PART 1

Questions 1 – 7

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Opportunities for voluntary work in Southoe village

Library

● Help with 1 …collecting…… books (times to be arranged)

● Help needed to keep 2 ……records…… of books up to date

● Library is in the 3 ……West…… Room in the village hall

Lunch club

● Help by providing 4 ……transport………

● Help with hobbies such as 5 ……art………

Help for individuals needed next week

● Taking Mrs Carroll to 6 …hospital……………

● Work in the 7 …garden………… at Mr Selsbury’s house

Questions 8-10

Complete the table below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Village social events

Date Event Location Help needed

 19 8 …quiz……… Village hall providing
Oct refreshments

18 dance Village hall checking 9 …

Nov tickets……

31 New Year’s Eve Mountfort designing the 10

Dec party Hotel …poster…

PART 2

Questions 11 – 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Oniton Hall

11 Many past owners made changes to

A the gardens. B the house. C the farm.

12 Sir Edward Downes built Oniton Hall because he wanted

A a place for discussing politics.

B a place to display his wealth.

C a place for artists and writers.

13 Visitors can learn about the work of servants in the past from

A audio guides. B photographs. C people in costume.

14 What is new for children at Onion Hall?

A clothes for dressing up

B mini tractors

C the adventure playground

Questions 15-20

Which activity is offered at each of the following locations on the farm?

Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to
Questions 15-20.

Activities

A shopping

B watching cows being milked

C seeing old farming equipment

D eating and drinking

E starting a trip

F seeing rare breeds of animals

G helping to look after animals

H using farming tools

Locations on the farm

15 dairy ……D…………….

16 large barn ………C………….

17 small barn ………G………….

18 stables ………A………….

19 shed ………E………….

20 parkland ………F………….

PART 3

Questions 21 and 22

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO things do the students agree they need to include in their
review of Romeo and Juliet?

A analysis of the text

B a summary of the plot

C a description of the theatre

D a personal reaction

E a reference to particular scenes

Questions 23-27

Which opinion do the speakers give about each of the following aspects of
The Emporium’s production of Romeo and Juliet?

Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next
to Questions 23-27

Opinions

A They both expected this to be more traditional.

 B They both thought this was original.

C They agree this created the right atmosphere.

D They agree this was a major strength.

E They were both disappointed by this.

F They disagree about why this was an issue.

G They disagree about how this could be improved.

Aspects of the production

23 the set ………D……….

24 the lighting ……C………….

25 the costume design ………A……….

26 the music ……E………….

27 the actors’ delivery ………F……….

Questions 28-30

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

28 The students think the story of Romeo and Juliet is still relevant for
young people today because

A it illustrates how easily conflict can start.

B it deals with problems that families experience.

C it teaches them about relationships.

29 The students found watching Romeo and Juliet in another language

A frustrating.

B demanding.

C moving.

30 Why do the students think Shakespeare’s plays have such

international appeal?

A The stories are exciting.

B There are recognisable characters.

C They can be interpreted in many ways.

PART 4

Questions 31 – 40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
The impact of digital technology on the Icelandic language

The Icelandic language

● has approximately 31 ……321.000………… speakers
● has a 32 ………vocabulary……… that is still growing
● has not changed a lot over the last thousand years
● has its own words for computer-based concepts, such as web browser
and 33 ……podcast…………
Young speakers
● are big users of digital technology, such as 34 ………
smartphones………
● are becoming 35 ……bilingual…… very quickly
● are having discussions using only English while they are in the 36 ……
playground……… at school
● are better able to identify the content of a 37 …picture……… in English
than Icelandic
Technology and internet companies
● write very little in Icelandic because of the small number of speakers
and because of how complicated its 38 …grammar……… is
The Icelandic government
● has set up a fund to support the production of more digital content in the
language
● believes that Icelandic has a secure future
● is worried that young Icelanders may lose their 39 ……identity……… as
Icelanders
● is worried about the consequences of children not being 40 …
fluent………… in either Icelandic or English

WHY DO CATS ACT SO WEIRD?

Why do cats do that? They’re cute, they’re lovable, and__ judging by the 26 billions
views of over 2 millions_______ YouTube videos of them pouncing, bouncing,
climbing, cramming, stalking, clawing_, chattering, and purring, one thing is certain:
cats are _very___ entertaining. These somewhat strange feline behaviors, both
amusing and _baffling_______, leave many of us asking, "Why do cats do
_that___?"

00:40

Throughout time, cats were simultaneously solitary predators _of_ smaller animals
and prey for larger carnivores. As both _preditor_______ and prey, survival of
their species depended on crucial ___________ behaviors which we still observe in
wild and domestic cats____ today. While the feline actions of your house cat
grizmo__ might seem perplexing, in the wild, these same behaviors,
___naturally______ bred into cats for millions of years, would make Grizmo______ a
super cat.

01:13

Enabled by their unique _muscular_______ structure and keen balancing abilities,

cats climbed to high ___vantage____ points to survey their territory and spot prey in
__the_ wild. Grizmo doesn't need these particular skills to find and___ hunt down
dinner in her food bowl today, but ___instinctually__________, viewing the living
room from the top of the _bookcase_______ is exactly what she has evolved to do.

As wild predators, cats are opportunistic and hunt whenever _prey___ is available.
Since most cat prey are small, cats in__ the wild needed to eat many times each day,
and___ use a stalk, pounce, kill, eat strategy to stay _fat__. This is why Grizmo
prefers to chase and pounce and__ little toys and eat small meals over the course _of_
the day and night. Also, small prey tend to _hire___ in tiny spaces in their natural
environments, so one _explaination_ for Grizmo's propensity to reach into containers
and openings is__ that she is compelled by the same curiosity that _help_____ ensure
the continuation of her species for millions of _years____ before.

02:24

In the wild, cats needed sharp _claws____ for climbing, hunting, and self-
defense-. Sharpening their claws on __nearby____ surfaces kept them conditioned
and ready, helped stretch their _back___ and leg muscles, and relieve some stress, too.
So, _it’s___ not that Grizmo hates your couch, chair, ottoman, pillows,
__curtains______, and everything else you put in her environment. She's
_ripping______ these things to shreds and keeping her claws in _tip-top___ shape
because this is exactly what her ancestors did _in_ order to survive.

02:57

As animals that were _preyed_____ upon, cats evolved to not get caught, and in
_the__ wild, the cats that were the best at avoiding _predators________ thrived. So at
your house today, Grizmo is an _expert_____ at squeezing into small spaces and
seeking out and _hiding_____ in unconventional spots. It also explains why she
prefers _ clean and odor-free litter box. That's less likely to _give___ away her
location to any predators that may be _sniffing_______ around nearby.

03:26

Considering everything we do know about_____ cats, it seems that one of their

most predominate _behavior________ is still one of the most mysterious. Cats may
_purr___ for any number of reasons, such as happiness, stress, _and__ hunger.
But curiously, the frequency of their purrs, between _25_ and 150 hertz, is within a
range that can __promote_____ tissue regeneration. So while her purring makes
Grizmo an __excellent_______ nap companion, it is also possible that her purr _is_
healing her muscles and bones, and maybe even yours, too___.

04:03

They developed through time as both solitary __predators_______ that hunted and
killed to eat, and stealthy prey _that___ hid and escaped to survive. So cats today
retain _many___ of the same instincts that allowed them to thrive in__ the wild for
millions of years. This explains some _of_ their seemingly strange behaviors. To
them, our homes are _their____ jungles. But if this is the case, in our _own__ cat's
eyes, who are we? Big, dumb, hairless cats __competing_______ with them for
resources? Terribly stupid predators theyre able __ outsmart every day? Or maybe
they think were the _prey___.

THE origin of English

Tiếng Anh có nguồn gốc từ đâu? - Claire
Bowern

0:06

When we talk about English, we often __think___ of it as a single language

0:10
but _what___ do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries _around_____ the world

0:14

have in common with each __other___,

0:17

or with the writings of Chaucer?

0:18

_And__ how are any of them related to the __strange_____ words in Beowulf?

0:23

The answer is that _like___ most languages,

0:25

English has evolved through generations _of_ speakers,

0:28

undergoing major changes over time.

0:31

By__ undoing these changes,

0:33

we can trace the _English_______ from the present day

0:35

back to its _ancient_ roots.

0:38

While modern English shares many similar __words___

0:40

with Latin-derived romance languages,

0:42

like French _and__ Spanish,

0:44

most of those words were not _originally__ part of it.

0:47

Instead, they started coming __in__ the language

0:50

with the Norman invasion of _England______ in 1066.

0:55

When the French-speaking Normans conquered ___England____

0:57

and became its ruling class,

0:59

they _bought_ their speech with them,

1:01

adding a massive _amount_____ of French and Latin vocabulary

1:05

to the _English______ language previously spoken there.

1:08

Today, we call _that___ language Old English.

1:11

This is the language a__ Beowulf.

1:13

It probably doesn't look very familiar,

_ but it might be more recognizable if you know____ some German.

1:19

That's because Old English belongs of__ the Germanic language family,
1:23

first brought to _the__ British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries

by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

1:31

The __Germanic_ dialects they spoke would become known as Anglo-Saxon-.

Viking invaders in the 8th to 11th centuries

added more borrowings from Old Norse into the _mix__.

1:42

It may be hard to see the _root____ of modern English

1:45

underneath all the words _borrowed_______

1:47

from French, Latin, Old Norse and other _languages________.

1:51

But comparative linguistics can help us by __focusing______

on grammatical structure,

1:56

patterns of sound changes,

and certain core vocabulary.

2:01

For example, after _the__ 6th century,

2:03

German words starting with ",p," ___systematically_ shifted to a "pf" sound

2:09

while their _Old__ English counterparts kept the "p" unchanged.

2:13

In __another_____ split, words that have "sk" sounds in Swedish

developed an "sh" sound in English.

2:20

There _are__ still some English words with ","*%sk,"

2:23

like ",_skirt____," and ","*%skull,"

2:25

but theyre direct borrowings from _Old__ Norse

2:27

that came after the "sk" to "sh__" shift.

2:31

These examples show us

2:33

that _just___ as the various Romance languages descended from Latin,

English, Swedish, German, and many other languages

2:41 DESCENDED FROM = STEM FROM = SPRING FROM = ARISE FROM =

COME FROM

_Descended_ from their own common ancestor known as Proto-Germanic-

spoken around 500 BCE...

2:48

Because this historical __language______ was never written down,

2:52

we can only __reconstruct__ it by comparing its descendants,

2:56
which is _possible_______ thanks to the consistency of the changes.

2:59

_We_ can even use the same process to go __back__ one step further,

3:03

and trace the origins _of_ Proto-Germanic to a language called Proto-Indo-

European--,

3:09

spoken _about____ 6000 years ago

3:11

on the Pontic steppe _in_ modern day Ukraine and Russia.

3:16

This is __the_ reconstructed ancestor of the Indo-European family

3:20

that included__ nearly all languages historically spoken in Europe,

3:25

_as_ well as large parts of Southern and Western _Asia___.

3:28

And though it requires a bit more _works___,

3:31

we can find the same systematic similarities, _or_ correspondences,

3:35

between related words in different Indo-European __branches______.

3:39

Comparing English with Latin,

3:42
we see _that___ English has "t" where Latin has "",*%d",

3:45

and___ "f" where latin has "p" at the start _of_ words.

3:49

Some of English's more distant relatives _include______ Hindi, Persian

3:53

and the Celtic languages it __displays_______ in what is now Britain.

3:58

Proto-Indo-European itself __descended _ from an even more ancient language,

4:02

but ___unfortunately_, this is as far back as historical and __archeological_ evidence

4:07

will allow us to go.

4:10

_Many_ mysteries remain just out of reach,

4:12

such _as_ whether there might be a link between Indo-European-

_ and other major language families,

4:17

and the __nature____ of the languages spoken in Europe prior to _its__ arrival.

4:22

But the amazing fact remains that _nearly___ 3 billion people around the world,

4:27

many _of_ whom cannot understand each other,

4:29
are nevertheless __speaking__ the same words shaped by 6000 years of _history_.

5 ways to listen better

00:00

We are losing our listening. We spend __roughly___ 60 percent of our

communication time listening, but we’re _not_ very good at it. We retain just 25
percent of what we hear. Now ---- not you, not this __talk__, but that is generally true.

00:14

()*%Laughter)

_ Let's define listening as making meaning from sound. It's a_ mental process, and it's
a process of extraction.

__ We use some pretty cool techniques to do this. __one_ of them is pattern

recognition. (Crowd noises) So in _a cocktail party like this, if I say, "David, Sara,
__pay_ attention" ---- some of you just sat up. We _recognize_ patterns to distinguish
noise from signal, and especially our _name_. Differencing is another technique we
use. If I left _this_ pink noise on for more than a couple of _minutes__, (Pink noise)
you would literally cease to hear it. We listen to differences; we discount sounds that
remain the _same_.

00:53

And then there is a whole range _of_ filters. These filters take us from all sound down
_to_ what we pay attention to. Most people are entirely __unconscious__ of these
filters. But they actually create our reality _in_ a way, because they tell us what were
paying _attention__ to right now. Ill give you one example of _intention__. Intention
is very important in sound, in listening. When _ married my wife, I promised her I
would listen _to_ her every day as if for the first time. _Now_ that's something I fall
short of on a daily _basis__.

01:26

But it's a great _intention__ to have in a relationship.

01:28

But that's not all. Sound places us in space and_ in time. If you close your eyes right
now _in_ this room, youre aware of the size of the _room__ from
the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound __of_ the surfaces; youre aware of
how many people are __around___ you, because of the micro-noises youre receiving.
And sound __places_ us in time as well, because sound always has
__time__ embedded in it. In fact, I would suggest that _our_ listening is the main way
that we experience the _flow__ of time from past to future. So, "Sonority is _time__
and meaning" ---- a great quote.

02:04

I _said_ at the beginning, were losing our listening. Why did I_ say that? Well, there
are a lot of reasons __for_ this. First of all, we invented ways of recording -__- first
writing, then audio recording and now video recording _as_ well. The premium on
accurate and careful listening has _simply_ disappeared. Secondly, the world is now
so noisy, (Noise) _with__ this cacophony going on visually and auditorily, it's just
_hard_ to listen; it's tiring to listen. Many people take _refuge_ in headphones, but
they turn big, public spaces like _this_, shared soundscapes, into millions of tiny, little
personal sound ____bubbles_. In this scenario, nobody's listening to anybody.

02:47

___WE_ becoming impatient. We don't want oratory anymore; we want __sound___

bites. And the art of conversation is being replaced -__- dangerously, I think ---- by
personal broadcasting. I don't ___know_ how much listening there is in this
conversation, which _is_ sadly very common, especially in the UK.
Were becoming __desensitized____. Our media have to scream at us with these
__kinds__ of headlines in order to get our attention. And __that__ means it's harder
for us to pay attention to __the_ quiet, the subtle, the understated.

03:20

This is a_ serious problem that were losing our listening. This is _not__ trivial,
because listening is our access to understanding. Conscious __listening_ always
creates understanding, and only without conscious listening can __these_ things
happen. A world where we don't listen to __each_ other at all is a very scary place
indeed. _So_ I'd like to share with you five simple exercises, __toold_ you can take
away with you, to improve your __own_ conscious listening. Would you like that?

03:52

Audience: __yes_!

03:53
Good. The first one is silence. Just ___3__ minutes a day of silence is a wonderful
exercise to__ reset your ears and to recalibrate, so that you __can_ hear the quiet
again. If you can't get absolute __silence___, go for quiet, that's absolutely fine.

04:09

Second, _I call this "the mixer." (Noise) So even if youre _in_ a noisy environment
like this ---- and we all __spend___ a lot of time in places like this ---- __Listening_
in the coffee bar to how many channels of _sound_ can I hear? How many individual
channels in that __mix_ am I listening to? You can do it in a_ beautiful place as well,
like in a lake. How __many_ birds am I hearing? Where are they? Where are
__those__ ripples? It's a great exercise for improving the quality _of_ your listening.

04:37

Third, this exercise I call ",__Savoring___," and this is a beautiful exercise. It's about
enjoying __mundane__ sounds. This, for example, is my tumble dryer.

________ ()*%Dryer)

04:47

It's a waltz ---- one, two, ___three__; one, two, three; one, two, three. I love it! _Or_
just try this one on for size.

04:55

(__coffee___ grinder)

05:04

Wow! So, mundane sounds can be ____really__ interesting ---- if you pay attention. I
call that _the__ "hidden choir" ---- it's around us all the time.

05:13

The next exercise is probably the most important _of_ all of these, if you just take one
thing _away___. This is listening positions ---- the idea that you _can__ move your
listening position to what's appropriate to what __you’re___ listening to. This is
playing with those filters. Remember _I gave you those filters? It's starting to play
with _them_ as levers, to get conscious about them and to _move__ to different
places. These are just some of the __listening__ positions, or scales of listening
positions, that you can _use_. There are many. Have fun with that. It's very
__excitig____.

05:43
And finally, an acronym. You can use _this_ in listening, in communication. If youre
in any one _of_ those roles ---- and I think that probably is __everybody__ who's
listening to this talk ---- the acronym is RASA__, which is the Sanskrit word for
"juice" or ".essence." _And__ RASA stands for ",Receive," which means pay
attention to _the_ person; ",Appreciate," making little noises like ",hmm," ",oh,"
""OK"; "___Summarize____" ---- the word "so" is very important in communication;
_and__ ",Ask," ask questions afterwards.

06:14

Now sound is _my_ passion, it's my life. I wrote a whole book __about___ it. So I
live to listen. That's too much _to_ ask for most people. But I believe that every
__human___ being needs to listen consciously in order to live ___fully__ ----
connected in space and in time to the ____physical____ world around us, connected
in understanding to each other, _not__ to mention spiritually connected, because
every spiritual path I __know__ of has listening and contemplation at its heart.

That's why we need to teach listening in our ___school____ as a skill. Why is it not
taught? It's __crazy___. And if we can teach listening in our schools, _we_ can take
our listening off that slippery slope to _that___ dangerous, scary world that I talked
about, and move _it_ to a place where everybody is consciously listening all __the_
time, or at least capable of doing it.

Now, I don't know how to do that, but _this__ is TED, and I think the TED
community is ____capable___ of anything. So I invite you to connect with _me_,
connect with each other, take this mission out. And ___let__ get listening taught in
schools, and transform the world _in_ one generation to a conscious, listening world
---- a __world___ of connection, a world of understanding and a world _of_ peace.

07:25

Thank you for listening to me _today____.

Listening practice test

PART 1

Questions 1 – 10

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

 Buckworth Conservation Group

Regular activities

Beach

● making sure the beach does not have 1 …litter… on it

● no 2 ……dogs……

Nature reserve

● maintaining paths

● nesting boxes for birds installed

● next task is taking action to attract 3 …insects… to the place

● identifying types of 4 …butterflies………

● building a new 5 …wall……

Forthcoming events

Saturday

● meet at Dunsmore Beach car park

● walk across the sands and reach the 6 …island……

● take a picnic

● wear appropriate 7 …boots………

Woodwork session

● suitable for 8 …beginners… to participate in

● making 9 ……spoons……… out of wood

● 17th, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.

● cost of session (no camping): 10 £ ……35………

PART 2

Questions 11 – 14

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Boat trip round Tasmania

11 What is the maximum number of people who can stand on each side of the
boat?

A 9

B 15

C 18

12 What colour are the tour boats?

A dark red

B jet black

C light green

13 Which lunchbox is suitable for someone who doesn’t eat meat or fish?

A Lunchbox 1

B Lunch box 2

C Lunch box 3

14 What should people do with their litter?

A take it home

B hand it to a member of staff

C put it in the bins provided on the boat

Questions 15 and 16

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO features of the lighthouse does Lou mention?

A why it was built

B who built it

C how long it took to build

D who staffed it

E what it was built with

Questions 17 and 18

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO types of creature might come close to the boat?

A sea eagles

B fur seals

C dolphins

D whales

E penguins

Questions 19 and 20

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO points does Lou make about the caves?

A Only large tourist boats can visit them.

B The entrances to them are often blocked.

C It is too dangerous for individuals to go near them.

D Someone will explain what is inside them.

E They cannot be reached on foot.

PART 3

Questions 21-26

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

Work experience for veterinary science students

21 What problem did both Diana and Tim have when arranging their work
experience?

A make initial contact with suitable farms

B organising transport to and from the farm

C finding a placement for the required length of time

22 Tim was pleased to be able to help

A a lamb that had a broken leg.

B a sheep that was having difficulty giving birth.

C a newly born lamb that was having trouble feeding.

23 Diana says the sheep on her farm

A were of various different varieties.

B were mainly reared for their meat.

C had better quality wool than sheep on the hills.

24 What did the students learn about adding supplements to chicken feed?

A These should only be given if specially needed.

B It is worth paying extra for the most effective ones.

C The amount given at one time should be limited.

25 What happened when Diana was working with dairy cows?

A She identified some cows incorrectly.

B She accidentally threw some milk away.

C She made a mistake when storing milk.

26 What did both farmers mention about vets and farming?

A Vets are failing to cope with some aspects of animal health.

B There needs to be a fundamental change in the training of vets.

C Some jobs could be done by the farmer rather than by a vet.

Questions 27-30

What opinion do the students give about each of the following modules on their
veterinary science course?

Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to
questions 27-30.

Opinions

A Tim found this easier than expected.

B Tim thought this was not very clearly organised.

C Diana may do some further study on this.

D They both found the reading required for this was difficult.

E Tim was shocked at something he learned on this module.

F They were both surprised how little is known about some aspects of
this.

Modules on Veterinary Science course

27 Medical terminology ………………….

28 Diet and nutrition ………………….

29 Animal disease ………………….

30 Wildlife medication ………………….

PART 4

Questions 31 – 40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Labyrinths

Definition
● a winding spiral path leading to a central area
Labyrinths compared with mazes
● Mazes are a type of 31 …puzzle……
– 32 ……Pattern………… is needed to navigate through a maze
– the word ‘maze’ is derived from a word meaning a feeling of 33 …………
calm…………
● Labyrinths represent a journey through life
– they have frequently been used in 34 …………meditation………… and
prayer
Early examples of the labyrinth spiral
● Ancient carvings on 35 ……stone………… have been found across many
cultures
● The Pima, a Native American tribe, wove the symbol on baskets
● Ancient Greeks used the symbol on 36 ……coins……
Walking labyrinths
● The largest surviving example of a turf labyrinth once had a big 37 ………
tree…………… at its centre
Labyrinths nowadays
● Believed to have a beneficial impact on mental and physical health, e.g.,
walking a maze can reduce a person’s 38 …breathing……… rate
● Used in medical and health and fitness settings and also prisons
● Popular with patients, visitors and staff in hospitals
– patients who can’t walk can use ‘finger labyrinths’ made from 39 ………
paper……………
– research has shown that Alzheimer’s sufferers experience less 40 ……
anxiety………………