Series Compensation:

Basic concept
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Basic Theory

It can be noted that the inductive load

causes a voltage reduction at the load.
The voltage drop across the
transmission line can be written as :

V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos  + X T .L I L sin 
From the above equation, the voltage
drop depends on:
I. Transmission line resistance
II. Transmission line reactance
III. Line current
IV. Power factor
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Basic Theory
It is necessary to reduce the voltage drop across the transmission line to keep the voltage
within the operating voltage (±𝟓 % 𝑽𝒔 ).

V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos  + X T .L I L sin 
In long transmission line,
L R XL XL is much greater than
R = resistance. Thus, it is not
A
T .L U.S.A 0.02 p.u 0.5 p.u
economic and effective
China 0.015 0.16 p.u solution to increase cross
section area.

XC
X T .L adding series X C X = X T .L − X C

V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos  + ( X T .L − X C )  I L sin  3
 Basic Theory
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos  + X T .L I L sin 

 adding shunt capacitor ∅ Sin Cos

∅ ∅
Increase decrease
P Q 45 0.7 0.7
cos  = sin  =
P2 + Q2  P2 + Q2  30 0.5 0.86

 → sin  → cos  
S2  S1 Cons tan t
increase decrease
Ssup ply = Vsup ply I 
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L  cos  + X T .L I L  sin 
cons tan t decrease

S1− = P 2 + Q 2 = P 2 + ( V I  sin  ) 2
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Series Compensation

A very high series compensation level or XC is

As the line length increases, X needed, while in practice, the series compensation
increases and Pmax reduces. is normally not larger than 70% - 75% for reasons
such as load balancing with parallel paths, high
vs * vr
P= sin  fault current, and the possible difficulties of power
( X L − XC )  flow control.

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Series Compensation

decrease

V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos  + ( X T .L − X C  ) I L sin 
The series compensation is used to
 𝜹 Sin 𝜹 increase the power transfer capability
vs * vr 
P= sin  40 0.642 𝑃 , minimize the transmission line
( X L − XC )  30 0.5 reactance (𝑋𝐿 ) and line voltage drop
20 0.34 ∆𝑉, reduce the transmission angle 𝛿,
and increase the system stability.
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Series Compensation
   
Vs = Vs cos + jVs sin Vr = Vr cos − jVr sin
2 2 2 2

Vs = Vr = 1, = 30 Because Vr lag Vs
2
𝑽𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜹 𝑽𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜹
Vs = cos 30 + j sin 30 = 130

Vr = cos 30 − j sin 30 = 1 − 30 𝜹 𝜹
Vs − Vr 𝟐 𝟐
I= 𝑽𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜹
XL 𝑽𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜹
    
Vs cos + jVs sin −  Vr cos − jVr sin  With series capacitor
2 2  2 2
I= 
XL Without series capacitor 2V sin
I= 2
   X L − XC
Vs = Vr = V V sin + V sin 2V sin
I= 2 2 = 2 7
XL XL
Series Compensation

2V sin
I= 2
X L − XC


4V 2 sin 2
Q = i2 X C = 2 X
( X L − XC )
2 C

2V 2 (1 − cos  )
Q = i X C =
2
XC
( X L − XC )
2

XC
k=
X
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Series capacitors are
more effective on
circuits with higher
ratios.
Thus, it is widely used
in long transmission
line, where X >>R.
For instance :
In U.S.A (X=0.5 p.u,
R=0.02 p.u)
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Practical system (China)

XL 0.1 + 0.06
= = 10.6
RL 0.01 + 0.005 10
Power World Simulator

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Power World Simulator

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Power World Simulator:
Xc = -j 0.5

P2 + Q2  S 
I = = Qnew = Qold − Qcapacitor Q = i2 X C 13
V V
Impact of heavy and light load
Since the capacitor connects in series with the
transmission line, the current according to the load
pass through the series capacitor.
VN . L − VRe ce.
increase Increase VD = *100 %
Load   I L   I L X L  I L X C
VN . L
VN . L = 16
The series capacitor acts as a voltage
regulator that provides a boost in voltage Load 𝑽𝑵𝑶 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄. 𝑽𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄. 50%
at the capacitor location that is
P=12, Q=9 15.03 (6.06 %) 15.54 (3 %)
proportional to the circuit current
magnitude and the sine of the power P=8, Q=6 15.38 (3.87 %) 15.7 (1.875 %)
factor angle. Moreover, this boost in
voltage is both instantaneous and P=4, Q=3 15.7 (1.875 %) 15.86 (0.875 %)
continuous, which makes the concept a P=2, Q=1 15.9 (0.625 %) 15.96 ( 0.3 %)
natural choice where rapidly changing
loads are present. X T . L = 0.6
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RT .L = 0 X C = 0.3 (50 %)
How can control the series compensation

Thyristor-controlled Gate-controlled
series capacitor (TCSC) series capacitor (GCSC)

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References

1- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012817768600007X

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-CWfVwNj3I&list=PLk_us2kvnmO7uxMCQi5s2c3HXAbwNuL-Q

“Considerations for the Application of Series Capacitors to Radial Power Distribution Circuits”
IEEE transaction on power system, 2001.

“Series compensation of distribution and subtransmission lines” 1997

N.G. Hingorani, L. Gyugi, understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, April, 2000.
FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution by Padiyar, K. R

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