Bio

technology
SCIENCE 8
 1. Differentiate traditional from

LEARNING modern biotechnology

COMPETENCIES
2. Identify the products of
traditional biotechnology through
fermentation (cheese, soy
sauce, vinegar making, nata de
coco)
3. Identify the products
(genetically modified organisms)
and processes (invitro
fertilization) of modern
biotechnology
4. Cite the societal,
environmental and ethical
implications of utilizing
biotechnological products and
methods
01
BASIC
CONCEPTS
Biotechnology
A broad field that involves the application
of biological principles and processes
to develop or create new technologies
and products for various industries.
It encompasses the use of living
organisms, cells, and biological systems
to develop and improve products and
processes in areas such as medicine,
agriculture, food production, and
environmental management.
CAP OR NO-CAP
Identify if the following statements
are true or not. Use “NO-CAP” if
the statement is TRUE and use
“CAP” is the statement is FALSE
CAP OR NO-CAP
Yeast used in bread making
is a living thing and it is
classified as a fungi
CAP OR NO-CAP
Yeast used in bread making
is a living thing and it is
classified as a fungi

NO-CAP
CAP OR NO-CAP
Aside from baking, yeast is
also used in making
alcoholic beverages
CAP OR NO-CAP
Aside from baking, yeast is
also used in making
alcoholic beverages

NO-CAP
CAP OR NO-CAP
Generally, genetically
modified organisms or
products are harmful to
humans and the environment
CAP OR NO-CAP
Generally, genetically
modified organisms or
products are harmful to
humans and the environment
NO-CAP
CAP OR NO-CAP
A big number of agricultural
products like fruits and
vegetables are GMO
CAP OR NO-CAP
A big number of agricultural
products like fruits and
vegetables are GMO

NO-CAP
CAP OR NO-CAP
Biotechnology is a relatively
new field of science which
only existed in the last 30
years
CAP OR NO-CAP
Biotechnology is a relatively
new field of science which
only existed in the last 30
years
CAP
TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
It refers to the use of biological systems, organisms,
or derivatives in various processes that have been
practiced for centuries, often well before the
advent of modern scientific and technological
advancements.

Unlike modern biotechnology, which involves

sophisticated techniques such as genetic engineering,
traditional biotechnology relies on natural
processes and the knowledge passed down
through generations.
FERMENTATION
It is a metabolic process that converts
carbohydrates, such as sugars and
starches, into alcohol or organic
acids using microorganisms such as
bacteria, yeast, or molds.

It plays a crucial role in the production

of many food and beverage products,
contributing to the development of
flavors, textures, and preservation.
FERMENTATION
CHEESE-MAKING
The production of cheese involves
the fermentation of milk by
bacteria and/or enzymes
produced by fungi.

Different cultures around the world

have developed their unique
cheese-making methods.
FERMENTATION
WINE PRODUCTION
Wine is produced through the
fermentation of grape juice or
other fruits by yeast.

Yeast converts the sugars present

in the juice into alcohol (ethanol)
and carbon dioxide through
alcoholic fermentation.
FERMENTATION
VINEGAR PRODUCTION
If wine is exposed to oxygen, either
intentionally or unintentionally, it can
undergo a secondary fermentation
process called acetic acid
fermentation.

These bacteria oxidize the alcohol in

the wine to acetic acid (vinegar),
producing a tangy flavor.
FERMENTATION
SOY SAUCE PRODUCTION
Soy sauce making involves a
fermentation process where
soybeans and wheat are combined
with a specific mold called
Aspergillus oryzae, and then left to
ferment.

This results in the savory and

complex flavor profile characteristic
of soy sauce.
 FERMENTATION
NATA DE COCO PRODUCTION
Nata de coco is produced through the
fermentation of coconut water using
Acetobacter xylinum bacteria.

The bacteria create a cellulose-based mat,

or pellicle, during the fermentation
process, which is then harvested, processed,
and cut into cubes to be used in various
culinary applications and desserts.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
It is a process in which humans
intentionally choose and mate
organisms with desirable traits to
produce offspring with those specific
characteristics. This practice has been
employed for centuries in agriculture
and animal husbandry to enhance
certain traits such as size, color,
yield, or behavior.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
By selectively breeding individuals with
desirable traits over successive
generations, humans can influence the
genetic composition of a population,
leading to the development of
organisms that better suit human
needs or preferences.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
DOG BREEDS
Dogs have been selectively bred for various
purposes, resulting in a wide array of breeds
with specific traits.

For example, Border Collies are bred for their

herding abilities, while Greyhounds are bred
for speed in racing
SELECTIVE BREEDING
AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Agricultural crops have been selectively bred
for desirable traits such as yield, resistance
to diseases, and nutritional content.

For instance, modern rice varieties have been

developed through selective breeding to
improve yield and disease resistance.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
LIVESTOCK
Selective breeding is commonly used in
the livestock industry.

For example, dairy cows are selectively

bred for high milk production, while beef
cattle may be bred for meat quality and
growth rate.
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
It refers to the application of scientific principles and
tools to manipulate biological systems and
organisms at the molecular and cellular levels for
practical purposes.

It involves the use of advanced techniques and

technologies to understand, modify, or exploit the
genetic and molecular makeup of living
organisms. Modern biotechnology has diverse
applications in fields such as medicine, agriculture,
industry, and environmental management.
Step 1.
Isolation of Genetic
Material.
The first and the initial
step in Recombinant
DNA technology is to
isolate the desired DNA
in its pure form i.e. free
from other
macromolecules.
Step 2:
Cutting the gene at the
recognition sites.
The restriction enzymes
play a major role in
determining the location at
which the desired gene is
inserted into the vector
genome. These reactions
are called ‘restriction
enzyme digestions’
Step 3:
Amplifying the gene
copies through
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR).
It is a process to amplify a
single copy of DNA into
thousands to millions of
copies once the proper
gene of interest has been
cut using restriction
enzymes.
Step 4:
Ligation of DNA
Molecules.
In this step of Ligation, the
joining of the two pieces – a
cut fragment of DNA and
the vector together with the
help of the enzyme DNA
ligase.
Step 5:
Insertion of Recombinant
DNA Into Host.

In this step, the recombinant

DNA is introduced into a
recipient host cell. This
process is termed as
Transformation.
GENETICALLY-MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO)
These are organisms whose genetic
material (DNA) has been altered in a way
that does not occur naturally through
mating or natural recombination.

Genetic modification involves the

introduction, deletion, or modification of
specific genes to achieve desired traits or
characteristics.
GENETICALLY-MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO)
GOLDEN RICE
Golden Rice is genetically modified to
produce beta-carotene, a precursor of
vitamin A. This modification aims to
address vitamin A deficiency in
populations that rely heavily on rice as a
staple food
GENETICALLY-MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO)
AQUADVANTAGE SALMON
This is a genetically modified Atlantic
salmon that has been engineered to grow
faster than non-genetically modified
salmon.
The modification was intended to increase
efficiency of salmon farming. Advantages
include faster growth rates, reduced
feed costs, and increased yields
GENETICALLY-MODIFIED
ORGANISMS (GMO)
INSULIN-PRODUCING E. COLI
Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria have
been genetically engineered to serve as
production hosts for human insulin.

This application of genetic engineering

involves the insertion of the human
insulin gene into the DNA of E. coli,
transforming the bacteria into insulin-
producing factories.
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION
It is a medical procedure in the field of
reproductive medicine that assists
individuals and couples in achieving
pregnancy when other methods have not
been successful.

It involves the fertilization of an egg with

sperm outside the body in a laboratory
setting. The resulting embryos are then
transferred into the woman's uterus for
implantation and further development.
02
IMPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
 SOCIETAL IMPLICATION
BIOSECURITY
The dual-use nature of
biotechnological research poses
potential risks if the technology is
misused for harmful purposes,
such as bioterrorism which is the
usage of microorganisms to
potentially cause harm or death to
another human, animal, or plant
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The access to advanced
biotechnological interventions may
not be equally distributed, leading
to a potential increase in social and
economic disparities. This can be
caused by the high cost and limited
availability of the biotechnological
intervention
 SOCIETAL IMPLICATION
BIOSECURITY
The dual-use nature of
biotechnological research poses
potential risks if the technology is
misused for harmful purposes,
such as bioterrorism which is the
usage of microorganisms to
potentially cause harm or death to
another human, animal, or plant
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The access to advanced
biotechnological interventions may
not be equally distributed, leading
to a potential increase in social and
economic disparities. This can be
caused by the high cost and limited
availability of the biotechnological
intervention
 ETHICAL IMPLICATION
CONFLICT WITH BELIEFS
The manipulation of genes and
organisms raises ethical questions
about playing "the role of a
creator." It can can challenge
cultural and religious beliefs
regarding the sanctity of life, the
natural order, and the limits of
human intervention.
PRIVACY OF GENETIC
INFORMATION
The use of genetic data for
personalized medicine and
ancestry testing raises concerns
about privacy and the potential
misuse of sensitive information.
 ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPLICATION
DISRUPTION OF NATURAL DISRUPTION OF NATURAL
ECOSYSTEM FOOD CHAIN
Alterations in natural ecosystems Changes in one species due to genetic
due to genetic modifications may modifications can disrupt the natural
disrupt essential ecosystem food chain in ecosystems, causing
services, such as water purification cascading effects on other species
and pollination. Genetically
modified organisms may exhibit
invasive traits, posing a risk to
native species and ecosystems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPLICATION
UNKNOWN ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS
The introduction of genetically
modified organisms into
ecosystems may result in
unpredictable ecological
interactions, with potential negative
consequences such as unintended
toxic effects of pest resistance to
non-target organisms.
DISRUPTION OF PLANT-
MICROBE INTERACTION
Altered genetic traits in plants may
disrupt symbiotic relationships with
beneficial microbes, affecting plant
health and ecosystem functioning, and
potentially affecting soil health and
nutrient cycling.
SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS
BIOTERRORISM

In modern times, bioterrorists are able to

transfer diseases and viruses through
explosives, food and water, and even
aerosol sprays. But the use of
biotechnology as a weapon was banned
by the Geneva Convention.