FOR 310- INTEGRATED FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

UNIT 2 FOREST STRUCTURE

CONTENT:

1. DIFINITION OF FOREST STRUCTURE

2. FOREST STAND
3. STOCKING DENSITY
4. Diversity Indices

I. DIFINITION OF FOREST STRUCTURE.

refers to physical attributes of a forest stand.
Refers to the distribution and age, diameter classes,
crown classes in the stand.

II. FOREST STAND:

an aggregation of trees occupying a specific area
with a set of homogenous
characteristics which make it distinct from adjacent
vegetation.

Components of Stand Growth:

1. Accretion - increase due to development.
2. Ingrowth - increase due to regeneration.
Side
3. Harvest - decrease due to utilization.
Notes
4. Mortality - decrease due to death and decay.

Types of Stand:

1. Age
1.a Old Growth Forest (virgin forest) – composed of
veteran trees and never been logged.
1.b Young Growth Forest (residual forest) - composed
of residual trees and has been logged.

2. Based on Age Classes

2.a Even-aged Stand – composed of trees belonging to
the same age-class.
2.b Uneven-aged Stand - composed of trees belonging to
different age-classes.

3. Based on Species Composition

3.a Pure Stand – composed of trees that belong to one
group of species.
3.b Mixed Stand - composed of trees that belong to
different groups of species.

4. Crown Class (vertical stratification canopy)– refers to

the spatial distribution of tree crowns in the forest
canopy.

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NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

Types of Crown Classes:

1. Dominant - the crown rise above the general level
of the canopy exposed to full sunlight.
2. Co-dominant - the crown receive the overhead
sunlight and hemmed light laterally.
3. Intermediate - the crown receive some direct
overhead light through holes in the canopy.
4. Suppressed/overstopped - the crown receive no free
overhead light and is weak and slow
growing.

III. STOCKING DENSITY

(horizontal stratification) is the spatial

STOCKING -
distribution of trees in the forest.

Stand Stocking - qualitative description of the

distribution of trees in the stand.
Stand Density - quantitative description of the
distribution of trees in the stand.

Understocked Stand - the volume production is lower

than the fully stock stand.

Side MEASURES OF STAND DENSITY

Notes 1. Spacing

𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐪𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫

𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 = √ 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐬

Example: What will be the spacing if the

area to be planted is 2 has and the
seedlings to be planted is 1200.

The Answer is 17 meter

How?
1. The area to be planted is 2 has. Or 20,000sq.m
2. The Seedlings to be planted in 2 has is 1200
3. Following the formula Spacing = 20,0000sq,m/ 1200m
4. The answer is 16. 66 or 17 meter

2. Number of Trees Per Has.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Number of trees per has = 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

Example: Identify the required seedlings needed to

afforest a 3 has with a spacing o 2x2 meter.

The answer is 2,500

How?

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NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024
1. The area to be planted is 3 has or 30,000 sq. M
2. The spacing is 2 meter x 2 meter or 4 square
meter
3. Following the formula of NPH = 30,0000 sq.m / 4
sq. M
4. The answer is 7,500 seedlings for 3 has.
5. 7,500/3 = 2500 trees

3. Volume Per Has.

VPH = Volume of trees/ area (Ha)

Example: The Volume of Dipterocarp forest plantation
inventoried in 5 has is 234 Cubic meter. What is
the volume per has?

The answer is 46.8 or 47

How?

1. The total volume is 234 cubic meter for five has.

2. 234/5 to get the volume per has
3. The answer is 47

4. Basal Area Per Has. (BAH)

Side BAH = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝐴𝑇⁄𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑠. BAT= 0.7854𝐷2 where D

Notes is the
Diameter at
Breast Hight (DBH)

Example: The basal area of 100 trees on 3 has plantation

is 100 Square meter. What is the basal area per
has.?

The answer is 33 sq.m/ has

How?

1. The BA for 3 has is 100 Sq.m

2. 100 sq.m/3 has
3. The Answer is 33.33 or 33 sq.m/has

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 FOR 310- INTEGRATED FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

IV. Diversity Indices

Side
Notes

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NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

5/2000m2 = 0.0025

Side
Notes

1. The Importance Value (IV) Index:

IV index = Relative Density + Relative Frequency +

Relative Dominance

Based on the IV values computed per plot, each

species was assigned a corresponding ranked.

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NORSU BSC- 2ND SEMESTER 2023-2024

V. CALCULATION TUTORIAL/ Annex

Side
Notes

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