Strength of Material Lab Manual

Sagar Institute of Research and
Technology, Bhopal
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S. No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS
1 To study the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
To perform a tensile test of mild steel specimen on

2
Universal Testing Machine.
To determine the shear strength of mild steel on
3
Universal Testing Machine.
To perform bending test on Universal Testing
4 Machine.
To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod
5 impact test.
To determine the impact strength of steel by Charpy
6
impact test.
To Conduct the hardness test on Rockwell Hardness
7
Tester.
To Conduct the hardness test on Vickers Hardness
8
Tester.
To Conduct the hardness test on Brinell Hardness
9
Tester.
To conduct the testing of the spring on spring testing
10 machine.
Lab Manual | Strength of Materials (ME-303) Mechanical Engineering Department 1

Dr. Irshad Ahmad Khan
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Experiment No. 1
AIM: To study the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
OBJECT: To Study the various components of the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) & test
procedures of various practical‟s to be performed.
APPARATUS USED: - Universal Testing Machine with all attachment i.e. shears test
attachment, bending attachment, tension grips, compression test attachment etc.
DIAGRAM:
Figure 1.1 Components of Universal Testing Machine
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 1.2 Specimens for UTM

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THEORY: - The Universal Testing Machine consists of two units.
1) Loading unit, 2) Control panel.
1) LOADING UNIT: - It consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust base inside. The
piston which moves up and down. The chain driven by electric motor which is fitted on
left hand side. The screw column maintained in the base can be rotated using above
arrangement of chain. Each column passes through the main nut which is fitted in the
lower cross head. The lower table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball
seat is joined to ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and
upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston. The measurement of
this assembly is carried out by number of bearings which slides over the columns. The
test specimen each fixed in the job is known as „Jack Job‟. To fix up the specimen
tightly, the movement of jack job is achieved helically by handle.
2) CONTROL PANEL: - It consists of oil tank having a hydraulic oil level sight glass
for checking the oil level. The pump is displacement type piston pump having free
plungers those ensure for continuation of high pressure. The pump is fixed to the tank
from bottom. The suction & delivery valve are fitted to the pump near tank Electric
motor driven the pump is mounted on four studs which is fitted on the right side of the
tank. There is an arrangement for loosing or tightening of the valve. The four valves on
control panel control the oil stroke in the hydraulic system. The loading system works
as described below. The return valve is close, oil delivered by the pump through the
flow control valves to the cylinder & the piston goes up. Pressure starts developing &
either the specimen breaks or the load having maximum value is controlled with the
base dynameters consisting in a cylinder in which the piston reciprocates. The switches
have upper and lower push at the control panel for the downward & upward movement
of the movable head. The on & off switch provided on the control panel & the pilot
lamp shows the transmission of main supply.
METHOD OF TESTING:-
Initial Adjustment: before testing adjust the pendulum with respect to capacity of the test i.e.
8 Tones; 10 Tones; 20 Tones; 40 Tones etc.
For ex: - A specimen of 6 tones capacity gives more accurate result of 10 Tones capacity range
instead of 20 Tones capacity range. These ranges of capacity are adjusted on the dial with the

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help of range selector knob. The control weights of the pendulum are adjusted correctly. The
ink should be inserted in pen holder of recording paper around the drum & the testing process
is started depending upon the types of test as mentioned below.
1) TENSION TEST: - Select the proper job and complete upper and lower chuck
adjustment. Apply some Greece to the tapered surface of specimen or groove. Then
operate the upper cross head grip operation handle & grip the upper end of test
specimen fully in to the groove. Keep the lower left valve in fully close position. Open
the right valve & close it after lower table is slightly lifted. Adjust the lower points to
zero with the help of adjusting knob. This is necessary to remove the dead weight of the
lower table. Then lock the jobs in this position by operating job working handle. Then
open the left control valve. The printer on dial gauge at which the specimen breaks
slightly return back & corresponding load is known as breaking load & maximum load
is known as the ultimate load.
2) COMPRESSION TEST: - Fix upper and lower pressure plates to the upper stationary
head & lower table respectively. Place the specimen on the lower plate in order to grip.
Then adjust zero by lifting the lower table. Then perform the test in the same manner as
described in tension test.
3) FLEXURAL OR BENDING TEST: - Keep the bending table on the lower table in
such a way that the central position of the bending table is fixed in the central location
value of the lower table. The bending supports are adjusted to required distance.
Stuffers at the back of the bending table at different positions. Then place the specimen
on bending table & apply the load by bending attachment at the upper stationary head.
Then perform the test in the same manner as described in tension test.
4) BRINELL HARDNESS TEST: - Place the specimen on the lower table & lift it up
slightly. Adjust the zero fixed value at the bottom side of the lower cross head. Increase
the load slowly ultimate load value is obtained. Then release the load slowly with left
control valve. Get the impression of a suitable value of five to ten millimeter on the
specimen & measure the diameter of the impression correctly by microscope &
calculate Brinell hardness.
5) SHEAR TEST: - Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment
consists of cutter. The specimen is inserted in roles of shear test attachment & lift the

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lower table so that the zero is adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen
breaks in two or three pieces. If the specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in
angle shear, & if it breaks in three pieces then it will be in double shear.
Figure 1.3 Stress-strain curve of mild steel
Figure 1.4 Stress-strain curves of different materials

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 Curve A shows a brittle material. This material is also strong because there is little
strain for a high stress. The fracture of a brittle material is sudden and catastrophic, with
little or no plastic deformation. Brittle materials crack under tension and the stress
increases around the cracks. Cracks propagate less under compression.
 Curve B is a strong material which is not ductile. Steel wires stretch very little, and
break suddenly. There can be a lot of elastic strain energy in a steel wire under tension
and it will “whiplash” if it breaks. The ends are razor sharp and such a failure is very
dangerous indeed.
 Curve C is a ductile material.
 Curve D is a plastic material. Notice a very large strain for a small stress. The material
will not go back to its original length.

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Experiment No. 2
AIM: To perform a tensile test of mild steel specimen on Universal Testing Machine.
OBJECT: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
1) Limit of proportionality
2) Elastic limit
3) Yield strength
4) Ultimate strength
5) Young‟s modulus of elasticity
6) Percentage elongation
7) Percentage reduction in area.
APPARATUS USED:
1) Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2) Mild steel specimens
3) Graph paper
4) Scale
5) Vernier Caliper
DIAGRAM:

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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2.2 Specimens for UTM

THEORY: The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test
piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the
applied load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An
elastically deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However,
if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the
tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the
rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is
termed plastic. The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known as
the yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by a
sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some materials
do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain
hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a
maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”‟ which is defined as
the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value.
Further loading will eventually cause „neck‟ formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be
length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the
total length of the specimen.

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2) Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to
it.
3) Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4) Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5) Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6) Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7) By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
OBESERVATION:
 Material:
 Original dimensions
Length: …………………..
Diameter: …………………
Area: ………………………
 Final dimensions
Length: …………………..
Diameter: …………………
Area: ………………………
 
OBESERVATION TABLE:
Stress  Strain 
S. Load Original Extension Load N Change in length
2
No. (N) Length (mm) Area m Original length
(mm)
 Plot the stress strain curve and determine the following.

Load at limitof proportionality  N 
1) Limit of Proportion  
Originalarea of cross - section  mm 2 

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 N 
2) ElasticLimit   
Load at elasticlimit
 N 
3) Yield Strength   
Yield Load
 N 
4) Ultimate Strength   
Maximum Tensile Load
Stress below limitof proportionality  N 

5) Young' s modulus (E)   2 
Correcponding strain  mm 
6) Percentageof elongation 
Final length - Original length
(%)
Original length

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7) Percentageof reductionin area 

Originalarea - Area at fracture
(%)
Originalarea
RESULT:
1) Average Breaking Stress =
2) Ultimate Stress =
3) Average % Elongation =
PRECAUTIONS:
1) If the strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before
necking begins.
2) Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully.

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Experiment No. 3
AIM: To determine the shear strength of mild steel on Universal Testing Machine
OBJECT: To conduct shear test on mild steel under double shear

APPARATUS USED:
1) Universal Testing Machine
2) Shear Testing Attachment
3) Specimens
DIAGRAM:

THEORY: Place the shear test attachment on the lower table, this attachment consists of
cutter. The specimen is inserted in shear test attachment & lift the lower table so that the zero is
adjusted, then apply the load such that the specimen breaks in two or three pieces. If the
specimen breaks in two pieces then it will be in single shear & if it breaks in three pieces then
it will be in double shear.
PROCEDURE:
1) Insert the specimen in position and grip one end of the attachment in the upper portion
and one end in the lower portion.
2) Switch on the main switch of universal testing machine.
3) The drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.

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4) Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the pendulum
and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights.
5) Operate (push) buttons for driving the motor to drive the pump.
6) Gradually move the head control level in left-hand direction till the specimen shears.
7) Down the load at which the specimen shears.
8) Stop the machine and remove the specimen
OBESERVATION:
Diameter of the Rod, D = ………….. mm
Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2 

π 2
d = …………mm2
4
Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure (W) = ……. N
W
 π 2
N/mm 2
2 d 
Shear Strength of rod =
 4 
RESULT:
The Shear strength of mild steel specimen= …………….. N/mm2
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The measuring range should not be changed at any stage during the test.
2) The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment should be slightly greater
than that of the specimen.
3) Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.

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Experiment No. 4
AIM: To perform bending test on Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
OBJECT: To determine the deflection of given beam specimen.
APPARATUS USED:
1) UTM (Beam apparatus)
2) Bending fixture
3) Vernier caliper
4) Specimen
5) Dial gauge.
DIAGRAM:
Figure 4.1 Simply supported beam with concentrated load at mid

PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the length, width and thickness of test piece, by vernier caliper.
2) Place the bending fixture on the lower cross head of the testing m/c.
3) Place the test piece on the rollers of the bending fixture.
4) By loading the dial gauge in a stand, make its spindle knob the test piece.
5) Start the m/c and note down the load and dial gauge readings.
6) Plot the graph between load and deflection.
OBSERVATION:
1) Least count of vernier caliper = …………mm

2) Length of beam (L) = ………………….. mm
3) Width of beam (b) = ………………….…mm

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4) Thickness of beam (t) = ……………...… mm
5) Load (W) = …………………………….. N
6) Deflection (δ ) = ………………. mm
7) Young‟s Modulus (E) …………. N/mm2
CALCULATION:
1) I 
bt 3
12
2) δ 
FL3
48EI
RESULT: The deflection of beam is ………… mm
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Test piece should be properly touching the fixture. Test piece should be straight.
2) Take reading carefully.
3) Elastic limit of the beam should not be exceeded.

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Experiment No. 5
AIM: To determined impact strength of steel.
OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test

APPARATUS USED:
1) Impact testing machine
2) A steel specimen of 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM:
THEORY: An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always
reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture.

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This important factor is determined by impact test. Toughness takes into account both the
strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact
or suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to
strengths achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests
are most extensively used. Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture
a standard notch bar by applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of
material under shock loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design
problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good
way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under
different condition.
This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material
occurring due to lowering of temperature.
PROCEDURE:
Following steps are involved to conduct Izod impact test:-
1) Lift the hammer to an appropriate knife edge position and note the energy stored in the
hammer. For the standard Izod test the energy stored should be 164 joules. Bring the
striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it at
that position.
2) Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.
3) Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to
swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving,
while the pendulum falls back. Note the reading of indicator at that topmost final
position (Residual energy).
4) Impact strength of the test specimen is the difference of the initial energy stored
in hammer and the residual energy.
5) Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back.
OBESERVATION:
Initial Energy (E1) = …………………….… Joule
Residual Energy (E2) = …………………… Joule
Absorbed Energy (E1- E2) = ……………… Joule

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PRECAUTIONS:-
1) The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.

2) Take reading more frequently.
3) Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after setting the pendulum.
4) Do not stand in front of swinging hammer or releasing hammer.
5) Place the specimen proper position.
RESULT:
The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be ……………… Joules.

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Experiment No. 6
AIM: To determined impact strength of steel.
OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by Charpy impact test

APPARATUS USED:
1) Impact testing machine
2) A steel specimen of 55 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM:
THEORY: An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always

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reveal the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by
impact test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material.
Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in
service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly
applied loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by
applying an impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock
loading. Values obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly
and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing
toughness of various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition.
This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material
occurring due to lowering of temperature.
PROCEDURE:
Following steps are involved to conduct charpy impact test:-
6) Lift the hammer to an appropriate knife edge position and note the energy stored in the
hammer. For the standard charpy test the energy stored should be 164 joules. Bring the
striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it at
that position.
7) Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.
8) Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to
swing. At its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving,
while the pendulum falls back. Note the reading of indicator at that topmost final
position (Residual energy).
9) Impact strength of the test specimen is the difference of the initial energy stored
in hammer and the residual energy.
10) Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back.
OBESERVATION:
Initial Energy (E1) = …………………….… Joule
Residual Energy (E2) = …………………… Joule

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Absorbed Energy (E1- E2) = ……………… Joule
PRECAUTIONS:-
6) The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.

7) Take reading more frequently.
8) Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after setting the pendulum.
9) Do not stand in front of swinging hammer or releasing hammer.
10) Place the specimen proper position.
RESULT:
The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be ……………… Joules.

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Experiment No. 7
AIM: To Conduct the hardness test on Rockwell Hardness Tester.
OBJECT: To determine the hardness no. of mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum
specimens.
APPARATUS USED:
Hardness tester, mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum specimens.
DIAGRAM:
Figure 7.1 Rockwell Hardness Tester
THEORY: The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized pressure or

resistance to abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and economical way of
determining the resistance of materials to deformation. There are three general types of
hardness measurements depending upon the manner in which the test is conducted:
a) Scratch hardness measurement.
b) Rebound hardness measurement.
c) Indention hardness measurement.
In scratch hardness method the material are rated on their ability to scratch one another and it is
usually used by mineralogists only. In rebound hardness measurement, a standard body is
usually dropped on to the material surface and the hardness is measured in terms of the height
of its rebound .The general means of judging the hardness is measuring the resistance of a
material to indentation. The indenters usually a ball cone or pyramid of a material much harder
than that being used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters are

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generally used in indentation tests; a load is applied by pressing the indenter at right angles to
the surface being tested. The hardness of the material depends on the resistance which it exerts
during a small amount of yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on friction, elasticity,
viscosity and the intensity and distribution of plastic strain produced by a given tool during
indentation
PROCEDURE:
1) Place the specimen securely upon the anvil.
2) Elevate the specimen so that it come into contact with the penetrate and put the
specimen under a preliminary or minor load of 100+2N without shock.
3) Apply the major load 900N by loading lever.
4) Watch the pointer until it comes to rest.
5) Remove the major load.
6) Read the Rockwell hardness number or hardness scale.
7) Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.
OBESERVATION TABLE
S. No. Specimens Reading (HRC) Mean
1 2 3
1 Mild Steel HRB=
2 High Carbon Steel HRC=
3 Brass HRB=
4 Aluminium HRB=
RESULTS: The hardness of the tested metal are:

1) Mild steel=
2) High Carbon Steel=
3) Brass=
4) Aluminium=
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The specimen should be clean properly.
2) Take reading more carefully.
3) The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through
the metal, nor should impression be made too close to the edge of a specimen.

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Experiment No. 8
AIM: To Conduct the hardness test on Vickers Hardness Tester.
specimens.
APPARATUS USED: Vickers Hardness Tester, mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminum
specimens.
DIAGRAM:
THEORY: The test utilizes the depth of indentation under standard loading condition as
measure of hardness. The test load applied to the surface area „P‟ form a permanent
impression. The Vicker‟s indenture is a diamond pyramid with square base and
included angle between opposite faces as 136. The impression of this indentor has square
boundary with depression inside. The length of two diagonals is measured under microscope
and average is used to calculate the surface area of indentation.
136o
HV 
2FSin
2
d2
HV  1.854
F
(9.1)
d2
Where F is the load in Kgf, d is average length of two diagonals.

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d 1  d 2 
d (9.2)
2
ABOUT MACHINE: Hardness testing machine model UM-50 is designed for carrying out
Vickers hardness tests against loads 50,30,20,10, 05. These loads are selected through an
„Indexing Wt. selection knob‟ from outside.
An optical device is provided for projecting the impression on front screen with 70 ×
magnification, which is capable of projecting 1.0mm impression maximum. The micrometer
thimble provided on front screen enables to measure diagonal of impression with an
accuracy of 0.001mm.
TECHNICAL DATA:
Test loads: 5, 10,20,30,50 Kgf.
Magnification of optical measuring device: 70×, Scale least count (mm): 0.001
PROCEDURE:
1) Before being tested the test area of the specimen should be cleaned from dirt, oil seals
etc.
2) Select the weights according to the expected hardness of specimen to be tested by
turning the weight election, knob‟ the respective figure of the weight is visible on one
side of knob itself.
3) Place specimen securely on testing Table.
4) Turn the hand wheel clockwise slowly so that specimen will get focused on front screen
sharply. At his stage a gap of about 0.2 to 0.25 mm is expected between tip of diamond
indentor and top surface of specimen.
5) Press start button. Keep it pressed till light inside „START ‟button will be „ON‟ even
after release of push button.
6) Index indentor head to next position so that objective of optical system will be exactly
over the indentation.
7) The indentation is now projected on front focusing screen. Measure diagonal of
impression on both axis one after other. Find the mean value.
8) Find out the Vickers hardness value.
9) To have next test, index the head to original position and bring back indentor on
specimen, before starting loading operation.

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CALCULATIONS:
Test Force F = ………………N.
d 1  d 2 
Mean diagonal of indentation, d 
2
Vickers hardness = HV  1.854

F
= ……………HV
d2
Note: - The Vickers Hardness value is always mentioned with reference to load applied. For
example 610HV30 Or HV30 = 610 where 30 denotes the load applied is 30 Kgf.
RESULT:
The Vickers Hardness value of the given specimen is……………HV
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The surface to be tested should be clean, dry and smooth.
2) The surface should be flat and perpendicular to the indentor of the test pieces should be
at least three times the diameter of the impression.
3) The distance between the center of two adjacent indentations or the center of any
indentation from the edge.

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Experiment No. 9
AIM: To Conduct the hardness test on Brinell Hardness Tester.
specimens.
APPARATUS USED: Brinell Hardness Tester, Brinell microscope, mild steel, carbon steel,
brass and aluminum specimens.
DIAGRAM:
THEORY: Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion,

scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all
hardness testes, a define force is mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15
seconds. The indentor, which transmits the load to the test piece, varies in size and
shape for different testes. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or diamond.
In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as indentor. Diameter of the indentor
and the applied force depend upon the thickness of the test specimen, because for accurate
results, depth of indentation should be less than 1/8thof the thickness of the test pieces.
According to the thickness of the test piece increase, the diameter of the indentor and force
are changed.
A hardness test can be conducted on Brinell testing m/c, Rockwell hardness m/c or vicker
testing m/c. the specimen may be a cylinder, cube, thick or thin metallic sheet.

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Its specification is as follows:
1 ) Ability to determine hardness up to 500BHN.

2 ) Diameter of ball (as indenter) used D = 2.5mm, 5mm, 10mm.
3 ) Maximum application load = 3000kgf.
4 ) Method of load application = Lever type.
5 ) Capability of testing the lower hardness range = 1 BHN on application of 0.5D2 load.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Insert ball of diameter „D‟ in ball holder of the m/c.
2) Make the specimen surface clean by removing dust, dirt, oil and grease etc.
3) Make contact between the specimen surface and the ball by rotating the jack
adjusting wheel.
4) Push the required button for loading.
5) Pull the load release level and wait for minimum 15 second. The load will
automatically apply gradually.
6) Remove the specimen from support table and locate the indentation so made.
7) View the indentation through microscope and measure the diameter„d‟ by micro
meter fitted on microscope.
8) Repeat the entire operation, 3-times.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Following observation are recorded from a test on steel specimen using a hardened steel ball as
indenter.
Test piece material = --------------
S. No. Ball Diameter (D) Load Applied (P) Diameter of P/2D BHN
Indentation (d)
1
2
3
BHN = Load Applied (kgf.)/ Spherical surface area indentation (in mm.)
BHN 
 
2P
πD D  D 2  d 2
(10.1)

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Experiment No. 10
AIM: To conduct the testing of the spring on spring testing machine.
OBJECT: To determine the stiffness of the spring and modulus of rigidity of the spring wire
APPARATUS USED:
1) Spring Testing Machine
2) A spring
3) Vernier Calipers
4) Scale
5) Micrometer
DIAGRAM:
Figure 10.1 Close coil helical spring

THEORY: Springs are elastic member which distort under load and regain their original shape
when load is removed. They are used in railway carriages, motor cars, scooters, motorcycles,
rickshaws, governors etc. According to their uses the springs perform the following Functions:
1) To absorb shock or impact loading as in carriage springs.
2) To store energy as in clock springs.
3) To apply forces to and to control motions as in brakes and clutches.
4) To measure forces as in spring balances.
5) To change the variations characteristic of a member as in flexible mounting of motors.

Technology, Bhopal
The spring is usually made of either high carbon steel (0.7 to 1.0%) or medium carbon alloy
steels. Phosphor bronze, brass, stainless steel and other metal alloys are used for corrosion
resistance spring. Several types of spring are available for different application. Springs may
classify as helical springs, leaf springs and flat spring depending upon their shape. They are
fabricated of high shear strength materials such as high carbon alloy steels spring form
elements of not only mechanical system but also structural system. In several cases it is
essential to idealize complex structural systems by suitable spring.
PROCEDURE:
1) Measure the diameter of the wire of the spring by using the micrometer.
2) Measure the diameter of spring coils by using the vernier caliper
3) Count the number of turns.
4) Insert the spring in the spring testing machine and load the spring by a suitable weight
and note the corresponding axial deflection in tension or compression.
5) Increase the load and take the corresponding axial deflection readings.
6) Plot a curve between load and deflection. The shape of the curve gives the stiffness of
the spring.
OBESERVATION:
1) Least count of micrometer = ……….…mm.
2) Diameter of the spring wire (d)=………mm (Mean of three readings)
3) Least count of vernier caliper = ………mm
4) Diameter of the spring coil (D) = ….…..mm (Mean of three readings)
5) Mean coil diameter (Dm) = D – d= .……mm
6) Number of turns (n) =
OBESERVATION TABLE
S. No. Load, W (N) Deflection, δ (mm) Stiffness, k=W/ δ (N/mm)

1
2
3
4
5
Mean k=

Technology, Bhopal
Modulus of rigidity
nWD m3
d 4
Spring Index 
Dm
d
RESULT: The spring constant k of closely coiled helical spring is ………….. N/mm
PRECAUTIONS:
1) The dimension of spring should measure accurately.
2) Deflection obtained in spring should measure accurately


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Strength of Material Lab Manual

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Sagar Institute of Research and

S. No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS

1 To study the Universal Testing Machine (UTM).

To perform a tensile test of mild steel specimen on

Lab Manual | Strength of Materials (ME-303) Mechanical Engineering Department 1

Figure 1.1 Components of Universal Testing Machine

Figure 1.2 Specimens for UTM

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Figure 1.3 Stress-strain curve of mild steel

Figure 1.4 Stress-strain curves of different materials

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Figure 2.1 Components of Universal Testing Machine

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Figure 2.2 Specimens for UTM

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 Plot the stress strain curve and determine the following.

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Stress below limitof proportionality  N 

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7) Percentageof reductionin area 

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OBJECT: To conduct shear test on mild steel under double shear

Figure 3.1 Components of Universal Testing Machine

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Cross-section area of the Rod (in double shear) = 2 

Load taken by the Specimen at the time of failure (W) = ……. N

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Figure 4.1 Simply supported beam with concentrated load at mid

1) Least count of vernier caliper = …………mm

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OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test

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1) The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.

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OBJECT: To determine the impact strength of steel by Charpy impact test

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6) The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.

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Figure 7.1 Rockwell Hardness Tester

THEORY: The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized pressure or

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RESULTS: The hardness of the tested metal are:

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Test Force F = ………………N.

Vickers hardness = HV  1.854

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THEORY: Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion,

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1 ) Ability to determine hardness up to 500BHN.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

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Figure 10.1 Close coil helical spring

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S. No. Load, W (N) Deflection, δ (mm) Stiffness, k=W/ δ (N/mm)

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