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Series
Series
Basic concept
1
Basic Theory
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + X T .L I L sin
From the above equation, the voltage
drop depends on:
I. Transmission line resistance
II. Transmission line reactance
III. Line current
IV. Power factor
2
Basic Theory
It is necessary to reduce the voltage drop across the transmission line to keep the voltage
within the operating voltage (±𝟓 % 𝑽𝒔 ).
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + X T .L I L sin
In long transmission line,
L R XL XL is much greater than
R = resistance. Thus, it is not
A
T .L U.S.A 0.02 p.u 0.5 p.u
economic and effective
China 0.015 0.16 p.u solution to increase cross
section area.
XC
X T .L adding series X C X = X T .L − X C
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + ( X T .L − X C ) I L sin 3
Basic Theory
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + X T .L I L sin
→ sin → cos
S2 S1 Cons tan t
increase decrease
Ssup ply = Vsup ply I
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + X T .L I L sin
cons tan t decrease
S1− = P 2 + Q 2 = P 2 + ( V I sin ) 2
4
Series Compensation
5
Series Compensation
decrease
V = VS − VR = RT .L I L cos + ( X T .L − X C ) I L sin
The series compensation is used to
𝜹 Sin 𝜹 increase the power transfer capability
vs * vr
P= sin 40 0.642 𝑃 , minimize the transmission line
( X L − XC ) 30 0.5 reactance (𝑋𝐿 ) and line voltage drop
20 0.34 ∆𝑉, reduce the transmission angle 𝛿,
and increase the system stability.
6
Series Compensation
Vs = Vs cos + jVs sin Vr = Vr cos − jVr sin
2 2 2 2
Vs = Vr = 1, = 30 Because Vr lag Vs
2
𝑽𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜹 𝑽𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜹
Vs = cos 30 + j sin 30 = 130
Vr = cos 30 − j sin 30 = 1 − 30 𝜹 𝜹
Vs − Vr 𝟐 𝟐
I= 𝑽𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜹
XL 𝑽𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜹
Vs cos + jVs sin − Vr cos − jVr sin With series capacitor
2 2 2 2
I=
XL Without series capacitor 2V sin
I= 2
X L − XC
Vs = Vr = V V sin + V sin 2V sin
I= 2 2 = 2 7
XL XL
Series Compensation
2V sin
I= 2
X L − XC
4V 2 sin 2
Q = i2 X C = 2 X
( X L − XC )
2 C
2V 2 (1 − cos )
Q = i X C =
2
XC
( X L − XC )
2
XC
k=
X
8
Series capacitors are
more effective on
circuits with higher
ratios.
Thus, it is widely used
in long transmission
line, where X >>R.
For instance :
In U.S.A (X=0.5 p.u,
R=0.02 p.u)
9
Practical system (China)
XL 0.1 + 0.06
= = 10.6
RL 0.01 + 0.005 10
Power World Simulator
11
Power World Simulator
12
Power World Simulator:
Xc = -j 0.5
P2 + Q2 S
I = = Qnew = Qold − Qcapacitor Q = i2 X C 13
V V
Impact of heavy and light load
Since the capacitor connects in series with the
transmission line, the current according to the load
pass through the series capacitor.
VN . L − VRe ce.
increase Increase VD = *100 %
Load I L I L X L I L X C
VN . L
VN . L = 16
The series capacitor acts as a voltage
regulator that provides a boost in voltage Load 𝑽𝑵𝑶 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄. 𝑽𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄. 50%
at the capacitor location that is
P=12, Q=9 15.03 (6.06 %) 15.54 (3 %)
proportional to the circuit current
magnitude and the sine of the power P=8, Q=6 15.38 (3.87 %) 15.7 (1.875 %)
factor angle. Moreover, this boost in
voltage is both instantaneous and P=4, Q=3 15.7 (1.875 %) 15.86 (0.875 %)
continuous, which makes the concept a P=2, Q=1 15.9 (0.625 %) 15.96 ( 0.3 %)
natural choice where rapidly changing
loads are present. X T . L = 0.6
14
RT .L = 0 X C = 0.3 (50 %)
How can control the series compensation
Thyristor-controlled Gate-controlled
series capacitor (TCSC) series capacitor (GCSC)
15
References
1- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012817768600007X
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-CWfVwNj3I&list=PLk_us2kvnmO7uxMCQi5s2c3HXAbwNuL-Q
“Considerations for the Application of Series Capacitors to Radial Power Distribution Circuits”
IEEE transaction on power system, 2001.
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