2.

Temperature Measurement in Thermal Conduction and Convection

As shown in Figure 4, a total of nine precise and calibrated thermocouples (accurate to ±0.02
°C) are strategically placed at various locations in the experimental beaker. The experimental cup is
then placed in the center of a second cup, which serves as the heating cup. Water is used as the
heating fluid, and six thermocouples are also placed in this heating beaker to ensure a uniform
temperature of the heating fluid. To achieve controlled heating, the temperature of the heating fluid is
gradually increased at a constant rate of 5 °C per minute, which is controlled by a 2500-watt resistor
at the bottom and four 200-watt resistors (one at each corner) of the heating cup, as shown in Figure
4. It is expected that the use of five resistors can produce more homogeneous temperature fields,
minimizing viscosity measurement errors. Throughout the experiments, the temperature values of all
thermocouples are recorded simultaneously to analyze the temperature distribution in the fluid.