NSD April 29

Ko Takeda
Anthropology questions

1.I believe that the speaker’s intention was to grab listener’s attention as well as to
make them understand the basis of anthropology.

2.It specialises in the definement of human species.Unlike the exploration and

research about ancient civilization which is attracting for majority, what
anthropologist mostly do is the repetitive work.

3.Western civilization took credit with the development of anthropology.

4.What the lecturer mentioned was cultural anthropology and physical anthropology.
The former focuses on the learned behaivoir, while the latter studies about human
evolution.

5.
・Social anthropology
study of human societies and culture and their development,also known as cultural
anthropology.
・Anatomy
study of the bodily structure of living organisms.
・Paleontology
study of fossil animals and plants.
・Ethnography
systematic study of individual people or culture.
・Biology
the study of living organisms.This consists of many specialized filed including
physiology and anatomy.

6.The speaker mentioned, two sexes, basic biological similarity and education. I
think “social status” is also the universals, since either in the emergence of
launguage and civilization or in the small system of ethnic group, distinguishment of
individual’s position must had been exsisted.

7.Field of anthropology is widened and became more recognized.

8.Through the clarification of ancient people’s mistake, modern people could know
what to avoid in order to keep their civilization developing.

9.Anthropology’s connection to our lives.

10.They specialized in the study about Egypt.

I believe anthropologists prefer to specialize in the specific area so that they can
deeply discover about the area from wide perspectives.

11.Since the mixture of diverse religion was already common in the western area at
the time, their purpose are likely to avoid catastrophe which used to happen among
different tribes with different religious.
NSD
Ko Takeda
May 1st

“What is anthropology” Questions

1.Archeology anthropology, biology anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistics

anthropology are the four main subfields.
I belive these sepraration exsits because it is neccessary to specify what to study since
anthropology itself is too broad to study all of them.

2.Alivia thinks the Google’s description of anthropology ”study of human” as a too broad and
general. And she belives “the branch of knowledge concerning humans” would be a general
but still an understandable definition.

3. Physical anthropology is the another name for biological anthropology. I assume that the
long-lasting existance of two opinion which people believe the world “physical” will broaden
the field as well as its possibilities, and the other opinions which people prefer more specific,
and more easy-to-imagine word caused this current two names.

4.It is cultural anthropology that most people get interested in, according to Alivia. In my
opinion, its uniquness in the way of researching is what makes cultural anthropology itslef
more attractive. In addition, the way of researching is more likely to be remembered in
people’s mind than other types of researching.

5.Applied anthropology is the subfield which we use what we have learned through
anthropology to solve real-life problems. I belive this was mentioned so that the practical
aspect of anthropology can be recognized by audience without any skepticism.
I believe that the reason why the speaker value both anthropology in general and applied
anthropology is that one of the emphasis that the speaker was doing, “understanding of
human difference and similarity” cannot be achieved without learning both of them. Since
either knowing of only development of language, or soley understanding of how it is applied
cannot allow us to contribute to real-life problem solving, I think this opinion is unbiased.

6. Anthropologists may try and answer, either the question about nationality differences such
as “Why Japanese people bows too often” or the question about traditonal cuisines such as “
Why do people in most Asian countries eat rice every day, while most Americans and
Europeans don’t?”.

7.Anthropology allow us to cultivate three skills, which is undertanding of human diversity,

collecting and interpretation of data, and effective communication.

8.Sociocultural anthropologists usually conduct their research through the so called “

ethnographic research”,which researchers learn about specific cultures by living in it. I think
the face that this way of research requires anthropologists to get rid of their previous
thoughts about human differences almost entirely.So I believe that this difficultys is what
makes sociocultural anthropology evident from other types of anthropology.

9.In linguistic anthropology, people aims to learn the development of both our self
perceptions and hierarchies.
subfields are phonetics, phonology, morphology

10.People with inquisitive mind tend to be attracted to anthropology.

11.Forensic anthropology: using of archeology and biology to solve both modern and
historical crimes.

12. I disagree with the idea that it is easy to find jobs in anthropology. Although the
anthropology degree can be transfered to countless of another field of study, this versatile
degree makes graduate students hard to find the job which makes them fully satisfied and
able to fullfill their full potential.
NSD
Ko Takeda
May 11
The Concept of culture

1.The speaker introduced laundry list as a list of nine hundreds matter which are
considered to be culture by Murdock.

2.He mentioned nine hundreds.

3.The speaker claims that not only intangible thing such as acting and feeling, but
alos tangible thing such as housing and clothing are included.

4.The elements are linguistic anthroplogy, archeology anthropology, and

ethnography anthropology. And I believe discovering of human culture from all three
elements are neccessary since the study of anthropology itself tries to define human
inclusively. Specifically, learnig of culture from past to present is impeccable since
the shif of culture is common among many societies, and the study of language is
neccesary in order to broaden the information that we can access.

5.Tylor and Morgan mentioned that savegery, barbarism and cultivation are the three
stages that every societies goes through.

6.I assume it is because of the deep connection between cutures and languages.
And I think the more you learn about culture, the more you can adopt your language
to the environment. For instance, how often people apologize varies between
Japanese and Australian. Therefore, additional aquisition of apologizing expression
as well as the background of frequent Japanese apologizes must be required when
Australian learn Japanese.

7. What Ned Steele stated as six skills are, cultivation of both empathy and curiosity,
recognition of the affect which social variables has towards people’s behavior,
culturally conditoned as well as effective communication, recognition of the affect
which situational variables has towards people’s behavior, people’s tendency to act
based on their needs, and ability of generalizing.

8.Intercultural communication is the way of interacting with others by both having

knowlede and curiosity towards other cultures. It is important since no one could
never became familiar with every single society’s culture, and therefore having
positive attitude towards unfamiliar things is important to everyone.

9.The speaker stated the idea in order to tell that not only the preserving of specific
tribe’s culture, but also the protecting of their commmunities is important. I agree with
this because the true dignity of culture cannot be neither told nor felt by next
generation without its origin’s existance.

10. Canada,India, and Egypt are example of multiculturalism society while United
States is example of puralist society. I think that Japan should be considered as a
multicultural society. Because of the fact that “Ainu” culture is being accepted and
respected by most Japanese. Furthemore, majority’s understanding towards Korean
living in Japanese are increasing in modern days.

11. Three universals are, punishment and reward, society’s witholding of information
from young, and the exsistance of the thing which has to be taught in every school.
And I see all of them in Japan for example, most parents reduce the amout of
allowance when their children did something morally wrong.
NSD
Ko Takeda
May 14

Questions:Culture, Multiculturalism, and Pluralism.

1.He said that it is extremely hard to define culture, and instead introduced the way
of dividing it into two broad fields, which are surface culture and deep culture.

2.He introduced “cultural norms” as the cultures which are shared by group of
people, majority, or even ruled by government.

3.Hofstede originally outlined four dimentions, which are “power distance”,

“individualism/collectivism”, “feminene/muscline” and “uncertainty avoidance”.
Currently there are six, which includes additional “long-term orientation” and
“indulgence/restraint”.
I think there are relevent because people’s nationality can also be considered as
“deep culture”.

4.Multicultural society allows people to live under the shared one set of rules, without
limiting thier are of activities. In addition, no cultures dominate over others. On the
other hand, pluralist society has dominant culture. Unlike in the multicultural society,
people with diffetent cultures are ruled diffenrently, and thus the retension of each
culture is much stronger in the pluralist society.
NSD
Ko Takeda
May 18

OL Questions: Busted:5myths about uncontacted tribes/How

many tribes still exist today?

1.The largest isolated tribal area are located in Brazil.

2.Brazil’s government used to force assimilation to their tribes, but their principal is
now turned into non-interference. And I think the fact that a lot of unctact to the
unconctacted tribes caused catastrophic deaths, and the growing concerns towards
extinction of most of them made the majority of government have an urge to do
something.

3.Stating with 100% confidence cannot be done since the significant varies in its
scale as well as the nomad lifestyle making the recognition of every single tribes
impossible.

4.Santinlese has been described as the most violent and cruel.

5.I think the possible passing of infectious viruses are making even the single
contact capable of bringing radical changes in the tribal life.

6.Five common myths are, uncontacted tribes are a hoax, they are hardly developed,
they can get benefit from contacting with modern people, most of them are violent,
and modern peole should leave them alone.

7.I assume the reason why people deny the existence is because they fear that the
influx of totally different cultures brings confusion to their lives. And I think this lead to
the discrimination towards tribes when they started to live partially in the modern
community. In addition the acceptance of tribal huge land will decrease the profit for
those who need to hold their usage of their land, such as politician and miners.
8.All uncontacted tribes are the most vulnerable people in the world, since their
lifestyle, culture as well as their building can easily be wiped out by modern people.

9.The challenges they would likely to face is the acquisition of language. Because of
the absense of any modern people who can speak uncontacted tribe’s language, not
only the process of teaching, but also the establishment of teaching process will
require a great amout of effort.

10.I think that violent reaction of tribes towards outsiders is justifiable, since the
amount of fear that they feel far outweighs the anxiety that most explorers have. In
addition, as modern people often experience, acting in a violent way by having
irresistible fear is one of the nature of human, and thus understandable.

11.I believe “uncontacted” or “isolated” actually refers to the attribute of the tribe that
they are adamant about their independance and isolated state in order to maintain
their way of lifestyle in a pure form. I think these terms might be misleading because
either of them can be intepreted just by its superficial meanings.
NSD
Ko Takeda
May 21
OL questions: Uncontacted tribes forever in isolation?

1.What the speaker meant by “invasion” was that the illegal act of mining, logging,
and drug trafficking. These are significant problems for uncontacted tribes since their
land are directly deprived by these invasions.

2. Government’s funding cut makes the organizations difficult to operate. I assume

that most of their actions require a great deal of human resources, hence the costs
tend to be high.

3. I think Brazilian government’s intention through the exploration of tribal land is to

manage what they think as their land, so that they can exercise the full use of them.
Therefore, indigenous people will likely to suffer the most.

4. Some tribes have been killing the invaders who ignored their first warnings. While
others flee into the deep part of the forest everytime some group of modern people
come near them.

5. Majority of modern people regard indigenous people as peculiar, because we tend

to romanticize our culture and society. The reason why our willingness to know about
the value of indigenous people’s lives are poor, might be our tendency to think
ourselves as superior
to them.

6.Controlled contact is the action toward indigenous people which are being
organized and carried out by the government. One of the advantages is the
decrease of illegal business in the area. Disadvantages are potential disease
transmission, and deterioration of their recognition toward modern people.
7.Modern people in the developed country as a whole is growing the number of
fasted indigenous tribes, through the excessive consumption of natural resources as
well as emission of toxic substances.

8.The necessity of tackling this problem as a international responsibility was argued

because the protection of them is impeccable for both them and us to maintain our
planet habitable. And I agree with the idea that we can obtain new insight into our
ways of living through the understanding of indigenous lifestyle. Therefore, I belive
we all have a reason to put our effort into the protection of the indigenous people.