and 10 pencils.
$y=2021; The date is: 29-04-2021

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PHP String Functions:-

105
PHP String Functions:-

106
PHP String Functions:-

107
 PHP String Functions:-

strcomp()

108
PHP String Functions:-

trim($str)

109
PHP String Functions:-

ltrim($str)

110
PHP Math Functions:-

111
PHP Math Functions :-

112
PHP Math Functions :-

113
PHP Math Functions :-

114
PHP Math Functions :-

115
Round():-
• This function take numerical
value as argument and return
the highest integer value by
rounding up value.
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN:
• PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD:
Example:-
• round(1.75572,2) = 1.76
• round(2341757, -3)= 234200
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP)= 8
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN)= 7
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN)= 8
• round(7.5, 0,
PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD)= 7
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PHP Date Function:-
• PHP Date function is an In-built Example:-
function that works date data <?php
type. echo “Today’s Date is:”;
• The PHP date function is used $today = date(“d/m/Y”);
to format a date or time into a echo $today;
human readable format. ?>
• Syntax:- • Output:-
date(format, timestamp); Today’s Date is: 01/04/2021

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Get a Date:-
• Here are some characters that Example:-
are commonly used for dates: <?php
echo "Today is " . date("Y/m/d") . "<br>";
• d - Represents the day of the echo "Today is " . date("Y.m.d") . "<br>";
month (01 to 31) echo "Today is " . date("Y-m-d") . "<br>";
• m - Represents a month (01 to echo "Today is " . date("l");
12) ?>
• Y - Represents a year (in four • Output:-
digits) Today is 2020/11/03
Today is 2020.11.03
• l (lowercase 'L') - Represents
the day of the week Today is 2020-11-03
Today is Tuesday
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Get a Time:-
• Here are some characters that Example:-
are commonly used for times:
<?php
echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa");
• H - 24-hour format of an hour (00
to 23) ?>
• h - 12-hour format of an hour • Output:-
with leading zeros (01 to 12) The time is 07:50:27am
• i - Minutes with leading zeros (00
to 59)
• s - Seconds with leading zeros (00
to 59)
• a - Lowercase Ante meridiem and
Post meridiem (am or pm)
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Get Your Time Zone:-
• Example:- • Create a Date With mktime():-
<?php • Syntax:-
date_default_timezone_set("Americ mktime(hour, minute, second, month,
a/New_York"); day, year)
echo "The time is " . date("h:i:sa"); • Example:-
?> <?php
Output:- $d=mktime(03, 14, 54, 04, 01, 2021);
The time is 03:40:15pm echo "Created date is " . date("Y-m-d
h:i:sa", $d); ?>
Output:- Created date is 2021-04-01
03:14:54pm

120
Basic Graphics Concept:-
• PHP support basic computer
graphics. An image is a
rectangle of pixels of various
colors.
• Computer usually create color
using a color theory model
called RGB model.
• The three basic color that are
combine to create the colors
that we see on the computer
display.
• Creating an Image:-
• The imagecreate() function is used to
create a new image.
• Syntax:-
imagecreate(x_size, y_size);
• x_size and y_size parameter are in
pixel.
• Example:-
$img_height= 200;
$img_width= 400;
$img= imagecreate($img_height,
$img_width);
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Basic Graphics Concept:-
• It is preferred to use
imagecreatetruecolor() to
create a image instead of
imagecreate().
• Because the image processing
occurs on the highest quality
image possible which can be
create using
imagecreatetruecolor() .
• To set a colors to be used in
image use imagecolorallocate()
• You can pass RGB value on
imagecolorallocate() to set color.
• If you want solid red the you had
pass red value 0-255 and blue
and green value 0.
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
200, 0, 0);
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Basic Graphics Concept:-
• To send JPEG image back to • Example1:-
browser, you have to tell the <?php
Brower you are doing so with
the header function to set the $img_height= 200;
image type. $img_width= 400;
• You sent the image with the $img= imagecreate($img_height,
imagejpeg() function. $img_width);
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
• Imagegif():-
200, 0, 0);
• imagejpeg() header(‘Content-Type:image/jpeg);
• Imagewbmp():- imagejpeg($img);
• Imagepng():- ?>

123
Create Image:-
• Example1:- imagedestroy($im);
<?php print "<img
$img_height= 200; src=image.png?".date("U").">";
$img_width= 400; ?>
$img=
@imagecreate($img_height,
$img_width);
$bg_color=
imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 0,
0);
imagepng($im,"image.png");

124
Draw Line on Image:-

125
Draw Line on Image:-
• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255); // blue
imageline ($im, 5, 5, 195, 5, $red);
imageline ($im, 5, 5, 195, 195, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>

126
Draw Rectangles on Image:-
X1
Y1 Y2

X2

127
Draw Rectangles on Image :-
• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255); // blue
imagerectangle ($im, 5, 10, 195, 50, $red);
imagefilledrectangle ($im, 5, 100, 195, 140, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>

128
Draw Ellipses on Image:-

129
Draw Ellipses on Image :-
• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255); // blue
imageellipse($im, 50, 50, 40, 60, $red);
imagefilledellipse($im, 150, 150, 60, 40, $blue);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>

130
Draw Arc on Image:-

131
Draw Arc on Image :-
• <?php
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200);
$background_color = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
$blue = imagecolorallocate($im, 0, 0, 255); // blue
imagearc($im, 20, 50, 40, 60, 0, 90, $red);
imagearc($im, 70, 50, 40, 60, 0, 180, $red);
imagefilledarc($im, 20, 150, 40, 60, 0, 90, $blue, IMG_ARC_PIE);
imagefilledarc($im, 70, 150, 40, 60, 0, 180, $blue, IMG_ARC_PIE);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>

132
Image with text:-
• The imagestring() function is an
inbuilt function in PHP which is
used to draw the string
horizontally.
• This function draw the string at
given position.
• Syntax:-
Imagestring( $image, $font, $x,
$y, $string, $color);
• Example:- png.php file name
<?php
header(‘Content-Type:image/jpeg);
$img= imagecreate(150, 50);
$bg_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
220, 230, 140);
$txt_color= imagecolorallocate($img,
0, 0, 0);
Imagestring( $img, 5, 6, 17, “Welcome
to GPG”, $txt_color);
imagepng($img);
?>
133
Image with text :-
• <?php;
$im = @imagecreate(200, 200)
$background_color = ima, 50, "Hello !", gecolorallocate($im, 255, 255, 0); // yellow
$red = imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 0, 0); // red
imagestring($im, 5, 10, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 2, 5$red);
imagestring($im, 3, 5, 90, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 4, 5, 130, "Hello !", $red);
imagestring($im, 5, 5, 170, "Hello !", $red);
imagestringup($im, 5, 140, 150, "Hello !", $red);
imagepng($im,"image.png");
imagedestroy($im);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
134
Resize Image:-

135
Resize Image:-
• <?php;
$original_image = imagecreatefrompng("image.png");
$image_info = getimagesize("image.png");
$width = $image_info[0]; // width of the image
$height = $image_info[1]; // height of the image
$new_width = round ($width*0.7);
$new_height = round ($height*0.7);
$new_image = imagecreate($new_width, $new_height);
imagecopyresized($new_image, $original_image, 0, 0, 0, 0, $new_width, $new_height,
$width, $height);
imagepng($new_image,"resized_image.png");
imagedestroy($new_image);
print "<img src=image.png?".date("U").">";
?>
136
Displaying Image in HTML page:-
• If you had a PNG on the server, • Example:-
abc.png, you could display it <html>
this way in a web using HTML. <head>
<img src= “abc.png”> <title> Embedding created image in
HTML page </title>
</head>
• In the same way you can give <body>
the name of the script that <h2> PNG image create using script
generate the png image </h2> <br>
<img src= “png.php”> <img src= “png.php”>
</body> </html>

137
Creation of PDF Document:-
• FPDF is a PHP class which
allows generating PDF file with
pure PHP that is to say without
using a PDFlib library.
• F from FPDF stand for free.
• We may use it for any kind of
usage and modify it to suite we
need.
• Features of FPDF:-
Automatic page break.
 Choice of measure unit, page
format and margins.
 Page header and footer format.
 Automatic line break and text
justification.
 Image format (JPEG, GIF, and
PNG)
 Color and line.
 Page compression.
138
Cell():-

‘http://www.gpgondia.ac.in’

139
Creation of PDF Document :-
<?php
require(‘fpdf.php’);
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont(‘Arial’, ‘B’, 16);
$pdf->Cell(80, 10, ‘Welcome to online class’);
$pdf->Output(‘my_pdf.pdf’, ‘I’);

?>
140
Adding border , alignment, color , link in PDF Document :-
<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
141
Adding background color in PDF Document :-
<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->SetFillColor(1,255,255);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
142
Adding font colour by SetTextColor() in PDF Document :-
<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf = new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->SetFillColor(1,255,255);
$pdf->SetTextColor(255,254,254);
$pdf->Cell(80,10,‘Welcome to
GPG!',1,0,'R',false,'https://www.gpgondia.ac.in.com');
$pdf->Output(‘gpg.pdf','I'); // send to browser and display
?>
143
Saving the PDF Document :-
• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','I'); // Send to browser and display

• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','D'); // Force file download with

name given ( name can be changed )

• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','F'); // Saved in local computer

with the file name given

• $pdf->Output('my_file.pdf','S'); // Return the document as a

string.
144