KERAPATAN , BIOMASSA, DAN STRATIFIKASI

TAJUK
(DENSITY , BIOMASS, AND CANOPY STRATIFICATION)
A. Density and Canopy Stratification
1. Introduction
Ecologists use terms like stratification and layering to describe the variety and
organization of vegetation in a forest canopy, suggesting that different structures, species, or
environments may exist at different heights. Definition of Stratification:
1. Definiton 1: Synonyms for height, such as "layer," "level," and "stratum," are often
used without further qualification or description, logically interpreting them as
elevation above the ground or reference level.
2. Definiton 2: The term "layer" or "stratum" is commonly used to describe plant life-
form groups or age classes, such as tree, shrub, and herb layers, and their
characteristic heights, and sometimes to describe stands.
3. Definiton 3: Plant stratification refers to the variety of plant matter in a stand, with
larger items being called "multilayered" or "stratified." Shorter, monolayered forests
have a more consistent appearance. Diversification of tree structure may begin early,
with greater ranges in size and multilayered canopy in 90- to 130-year-old stands.
4. Definiton 4: Stratums as layers of trees with varying crown heights. These strata were
often chosen from profile diagrams, which caused debate. Richards later
acknowledged the technique was illustrative, and some argue that thoughtfully
prepared illustrations are more valuable than random sampling.
5. Definition 5: Various indices have been developed to represent structural variability in
canopy structure, such as the "canopy layering index" for predicting a site's suitability
for spotted owl habitat, the "canopy height diversity index" for canopy diversity, and
the "stratification index" for the disparity in crown coverage between dense and dense
parts of the canopy. (Parker, 2000)
Studies of vertical structure began with the elaboration of profile diagrams, aiming to
clarify controversies about the canopy stratification in tropical rainforest. Studies on vertical
forest structure should be as important as horizontal structures to better understand vegetation
and functional traits, particularly successional, dispersion, and leaf deciduousness groups.
Forests are formed by plant communities, influenced by biotic and abiotic components.
Vegetation analysis studies the arrangement, composition, and structure of these
communities. In forest ecology, a plant community is a concrete association of all plant
species occupying a habitat, allowing for the study of arrangement, composition, types, and
structures of vegetation.
Sumber: Jerves et all (2008)

Figure 1. Vertical & Horizontal Vegetation Profiles on The Secondary Forest

 Figure 2. Vertical & Horizontal Vegetation Profiles by Sexi-FS Application

2. Methods & Materials

The practical activities will be held in UNJA Mendalo Forest Education. Tools and
Materials used are as follows: meter tape, haga meter or Forestry Pro II, GPS, writing tool,
camera (android phone), luxmeter, thermohigrometer, and the software application Spacially
Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator (SexI-FS) version 2.1.0 (for the guide to use SexI
FS:https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eWVbE_dQJUOAr5oxQPrjRRKyKVLJrY_g/view?
usp=sharing).The data collected in the practice are: the number of individual species, tree
circumference, the position of trees and poles in the observation range, the total height (Ttot),
and the height free of branches (Tbc), the intensity of sunlight, and the temperature. Data
collection was carried out on the observation plot in the form of a combination of space and
path (transec) of 5 transec paths (20x20 m) with the number of plot in one transec path of 5
observation plots taking into account the representation of existing environmental conditions.

Arah transek
 Figure 3. Plot (20 x 100 m)

The SexI-FS application program version 2.1.0 is a software developed as a forest simulator
that focuses on the interaction between trees in a forest area that can be visually represented
that describes the real conditions of the structure, spread and stratification of the vegetation
community in a observation site or tranche. This model provides insight into what are
important processes and system dynamics parameters.
3. Result
Table 1. The type of species and number of individuals and distribution plant types acorrding to the rate
of growth found at the pratical site

Stadia
No Species Name Latin Name Famili Total of Individu
Trees Poles

Table 2. The type that make the canopy stratification

No Stratum Total of Species Height (m) Species Name

On the result, must adding stratification performances from SexI FS. (as Figure 1). Discuss
the results of the stratification picture with the state of the ecosystem in each observation plot.
In the reporting include a quotation from the latest journal at least 5 quotations. (list on
references)
Table 3. Density of Species

No Name of Species Total Individu of Species Percentage Density

each plot

*percentage density = [(Total Individu of Species/Total all Species) x 100%]

B. Biomass
1. Introduction
Biomass is a form of carbon bag, counting at least four carbon bags. All four of these
carbon bags are superficial biomass, subsurface biomassa, dead organic material, and soil
organic carbon. Biomass is a useful and easy-to-obtain measure, but it gives no clue to
population dynamics. Ecologists are interested in productivity because when a community's
dry weight can be determined at a certain time and the rate of dry weight change can be
measured, that data can be converted into energy transfers through an ecosystem. Using this
information, different ecosystems can be compared and the relative efficiency for changes in
sunlighting into organic material can be calculated. Plant biomass increases as plants absorb
carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and convert it into organic material through
photosynthesis. Unlike animals, plants make their own food called primary productivity
divided over net primary and dirty primary production.
Biomass is also defined as the total amount of living matter above the surface of a tree
and is expressed in units of dry weight tonnes per unit of area. In a biomass study there are
many terms related to research, i.e., forest biomass is the total volume of living organisms of
all species at a certain time measurement of forest biomasse and can be divided into 3 main
groups namely, trees, bushes and other vegetation. Then research or measurements of forest
biomassa covers all the living above and below the surface of trees biomass, shrubs, palms,
tree seedlings, Bush, palm tree, seedling, and other underlying plants, crops, lianas,
epiphytes, and so on that added with the biomass of dead plants such as wood and litter.
Biomass predictions were made using available allometrics, using a steady BEF
coefficient and weighing both wet and dry weights. For the assumption of the biomass values
of the lower plant, serasah, and necromasses measured on plot 2 x 2 meters obtained from the
calculation of the total dry weight (BK) of samples taken in Hairiah and Subekti (2007).
2. Material and Method
The practical activities will be held in UNJA Mendalo Forest Education. Tools and
Materials used are as follows: GPS, writing tool, camera (android phone), luxmeter,
thermohigrometer, plastic rope, plastic bag/paper envelope, scales, oven, meters. Procedure
for predictions biomass for underlying plants:
1. You shall make a cage for a measure of 2x2 m under the forest.
2. Place all the plants on the plot right on the surface of the ground.
3. Separate the trunks, branches and leaves by type of plant. And weigh all the parts of
underlying plant
4. Insert the paper bag into a bag of paper parts of the trunk, branch and leaf per type of trunk
and give the label of the type of grass and the location of measurement. (petak ukurnya).
5. Dry in the oven at a temperature of 105 ± 20 °C for 24 hours, then weigh
6. Enter into the formula:

Total Dry Weight = Dry Weight (after oven) x Wet Weight

Wet Weight (before oven)

Procedure for predictions biomass for trees:

1. Use the same plot on topics of density and stratification of headings
2. Write type names and measure the diameter of trees
3. Enter into the formula (Siregar and Dharmawan, 2009):

Y = ¼ Π x (DBH)2,2234

Description: Y: Total of Biomass (kg)

¼ Π : 97.7

DBH: Diamater as high as chest (1.3 meters)

3. Result
Table 4. The amount of underlying plant biomass

Weight
No Species
Trunks Branches Leaf Total

Table 5. The amount of biomass on the surface

The Amount of Biomassa (ton/ha)

No Carbon Pool
I II III IV V
1 Poles (10 x 10 m)
2 Trees (20 x 20 m)
3 Underlying plant
(2 x 2 m)

On the result, explain about biomassa on the surface, both underlying plant, or trees and
poles. And explain about relationship between density and canopy stratification with biomass.
In the reporting include a quotation from the latest journal at least 5 quotations. (list on
references).