Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
INTRODUCTON
This module unit is intended to equip the trainee with necessary knowledge,
skills, values and attitudes that will enable him/her to plan, start, operate and
manage a personal, group, private or public enterprise effectively. It is also
intended to instil in the trainee the drive necessary to venture into profit
making activities.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of this module unit, the trainee should be able to;-
a) Appreciate the importance of entrepreneurship.
b) Acquire entrepreneurial competencies necessary for planning, starting and
managing a business
c) Demonstrate positive attitude towards self-employment.
d) Portray a desire to venture into business
e) Identify viable business opportunities
f) Demonstrate entrepreneurial behaviour in planning, starting and managing
a business enterprise.
g) Demonstrate creativity and innovation in their day to day business
activities
h) Appreciate the role of business planning
i) Appreciate the emerging issues and trends related to the business
environment.
Introduction to Entrepreneurship
Evolution of Entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneur
Creativity and Innovation
Entrepreneurial Culture
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Entrepreneurial Motivation
Entrepreneurial Competencies
Starting a small Business
Business Enterprise Management
Financial Management
Marketing
Enterprise Social Responsibility
Business Plan
Information Communication Technology
Emerging issues and trends
INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Introduction
Small scale enterprises play a major role in the development of a country economy. Small enterprises create
many jobs, provide a variety of goods and services, contribute a lot of revenue and promote the use of locally
available resources.
This sub-module unit introduces the concept of entrepreneurship and its importance in the promotion of the
national development of a country.
Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) define various terms used in entrepreneurship.
b) explain the differences between self and salaried employment
c) explain the contribution of employment towards national development
TASKS
Task 1: Terms used in entrepreneurship
1. Entrepreneurship
It is the process of scanning the environment in order to identify a business opportunity, gathering
resources with the aim of establishing a profit making enterprise, under conditions of risk. According
to (Hisrich, 2008). It is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary
time and effort, assuming the personal or company, financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving
the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence.
2. Entrepreneur
This is a person who is able to identify a business opportunity within an environment, gather the
necessary resources and take reasonable risk to start a successful business enterprise.
An entrepreneur is also defined as an individual who establishes and manages a business for the
principal purpose of growth and development. The entrepreneur is characterized principally by
innovative behavior and will employ strategic management practices in a business
3. Enterprise
It is a business organisation that provides goods and services. It is a business concern whose purpose
is profit and has growth potential.
4. Business
It refers to any activity under taken by an individual or organisation for the purpose of production
and/or provision of goods and services to make profit.
5. Creativity
Creativity is the ability to bring something new into existence, often through imaginative skills. It
can also be defined as originality or progressiveness.
6. Innovation
It is the process of doing things in a new way. Having a new use for old things is also innovation.
To some people innovation refers to “an end product, idea, practice or product perceived as new by
the individual” (Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971)
Task 2: Contribution of entrepreneurship towards national
development
▪ Creation of employment: An entrepreneur does not only create employment for himself but also
for others. Most jobs in many economies come from the entrepreneurial activities.
▪ Utilisation of resources; These include proper and adequate utilisation of local labour
▪ Improvement of standard of living. Entrepreneurship raises the standards of living of the people
of a nation by providing goods and services. Similarly, it helps in provision of the basic needs of
society in areas which large firms cannot reach.
▪ Generation of government revenue – This is revenue for the government in form of licence fees,
taxes and through promotion of national productivity by contributing to the gross domestic product
(GDP). They do this by selling products and services thus reducing the expenditure for imports.
▪ Innovation of technological development – This is done through utilisation of technology which
is locally available.
▪ Conservation of foreign exchange: The use of foreign exchange can be minimised by offering
goods produced locally in place of imported goods.
1. Self-employment
Self-employment is a situation in which a person starts and operates a business enterprise. Since
entrepreneurial skills drive people into self-employment, entrepreneurship training is therefore
expected to prepare trainees for starting and operating their enterprises effectively.
Self-employment does not only improve the standard of living of an entrepreneur, but also enables
him/her to become an active contributor to the social and economic activities a nation.
Self-employment is a situation in which individuals create and run/operate their own income
generating activities.
▪ Personal satisfaction
Personal satisfaction is the feeling of accomplishment that one derives from self-employment
▪ Independence:
This means freedom from the control of others. One is able to use one’s knowledge, skills and
abilities. There are no external pressures, interference and orders, which one must follow. Self-
employed people have more freedom of action compared to employed people.
▪ Income
This is the amount of money left after all expenses have been paid. By being self employed,
one is able to generate an income for oneself.
▪ Job security
This is the assurance of continued employment and income. It does not have the mechanism of
separation such as laying off, firing or retiring.
▪ Status:
This is a person’s social rank or position in society. One earns recognition from members of the
society.
3. Disadvantages
▪ Possible loss of invested capital.
Invested capital refers to the entrepreneurs’ money used in starting and operating the enterprise.
If a business succeeds the profits are high, if it fails, the invested capital is lost.
▪ Uncertain income
Earnings from the business are unpredictable therefore there is no guaranteed amount of income
from the business.
▪ Long working hours
Entrepreneurs shoulder all the responsibilities of the business thus spending most of their time
attending to the business requirements.
▪ Competition
Entrepreneurs commonly operate small scale businesses that are unable to compete favourably
with large enterprises.
▪ Lack of skilled personnel
Small businesses are unable to employ and retain qualified personnel due to their limited income.
4. Salaried employment
Salaried employment is a process in which an individual is hired for a period of time, which may
range from a few months to a few years, and is paid a given amount of money as salary or wages
for the work done.
The merits and demerits of salaried employment are varied and largely depend on a person’s
qualification, experience and specialisation area. The merits and demerits are also determined by
the magnitude of growth, investment ability, profit and government support of a given organisation.
Defined working hours, guaranteed income, delegation of duties and specialisation are some of the
main advantages of being in salaried employment. However, salaried employment is affected
largely by organisational elements such as change of management, especially where new
management introduces new policies, rules, conditions of employment and other statutory
requirements to the organisation. Job security is not guaranteed and personal satisfaction and
motivation is not wholly experienced
Suggested Learning Activities
EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to
a) describe the history of entrepreneurship
b) describe the myths associated with entrepreneurship
c) explain the theories of entrepreneurship
d) explain the importance of these theories
e) explain business, environmental, political and social factors affecting entrepreneurial development
TASKS
Task1: History of entrepreneurship globally and in Kenya
Entrepreneur is a French word meaning “between – taker” or “go-between”, or “under taker”.
2. Middle ages
As time went by the term entrepreneur changed to describe both an actor and a person who managed
large production projects. This individual did not take any risks but merely managed the project using
the resources provided, usually by the government of the country. A typical entrepreneur in the
middle ages was the person in charge of great architectural works.
3. 17th century
The person associated with this period is Richard Cantillion an economist. He development the early
theories of entrepreneurship and is regarded as the one who developed the term risk taker.
The emergent connection of risk with entrepreneurship developed in this century with an
entrepreneur being a person who entered into a contractual arrangement with the government to
perform a service or to supply stipulated products. Since the contract price was fixed, any resulting
profits or losses were the entrepreneurs.
4. 18th century
This is the period in which an entrepreneur was distinguished from the capital provider. One reason
for this differentiation was the industrialisation occurring throughout the world. Most inventions
developed during this time were reactions to the changing world.
5. 19th and 20th century
In this era entrepreneurs were viewed as managers and mainly from an economic perspective. An
entrepreneur was seen as one who organises and operates an enterprise for personal gain. He
contributes his own initiative, skills, and ingenuity in planning, organising and administering the
enterprise. He also assumes the chance of loss and gain consequent to unforeseen and uncontrollable
circumstances.
In the 20th century, the understanding of entrepreneurship owes much to the work of the economist
Joseph Schumpeter .Schumpeter defines an entrepreneur as a person who is willing and able to
convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation. Entrepreneurship employs what
Schumpeter called "the gale of creative destruction" to replace in whole or in part inferior innovations
across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products including new business models.
In this era entrepreneurs were viewed as managers and mainly from an economic perspective. An
entrepreneur was seen as one who organises and operates an enterprise for personal gain.
For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted not only to new industries but also to new combinations
of currently existing inputs. Schumpeter's initial example of this was the combination of a steam
engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case,
the car innovation was transformational, but did not require the development of a new technology.
Different scholars have described entrepreneurs as, among other things, baring risk. For Schumpeter,
the entrepreneur did not bare risk: the capitalist did.
To him an entrepreneur is more of an innovator.
The ability to innovate can be observed throughout history from Egyptians who designed and built
great pyramids out of stone blocks, to laser surgery then wireless communication. Although the tools
have changed with advances in technology, the ability to innovate has been present in every
civilisation.
1. Entrepreneurs take wild risks at the start of their business. Even though risk is an integral part of
business, the start of business is not considered the highest risk. An entrepreneur is more likely to face
bigger risks at the latter stage of the business.
3. Most successful entrepreneurs have years of experience in their chosen line of business. Bill Gates
was still a student when he started Microsoft with Paul Allen. This story of several inexperienced
entrepreneurs starting out a new business venture is replicated over and over again in the lives of
millions of other successful entrepreneurs.
4. One needs a lot of money to start a business. This is not so. Money is not always an important
prerequisite to be able to start a business. What sets the successful entrepreneur apart from the not-so-
successful is the ability to make do with what little he or she has. For instance, they look for other
sources of money such as borrowing to grow their business.
5. Start-ups use equity, not debt money. Entrepreneurs who put up equity coming from their own pocket
only comprise less than 50% of the total start-ups. The majority of the companies are financed by debt.
Task3: Theories of entrepreneurship
These refer to the various approaches, which have been advanced to give an explanation as to why
entrepreneurs behave the way they do. They are also known as the perspectives of
entrepreneurship.
The theories try to explain whether entrepreneurs are born or made. The born entrepreneurs inherit
the entrepreneurial behaviour from their parents and grandparents while made entrepreneurs
acquire entrepreneurial behaviour from the behaviour in which they live in.
▪ Economic theory
The theory holds that entrepreneurial behaviour is determined by economic factors. Thus
entrepreneurs are greatly influenced by economic activities. From an economic point of view
an entrepreneur is a person who brings together the factors of production into a combination to
make their value greater than before.
According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are innovators who bring together the various
resources to produce a new product/service through new ways/methods of production, finding
new markets, finding new sources of materials to create a new business.
The economic theory provides basic data in the economic environment – activities for business
start-ups. Thus entrepreneurial activities take place where conditions are supportive/conducive
to investment. This theory revolves around an entrepreneur being an innovator, combining the
various resources/ factors of production to create new products/wealth.
▪ Psychological theory
The theory holds that entrepreneurs possess unique needs, values and attributes, which drive
them into entrepreneurial behaviour. It holds that people have personal traits and attributes,
mental desires to be independent.
The main proponent of this theory is McClelland who attributed entrepreneurial behaviour to
the high need for achievement. Entrepreneurs are characterised by high need for achievement,
which tends to give them high desire to take personal responsibility in risks. They have little
interest in routine activities, which are not challenging. According to this theory,
entrepreneurial behaviour is environmentally determined and is inherent during childhood,
where parents have certain high standards achievement.
▪ Sociological theory
The sociological theory maintains that environmental factors such as values and beliefs
influence entrepreneurial behaviour. (Max Weber, 1904) According to this theory, beliefs and
societal aspects such as social status and recognition influence entrepreneurial behaviour.
Introduction
Entrepreneurs are people who are able to identify opportunities where others are unable to.
Entrepreneurs possess unique characteristics that make them stand out as different from other business
people.
The sub-module unit focuses on the characteristics of entrepreneurs necessary for business success, and
their role in the development of an enterprise.
Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-module unit the trainee should be able to:
a) describe types of entrepreneurs
b) describe the qualities of an entrepreneur
c) explain the role of an entrepreneur in an enterprise
TASKS
Task 1: Types of entrepreneurs
There are three main categories of entrepreneurs: craft, opportunistic and ego oriented
entrepreneurs
1. Craft Entrepreneur:
This is a person who exploits and utilises their personal skills to start a business without
thinking of growth or expansion. Craft entrepreneurs are not growth- oriented but try to
maximise on profits. A craft entrepreneur has skills, which they utilise to start and run a
business.
2. Opportunistic entrepreneur
This is a person who starts a business to maximise / expand to the maximum. He may not have
the skills but is able to start and maximise a business opportunity. He has the ability to see what
other people have not seen in terms of new ideas and starts a business with an objective of
growth. He employs his creativity and even employs or delegates to others to run the business
for him.
An opportunistic entrepreneur has the ability to organise others and resource to maximise
profits.
3. Ego oriented
These are entrepreneurs who are keen on achieving higher status, recognition and a feeling of
superiority. Their main focus is on business evaluation i.e. a shift to higher levels.
▪ Hence as a key figure and prime mover of the business, it is his responsibility to:
- Search for business opportunities
- Evaluate the business opportunities to assess their viability
- Mobilise resources needed to start and run the business.
- Manage the business
- Provide the necessary leadership for the people working for the business and,
- Bear the uncertainties or risk of the business
▪ This is the process of entrepreneurship which encompasses the activities undertaken by the
entrepreneur.
Evaluation
1. Relate entrepreneurial types and qualities to existing entrepreneurs
2. Role plays on the concept of the entrepreneur.
CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION
Introduction
Since customers’ tastes and needs are continually changing, the entrepreneurs must think of new ideas and
better methods of running their businesses in order to satisfy the customer.
This sub-module unit will discuss the importance of creativity and innovation, the barriers to creativity
and innovation including managing barriers to creativity and innovation.
Specific objectives
By the end of the sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) define the terms creativity, innovation, discovery and invention.
b) explain the process of creativity and innovation
c) explain the importance of creativity and innovation.
d) explain barriers to creativity and innovation
e) explain ways of managing barriers to creativity.
TASKS
Task 1: Meaning of creativity and innovation
▪ Creativity: Creativity is the ability to bring something new into existence.
▪ Innovation: It is the ability to do existing things in a new way. Having a new use for old things is
also innovation.
▪ Discovery: It is making known that which has been in existence but whose uses have not been
perceived
▪ Invention: It means bringing something new into existence
Task 2: Process of creativity and innovation
Creativity as a process has several stages. These are:
1. Preparation. Getting the mind ready for creative thinking using methods such as
- Realizing that every situation is an opportunity to learn
- Reading on a variety of topics/subjects
- Creating a file of interesting articles
- Developing the ability to listen to and learn from others
- Attending professional/ trade association meetings, both to brainstorm with others having a
similar interest and to learn how others have solved a particular problem.
2. Investigation. Studying the problem and understanding its components
3. Transformation. Identifying the similarities and differences in the
information collected.
4. Incubation. The subconscious needs time to reflect on the information collected. Incubation can be
enhanced by
- Doing something totally unrelated to the problem/opportunity under investigation
- Taking time to reflect (freeing the mind from self imposed restrictions)
- Playing and relaxing
- Thinking about the issue before going to sleep so that the subconscious can work on it during
sleep
- Working on the problem or opportunity in a different environment.
5. Illumination. This occurs when all the previous stages start getting clear.
6. Verification. Involves testing if the idea will work, is practical to implement and is a better solution to
a particular problem or opportunity. Experiments, test marketing and piloting are some of the methods
that can be used.
7. Implementation. Transforming the idea into reality by bringing it to the market. This is what
distinguishes the entrepreneur from the inventor.
Evaluation Activity
Carry out a class exercise aimed at bringing out creativity in the learners e.g. joining 9 dots with straight
lines, discussing the various uses that an identified item can be put into.
Evaluation
1. Distinguish between creativity and innovation.
2. Explain the importance of creativity and innovation to an entrepreneur.
ENTREPRENEURIAL CULTURE
Introduction
The culture of entrepreneurship plays a major role in creating entrepreneurs Where the cultures is rooted
there is evident of creativity thus many businesses being started.
This sub-module unit will address concepts of entrepreneurial culture and factors that promote and
hider the entrepreneurial culture development.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:
a) explain the concept of entrepreneurial culture.
b) discuss habits that promote entrepreneurial development.
c) discuss factors inhibiting entrepreneurial development.
TASKS
Task 1: Concept of Entrepreneurial culture
Culture has been defined in many different ways. It may be defined as the unique way in which
different societies around the world cope with the environment in which they live. It generally
refers to common ways of thinking and behaving that are passed on from parents to children or
transmitted by social organisations, developed and then reinforced through social pressure. Culture
is learned behaviour and the identity of an individual and society.
Culture encompasses a wide variety of elements, including language, social situations, religion,
political philosophy, economic philosophy, education and manners and customs.
Language is sometimes thought of as the mirror of culture. It is composed of verbal and non verbal
components. Messages and ideas are transmitted by spoken words used, the voice tone and non
verbal actions such as body positions, eye contact, and gestures.
An entrepreneur must have command of the language in the country in which business is being
done.
Dealing with language almost always requires local assistance e.g. use of a local translator when
negotiating a business transaction.
Equally important to the verbal is the non verbal or hidden language of the culture e.g. space. How
much room exists between individuals when they talk. For instance the Germans prefer more space
than Americans who prefer to stand close when talking to people.
An entrepreneur is thus expected to know the local and the national language of the community
where he intends to have his business.
4. Social structure
Social structure and institutions are also aspects of the culture facing the global entrepreneur.
Social stratification can be very strong in some cultures, significantly affecting the way people in
one social strata behave and purchase.
India, for example is known for its hierarchical and relatively rigid social class system.
5. Religion
Religion in a culture defines the ideas for life that are reflected in the values and attitudes of
individuals and the overall society. The impact of religion on entrepreneurship, consumption and
business in general will vary depending on the strengths of the dominant religious tenets.
For example, in some Arabian countries women are not expected to conduct business.
6. Education
Both formal and informal education affects the culture and, the way culture is passed on. A global
entrepreneur not only needs to be aware of the education level, as indicated by the literacy rate of a
culture, but also the degree of emphasis on particular skills or career paths.
The technology level of the firm’s products may be too sophisticated depending on the educational
level of the culture. This also influences whether customers are able to use the good or service
properly and whether they are able to understand the firm’s advertising or other promotional
messages.
ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
Introduction
Starting a business requires knowledge, skills, abilities and values. It is therefore important for
entrepreneurs to develop viable business ideas by identifying community needs for products and
services.
This sub-module unit focuses on business ideas and opportunities, methods of generating these ideas and
opportunities and finally assessing the viability of the generated opportunities.
Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-module unit the trainee should be able to:
a) explain the meaning of business opportunity
b) explain ways of generating ideas for business opportunities
c) evaluation of business opportunities for viability
TASKS
Task 1: Meaning of business opportunity
1. A business opportunity is an attractive idea which provides the possibility of a return for the
entrepreneur taking the risk. Such opportunities are presented by customer requirements and leads to
the provision of a product or service which creates or adds value to the buyers.
▪ What is a Business Idea
ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION
Introduction
This sub-module unit addresses the motivation factors the triggers an entrepreneur to venture in business
activities. The motivation factors include internal and external ones.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define entrepreneurial motivation
b) Identify entrepreneurial motivation factors
TASKS
Task 1: Defining entrepreneurial motivation
A motive or a drive is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction of
the need while a need becomes a motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. For a
person to venture into entrepreneurship there must be the necessary motivations, the drives that will
enable him/ her to persist in their entrepreneurial practices.
Introduction
This sub-module unit addresses the skills, knowledge and attitudes that are required to competently handle
a business enterprise
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define entrepreneurial competence in a business
b) Explain key entrepreneurial competencies in business
TASKS
Task 1: Definition of entrepreneurial competence in business
Entrepreneurial competencies refer to skills and abilities that an entrepreneur should have and
exhibit for entrepreneurial success.
7. Concern for high quality of work – attention to details and observance of established standards
and norms.
8. Concern for employee welfare – Believing in employee well being as the key to
9. Competitiveness and success in initiating programmes of employee welfare
Introduction
When starting a business the entrepreneur must comply with certain requirements and regulations.
This sub-module unit looks at the procedure to be followed in starting a business, factors to be considered in
starting a business including support services required and available for the entrepreneur.
Specific Objectives
By the end of the sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Describe the procedure of starting a business enterprise
b) Explain the factors to be considered when starting a small enterprise
c) Describe the different forms of business ownership
d) Explain challenges that are faced when starting a small enterprise
e) Describe business life cycle
f) Discuss business support services available to small businesses
TASKS
Task 1: Procedure for starting a Small enterprise
1. Approach to starting a business enterprise
To increase chances of success there should be a systematic approach to starting a business
enterprise. One such approach is outlined below:
▪ Idea generation.
▪ Market survey.
▪ Selection of location.
▪ Resource mobilization.
▪ Business registration.
▪ Licensing.
2. Partnerships
A partnership is an association of two or more persons who come together to carry on a
business with a view to making profit. Although it is possible to establish a valid partnership
without a formal agreement, it is advisable to sign an agreement first. The agreement will state:
- The effective date of the partnership.
- The business name of the partnership.
- The contributions of capital by each partner
- How the business profits and losses will be shared.
- How a partner may withdraw from the partnership
- How the business assets and liabilities will be shared in the event of dissolution.
▪ Advantages
- Capacity for more capital; partners can raise more capital than a sole trader. The asset base is
much higher.
- Work is divided among partners.
- Better combination of skills and talents: for example, a mechanic and driver could
successfully combine resources and talents to start a driving school.
- Losses and liabilities are shared among partners.
- Business can easily expand.
- Formation of the business is simple: the registration and legal formalities are easy and
simple.
▪ Disadvantages
- The liability of partners is unlimited.
- Partners are likely to disagree on various matters affecting the business.
- If one partner makes a mistake, all other partners suffer the consequences.
- Some partners may work harder than others, yet the profits are shared. This may discourage a
hard working partner.
- If the business relies heavily on one partner and the partner leaves or dies, the firm can easily
collapse.
5. Co-operative
It is formed by people with a common interest such as those in the same trade or dealing in similar
commodities
Stage 2: Start-Up
At this stage the business is born and exists legally. Products or services are in production and you
have your first customers. In the start-up life cycle stage, it is likely you have overestimated money
needs and the time to market. Start-ups require establishing a customer base and market presence
along with tracking and conserving cash flow. Money Sources: Owner, friends, family, suppliers,
customers, grants, and banks.
Stage 3: Growth
At this stage revenues and customers are increasing with many new opportunities and issues.
Profits are strong, but competition is surfacing. The biggest challenge growth companies face is
dealing with the constant range of issues bidding for more time and money. Effective management
is required and a possible new business plan. The main focus is on running the business to deal
with the increased sales and customers. Better accounting and management systems should be set-
up. New employees will have to be hired to deal with the influx of business. Money Sources:
Banks, profits, partnerships, grants and leasing options.
Stage 4: Established
At this stage the business has now matured into a thriving company with a place in the market and
loyal customers. Sales growth is not explosive but manageable. The main focus is on improvement
and productivity. Money Sources: Profits, banks, investors and government.
Stage 5: Expansion
The expansion stage is characterized by a new period of growth into new markets and distribution
channels. This stage is often the choice of the business owner to gain a larger market share and find
new revenue and profit channels.
Moving into new markets requires the planning and research of a seed or start-up stage business.
Focus should be on businesses that complement your existing experience and capabilities. Add new
products or services to existing markets or expand existing business into new markets and customer
types.
Money Sources: Joint ventures, banks, licensing, new investors and partners.
Stage 6: Mature
Businesses in the mature stage of the life cycle will be challenged with dropping sales, profits, and
negative cash flow. Search for new opportunities and business ventures. Cutting costs and finding
ways to sustain cash flow are vital for the mature stage.
Money Sources: Suppliers, customers, owners, and banks.
Stage 7: Exit
This is the big opportunity for your business to cash out on all the effort and years of hard work. Or
it can mean shutting down the business.
Selling a business requires your realistic valuation. It may have been years of hard work to build
the company, but what is its real value in the current market place. If you decide to close your
business, the challenge is to deal with the financial and psychological aspects of a business loss.
Get a proper valuation on your company. Look at your business operations, management and
competitive barriers to make the company worth more to the buyer.
Money Sources: Find a business valuation partner. Consult with your accountant and financial
advisors for the best tax strategy to sell or close-out down business.
NB: The Business Incubation Association of Kenya (BIAK) is the umbrella organization of
incubators in the country.
Introduction
Any business large or small must apply managerial skills in order to come up with decisions that are
practical. These decisions involve the utilisation of business resources so as to achieve organisational goals.
This chapter will introduce to the trainees the basic functions of management such as planning, organising
and controlling for effective and efficient utilisation of business resources.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define the term management
b) Explain the functions of management in an enterprise
c) Explain the methods of inventory management
d) Explain the various methods of managing business resources
TASKS
Management is the process of accomplishing tasks through the efforts of other people.
Management is therefore broadly defined as a set of activities applied to achieve business
objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment.
Effectiveness is the ability to obtain the intended results while efficiency is accomplishing the
objectives by utilising minimum resources.
Management is the process of solving problems in a creative and innovative way. Management
functions involve planning, organizing, leading, controlling and directing business activities to
achieve their goals. Management is necessary because factors such as employees, technology,
competition and costs keep changing.
1. Planning
Planning as a function of management means deciding in advance what actions to take, when and
how to take them
Planning is necessary for committing and allocating the organization’s limited resources towards
achieving its objectives in the most effective way.
Planning is also a process of determining what the business wants to accomplish (goals) and
deciding which activities can be applied to achieve them
2. Organizing
Organising refers to the formal grouping of people and activities in a manner that facilitates
achievement of organisation’s objectives
3. Directing
Directing is influencing other people towards achieving organisation goals. It involves
coordinating, delegating and motivating others to achieve the set objectives.
4. Controlling.
Controlling involves checking the progress of the activities and correcting deviations that may
occur along the way
Task 3: Inventory management
1. In any business, there is need to keep sufficient stocks of raw materials, and finished products in
order to meet the production and sales target. This is called inventory management. Inventory control
ensures the inventory items in a business are not overstocked or under stocked.
2. Overstocking leads to tying of capital unnecessarily while under stocking may lead to stock outs due
to sudden increases in sales (demand) or lead to slowing down of production if it involves raw
materials.
An entrepreneur should order as much as they will sell in time until another order is made.
Generally, goods are cheaper when purchased in large quantities because of quantity discounts and
bargains.
1. Land
Land is important for purposes of location. Land is also a source of other resources such as
minerals, trees, and soil which become inputs in the production process.
Several factors are examined in deciding the location of the business. They include:
- Availability and reliability of transport
- Distance from the source of raw materials
- Availability of affordable and skilled labour
- Power and water availability
- The characteristics of land available in terms of cost, physical outlook, availability for
extension.
2. Capital
Sourcing and effective management of financial resources is one of the critical aspects of
managing an enterprise successfully. Capital is required to establish the business, pay rent, and
purchase stock and pay water and electricity bills.
Managing of business financial resources entail s maintaining proper business records (book
keeping and accountancy) to avoid mismanagement of the business funds. Basic accounting
books and documents include purchase journals, cash books, and balance sheets.
3. Labour
Labour refers to human factor as a business resource. The management of human factor in a
business is called human resource management.
Human resource management involves matching the jobs in an organisation with qualified and
capable individuals. It is the process by which the business positions are filed with the right
people at the right time.
The process involves manpower planning, recruitment and selection, training and development
of personnel to suit the needs of the business and provision of services related to the welfare of
the personnel.
Human resource management also deals with handling grievances and the resolution of
conflicts of personnel in their performance of duties.
Specific objectives
a) Explain the meaning of financial management
b) Identify the various sources of business finance
c) Identify types of business records
d) Record business transactions in the books of accounts
e) Prepare financial statements
f) Interpret financial statements for business decisions
g) Explain the importance of budgeting to a business
TASKS
Task 1: Meaning of financial management
This is the process of controlling the financial resources within a business enterprise. To achieve
this objective, the entrepreneur must come up with formal plans called budgets and cash flow
statements.
When looking for business finance it is important to realize that some sources of finance may be
appropriate while others may not. There are various sources of business funds available to the
entrepreneur some of which are:
Personal finance- personal savings are a major source of capital during the start-up stage. The personal
savings may be obtained from former employment, money saved in savings/ fixed deposit accounts,
sale of personal assets such as land.
▪ Disadvantages:
- It may be inadequate for business needs.
- May be used without proper planning.
- May take too long to raise adequate capital.
The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of venture capital:
▪ Advantages:
- Entrepreneurs can enjoy value addition activities that come with the capital e.g. mentoring,
business alliances, management assistance.
- Entrepreneurs planning to source venture capital must embrace creativity and innovation.
▪ Disadvantage:
- Venture capital ties the borrower to the lenders condition thus limiting the entrepreneur from
making certain personal decision.
4. Government Grants
These are grants that the government has put in place from time to time for onward borrowing by
entrepreneurs through intermediaries such as financial institutions. In the past these have included the
youth enterprise fund, the disability fund, women enterprise fund, fresh graduate funds and so on.
9. Commercial banks:
▪ Advantages of commercial bank loans are as follows:
- Can lend out large amounts of money.
- Repayment periods can be re-negotiated.
- They also offer non-financial advice on business operations.
▪ Disadvantages:
- The collateral required is higher in value than the borrowed amount.
- High interest rates are charged.
- The amount to be borrowed is restricted to the ability to repay.
- Some costs on the borrowed loan may be hidden.
- Some loan conditions are ambiguous.
Task 3: Types of business records
Business records are essential for survival of any business. Records are important for various reasons
such as taxation, decision making among others.
The following are some of the basic records that an entrepreneur should use:
Date Particul Foli Cas Ban Date Particul Foli Cas Ban
ars o h k ars o h k
3. Sales journal.
This is a diary in which all goods sold on credit are recorded on a daily basis.
Like a purchase journal it has three columns: the date, details and amount column. The details
column records the names of persons to whom goods were sold on credit.
▪ Book Keeping
This involves recording all the transactions, which can be expressed in money, arising from the
business activities as they occur and entering them in the appropriate books.
▪ Systems of bookkeeping
There are two systems: the single entry and the double entry. The double entry is most
commonly used in industry and commerce.
The double entry system is based on two principles.
- The principle that every transaction has two parts, therefore two entries are made in the
books of account in respect of each transaction.
➢ One entry to record the item coming into the business
➢ One entry to record the item leaving the business
- The principle that the value of the item(s) coming in is equal to the value of item(s) going
out.
Value coming in = Value going out
Thus, a transaction involves an exchange of items and the items exchanged have the same
value i.e., Assets = liabilities and owner’s funds.
The terms debit and credit are used to describe an increase or decrease in the categories of the
accounting equation (assets, liabilities and capital) and incurred expenses.
The following are the rules of double entry system
1. Financial Statements
Understanding financial statements is important to an entrepreneur in determining financial health
of his business.
Entrepreneurs need to be able to:
- Prepare simple statements.
- Interpret and analyse the information contained in the statements
- Identify strengths and weakness in the financial conditions of the business based on the
statements
- Identify strengths and weakness in the financial conditions of the business based on
the statements
- Make changes in business operations to improve the financial conditions of the business.
▪ The two most important statements an entrepreneur requires for sound financial decisions are :
- Profit and loss account
- Balance sheet
2. Profit and loss statement
A profit and loss statement helps to determine whether a business is operating at a profit or a loss
for a given period of time e.g., one year.
There are five steps to calculating the profit and loss statements:
- Determining sales- including sales for credit and cash.
- Cost of goods sold- this refers to the price paid by the business for goods merchandise sold.
It can be compared by adding the value of the goods purchased during the period to the initial
stock.
- Gross profit- This is determined by subtracting the cost of goods sold from sales.
- Expenses- These include labour cost and other cost of operating the business.
- Net profit- This is the amount remaining when the expenses are deducted from the gross
profit.
▪ An example of a profit and loss account is shown below:
Koske’s Profit and Loss Account for the Year Ending 31st December 2009-10-15
Purchases Sales
150,000 200,000
50,000
Therefore, Koske’s net profit of Ksh 24,700 is the return on capital invested in the business. In
order to make his financial decisions he has to compare one year’s profit with those realised in
other years.
If Koske had invested Ksh. 100,000 in the business, he could calculate his profit turn-over as
follows;
Net profit × 100 = 24,700 × 100 = 24.7%
Capital 100,000
This would guide Koske whether it is profitable to continue with the business or re-invest
elsewhere.
It is also important for koskei to calculate the net profit to gross profit.
▪ Balance Sheet
The balance sheet is a financial statement which indicates what the business owns and what it
owes on any day of the business life.
The financial figures on the balance sheet change from day to day because money is always
coming in and going out of the business.
The formula used to prepare a balance sheet is
Assets = liabilities + capital (Net worth)
▪ Assets
These refer to everything a business owns e.g. cash, buildings, equipment, stock. Assets can be
current or fixed.
▪ Liabilities
These refer to anything that the business owes e.g. loans, credit notes, taxes. Liabilities can be
current or long term.
▪ Net worth
This is what a business owes after subtracting liabilities. It represents the owners claim in the
business.
A budget is a plan that outlines organizations financial or operational goals. It is an action plan. It
helps a business allocate resources, evaluate performance, and formulate plans. Understanding the
importance of budgeting is the first step in successful financial planning.
A regularly reviewed budget enables an entrepreneur to compare actual performance and quickly
identify losses and take remedial action.
Budgets are intended to provide a basis for evaluating expenditures that will impact the business for
more than one year.
Introduction
For any business to grow there must be an exchange process. This exchange process is realised when
business owners are able to sell their goods/services to the customers.
This sub-module unit will deal with definition of the terms market and marketing, components of
marketing and methods of gathering market information
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define the terms market and marketing.
b) Outline the components of marketing
c) Describe the process of Marketing
TASKS
Task 1: Definition of terms
1. Market.
A market is any place where sellers exhibit or show their goods for the buyers to see and
purchase/ buy. A market can also be defined as the existing and potential customers who are
willing and able to buy a product/service.
2. Marketing.
Marketing is the process of making known what products/ services an entrepreneur is selling or
wants to sell.
Task 2: Components of marketing
There are components of marketing generally referred to as the marketing mix or the 4Ps of
marketing as outlined below:
1. Product
This is the good/item or service the entrepreneur intends to sell in order to satisfy customer’s
needs.
2. Place
This is the location where the product is to be sold. The product must be in the right location
or site, at the right time for the customers. Place also refers to the channels used for the
product to reach the consumer.
3. Price:
This is the monetary value of a product. The price should be able to cover the cost incurred and
earn some profits.
4. Promotion:
This is the process of communicating with customers to influence them towards buying
the product.
Figure 2: showing the marketing mix elements
MARKETING MIX
TARGET MARKET
2. Market research involves obtaining information about the market. This is necessary in order to
manage the marketing functions successfully. A market research programme based on a
questionnaire can disclose problems and areas of dissatisfaction that can be remedied or new
products and services that could be offered successfully.
3. Marketing Strategy includes identifying customers groups (target markets) which a small
business can serve well than its competitors. The strategy should try and address customer needs
which are currently not being met in the market place.
▪ Market target is the style of marketing where the seller distinguishes between different segments
to focus on and develop on market offers tailored to meet the needs and demand of each target e.g.
an organisation could develop an airline system designed to meet the needs of affluent( rich)
persons, for a clean and comfortable flight, at a higher price.
▪ Market segment involves dividing the heterogeneous market into several submarket or segments.
The major ways to segment a market are:
- Geographical segmentation – involves specialising in serving customers in a particular
geographical area.
- Customer segmentation e.g. identifying groups of people who are likely to buy the product or
services i.e. securing heavy users before trying to secure new users.
- Demographical segmentation e.g. age , occupation, religion , lifestyle or income
- Psychographic e.g. social class, lifestyle or personality
Specific Objectives
By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define the terms social responsibilities and business ethics
b) Explain the meaning of enterprise social responsibility
c) Identify types of enterprise social responsibility
d) Explain the importance of enterprise social responsibility
e) Explain ethical behaviour in a business enterprise
TASKS
Task 1: Definition of terms
Business ethics refers to the study of behaviour and morals in a business situation. It involves
investigation of business practices in light of human values.
Business ethics (also known as Corporate ethics) examines ethical principles and moral or ethical
problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is
relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole.
Social responsibility consists of those obligations a business has to society. The small business has
certain social obligations, responsibilities and responsiveness to society. This regards the intensity
or to what extent the small business should be involved to society issues.
However, an enterprise also has social concerns that should be recognised. These include:
protection of the environment to avoid creating health hazards to the people, provision of goods
and services coupled with equitable distribution of resources, gender sensitivity issues, and
coverage of ethical business practices to promote economic development of a country.
Some businesses simply react to social issues through obedience of the laws, others make a more
active response, taking, and accepting responsibility for various programmes. Others are more
proactive and are even willing to be evaluated by the public for various activities.
Task 3: Types of enterprise social responsibility
Generally, small businesses have a social duty and obligation to develop and enhance the quality of
the society in which they operate
Enterprise social responsibility forces people to be responsible for their actions and makes it
difficult for them to “exploit” other people for either selfish or unselfish reasons. Consequently it
allows a business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits with
the laid rules and regulations thus engage in open and free competition without deception or fraud.
It also helps in improving the living conditions of citizens.
It provides for increased competitive advantage of an enterprise and nation in general through good
performance of “Corporate Social Responsibility” (commitment by the enterprise to make
contributions to sustainable economic development, co-operation with the community and society
to improve their lives for the mutual benefit of the employees.)
Introduction
A business plan is an important document for an entrepreneur because it acts as a guide and reference
point in regard to overall business management.
This sub-module unit outlines the major components of a business plan and how to write it.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit the trainee should be able to
a) Define the term business plan
b) Describe components of a business plan
c) Explain the uses of a business plan
d) Prepare a business plan
TASKS
Task 1: Definition of business plan
This is a written document justifying the business and gives a step-by-step explanation of how the
business will achieve its goals. It summarises the operational and financial objectives of a business
and contains the details, plans and budgets showing how the objectives will be achieved.
A business plan shows a clear picture of what the business is, where it is going and how the
entrepreneur proposes to get there.
2. Executive summary:
Contains a brief summary of the main contents of the business plan. It is prepared after the entire
plan is written. It summarizes every chapter of the page.
3. Business description:
Contains a comprehensive description of the business and what it intends to accomplish
Example of information contained includes:-
- Name of the business and its contact
- Vision and mission of the business.
- Location.
- Form of ownership.
- Major activity of the business.
- Major customers.
- Justification statements/viability
- The goals of the business
4. Marketing plan:
The marketing plan outlines the specific action the entrepreneur intends to carry out to attract
potential customers. The marketing segment is divided into two major parts:
- Research and Analysis: describes the target market i.e. who the customers are, the size and its
trends, the existing and possible competition.
- Marketing strategy: This part describes the methods that will be used to market the product,
price the product, make sales, advertise and promote the product and also the distribution
channels that will be used.
7. Financial plan
This section outlines the financial needs of the business and sources of raising the finances and
also gives the projections of income and expenditure through such key statements as:
- Cash flow statement
- Income statements (trading, profit and loss account statements) among others.
COVER PAGE
Name of business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Address and telephone:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Name of owner:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Date:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Signature:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Summarised statement on:
i) Business description
ii) Opportunity and entity
iii) Target market
iv) Management team
v) Financial plan
vi) Critical risks and problems and solutions
BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
i) Owner Details
Name:.............................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Age:................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Address:..........................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Occupation:....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Education/Professional Qualifications:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Business Experience:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
ii) The Business Venture
Name of business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Location of business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Legal form of business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Major activity of business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Principal customers
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Location of customers:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Amount to be invested by owners
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Amount to be borrowed:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Total amount needed for the venture:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
iii) The Product/Service.
Name of product/service:
...........................................................................................................................................................
Features of product/service:
...........................................................................................................................................................
Benefits obtained from product/service:
...........................................................................................................................................................
Unique features of product/service:
............................................................................................................................................................
iv) Entry Plan
Competitive advantage of the business:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Weakness of competition:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Pricing plan:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Plans to attract customers:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
v) Growth plan
Trends which signal business growth:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Remuneration level:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Incentive package:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
iii) Ordinary Employees.
Numbers required:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Titles and duties:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Remuneration:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Incentive package:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
iv) Support Services.
Banking:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Book keeping:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Legal:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Postal:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Management advice:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Other:
........................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
PRODUCTION PLAN
Total:
Value Source
Total:
Total:
v) Labour
Total:
vi) Administrative and Selling Costs
Total:
Summary of Production Cost
Introduction
All businesses, small or large need information. Information is data that is relevant for a specific
purpose. Businesses require information on new products, technological changes and competitors to be
able to cope. The information must be communicated accurately and timely. It must also be complete
and relevant to meet the demands of today’s business environment.
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub-module unit the trainee should be able to:
a) Define the term information communication Technology
b) Explain the benefits of ICT to a small enterprise
c) Identify uses of ICT equipment in business enterprise
TASKS
Task 1: Definition of Information Communication Technology (ICT)
Information and Communication Technology is an umbrella term that includes any communication
device or application. ICT describes a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving,
processing, analysing and transmitting information.
1) The Phone
The phone is used to communicate verbally with customers and suppliers. This includes both
the fixed line and mobile phones Other than verbal communication, the mobile phone is also
used for sending and receiving messages, sending and receiving money e.g. MPesa.
2) Radio
- This is a very effective way to advertise a business
- It is quite inexpensive and can reach a wide audience
- Some communities have local radio service stations and the small business may use this
service to advertise its products or services where the entrepreneur may be
interviewed during a programme. Examples of such radio service stations are; Inooro
FM, Murembe FM and Ramogi FM.
3) Television
A small business may use the television as a tool for sourcing technological information, new
products/services, market trends and general information that will assist the entrepreneur to run his
business.
4) Print Media
Examples of such are; newspapers, advertising papers/magazines and business directories.
▪ Newspapers e.g. the local dailies(The Nation) which the business enterprise can use to ;
- Advertise their products/services
- Get information on market trends
- Access information on new technology, new products/services
- Access information on political and economic trends in the country
6) The Computer
This is one of the modern ways of communicating and advertising in use. It can be used in the
following ways;
- Word processing – writing letters or receipts
- Storing information – financial data, customers addresses, suppliers addresses
- Keeping track of records – purchases and sales
- Reminder messages – products or service delivery dates
- Generating advertising leaflets, posters or flyers
- Generating financial statements
- E-business – this is publicizing the business through the Internet
Specific Objectives
By the end of this sub- module, the trainee should be able to:
a) Define of terms.
b) Identify the emerging issues and trends in entrepreneurship
TASKS
Task 1: Emerging issues and trends in entrepreneurship
Trends refer to long term movements in a certain direction. In society a trend describes a direction
in the tastes and desires of the general population. For entrepreneurs, trends present an incredible
world of opportunities. Once an entrepreneur identifies a specific trend then all their imagination
and creative ability can go into generating products and services to satisfy the demand that the
trend creates.
Due to the dynamic nature of the business environment, entrepreneurs are advised to scan the
environment for any new trends. New marketing methods and technologies for example, may
emerge thus creating the need to be inculcated within continuing business ventures.
REFERENCES
1. Hisrich R., Shepherd D. Entrepreneurship Development .Seventh Edition . McGraw –Hill.
2. Deakins D., Freel M. Entrepreneurship and small firms. Sixth Edition.McGraw-Hill.