CHAPTER 2
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ISSUES 2 Standards
1987 Constitution;Article 6 Section 1-
 Public office is a public trust. Public officers and
employees must at all times be accountable to
the people, serve them with utmost responsibility,
integrity loyalty and efficiency act with patriotism
and justice, and lead modest life.
 Under a democracy such as in the Philippines,
the people fundamentals faith in the integrity of
political institution is what holds the system
together even under the most difficult times.
 As foster (1981) states:as the public becomes
better educated, they also become more aware,
more demanding, less understanding, and less
willing to accept average performance.
The concept of public accountability
 The activities of civil servants and public
agencies must follow the will of people.
 The obligation of an individual/ organization to
account for its activities, accept responsibility for
them and to disclose the result in a transparent
manner.
EIGHT NORMS OF CONDUCT
 Commitment to public interest
 Professionalism
 Justness and sincerity
 Political neutrality
 Responsiveness to the public
 Nationalism and patriotism
 Commitment to democracy
 Simple Living
ACCOUNTABILITY
 Is answerability, blameworthiness, liability and
the expectation of account giving
 Owed explanation
 You hold as a person to only after a task is done
or not.
RESPONSIBILITY
 May refer to being in charge, being the owner of
task or event
 Explanation not necessary
 Can be before and/or after a task
Three Phrases of Classical Cycle of Public
Administration:
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
TYPES OF ACCOUNTABILITY
Traditional Accountability-
 Focuses on the regularity of fiscal transactions
and the faithful compliance to legal requirements
and administrative policies (Mckinney 1981:144
as cited by Carino 2003:808)
 Concerns with efficiency and economy in the
use of public funds; propertyand manpower
(tantuico 1982:8 as cited by Carino 2003:808)
 Determining if an act is within the provisions of
laws and regulation.
Managerial Accountability
 These programs range from attempt at work
simplification and revision of forms all the way to
systems improvements and agency
reorganization;
1. Economical operation- elimination or reduction of
needles costs.
2. Efficient operation- decreasing cost at a lower rate
than benefits.
Program Accountability
 Whether the government unit is carrying out only
authorized activities or programs in the manner
contemplated and whether they are
accomplishing their objectives
 Is concerned with the results of government
operations.
Social Accountability
 The main inquiry is whether the administrative
activities inspire general confidence and secure
what are widely regarded as desirable social
ends
Process Accountability
 It implies emphasizes on procedures and
methods of operation and focuses on the black
box inside systems which transforms inputs (the
concern of traditional and managerial
accountability.
Enforcing Accountability:
 Sandigan Bayan
 Anti Graft court
 Ombudsman
 Public Prosecutor
 Civic consciousness
Republic Act No. 3019 Section 1
It is the policy of the philippine Government, in line
with the principle that a public office is a public trust,
to express certain acts of public officer and private
persons alike which constitute graft and corrupt
practices which may lead thereto.
Problems:
 Ethics are over powered by ego
 Ethics of the modern society (students)
 Ethics vs personal interest / advancement
 Ethics influenced by bias
 Trustworthiness of public servant
 Promotion and commitment to ethics and
accountability in the public sector.
 Inability or unwillingness of the society to call
powerful and prominent
 People in their wrong doing.
Education for Justice (E4J) Integrity and Ethics
Module 1: Introduction and Conceptual
Framework
Conceptual analysis of Integrity
Definitions of Integrity - the quality of being honest
and having strong moral principles that you refuse to
change: No one doubted that the president was a
man of the highest integrity. someone's artistic,
professional, etc. integrity approving.
Types of integrity
 Self-integration
 The identity view of integrity
 The self-constitution view of integrity
 Integrity as “standing for something”
 Integrity as moral purpose
Conceptual analysis of Ethics

 Western philosophies on ethics and morality:

 “the attempt to arrive at an understanding of the
nature of human values, of how we ought to live,
and of what constitutes right conduct.”
 “the study or the science of morals”
 “a sense of right and wrong”

 Non-western ethical concepts:

 The Chinese traditions
 Confucius’ approach to ethics

ETHICAL DILEMMA- An ethical dilemma (ethical

paradox or moral dilemma) is a problem in the
decision-making process between two possible
options, neither of which is absolutely acceptable
from an ethical perspective.

Some examples of ethical dilemma include:

 Taking credit for others' work.
 Offering a client a worse product for your
own profit.
 Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit.

FIGHTING JEM!!!!!!!!!!! :)