Normative ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on determining, what is morally right or wrong and providing

guidelines for ethical behavior. It seeks to establish principles, rules, or standards that can be used to evaluate the morality of
actions. Normative ethics addresses questions about how individuals and societies should act, aiming to provide a framework
for making ethical decisions. Unlike descriptive ethics, which observes and analyzes existing moral practices, normative ethics
is prescriptive, offering norms and standards to guide moral conduct. Common approaches within normative ethics include
consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics, each providing distinct perspectives on how to assess and determine the
morality of actions.

1. Virtue Ethics

- Good actions are not based on rules but on the characters of the agent.

- Good character or virtues is attained by habituation

- Having virtue just means doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward the right
people. It also means knowing how to deliver hard truths gracefully. How to break bad news gently, or to offer criticism in a
way that’s constructive, rather than soul-crushing.

- Virtue is a skill, a way of living and that’s something that can only really be learned through experience.

2. Utilitarianism
- A consequentialist ethics.

- Happiness/pleasure determines the moral worth of an action.

- Actions that promote greater happiness and lessens pain are moral

3. Deontology

- Deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.

- Consequences do not make an action right or wrong.

- Actions are right if they follow norms.