Organic Green - Research

Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-SHSRFR
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Lucena City Document Title: SHS Research Final Form
An Autonomous University Page No.: Page 1 of 116
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DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND Effectivity Date: August 2017
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
Reviewed by: QMR
QUALITY FORM Approved by: President
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Research Title Organic Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent
to the Local Citizens of Lucena City
Name of Researcher : Andal, Christ Jade M.
Behik, Kenzie D.
Letargo, Junell A.
Subol, Mark Andrei T.
Bornilla, Nicole C.
de los Santos, Karlzen J.
Pornobi, Trizha Kate B.
Verano, Raine Ainsley Andrea V
Strand & Section : STEM12A4
Name of Research Adviser : Mr. Jade A. Oraa

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Christ Jade M. Andal
Birthdate: April 22, 2003
Birthplace: Lucena, Quezon
Permanent Address: St. Jude Village Phase 1-B Ibabang
Dupay Lucena City, Quezon
Contact Number: +639611746937
Email Address: andalchristjade@gmail.com
Educational Background:
School/University Inclusive Years Honor/Award
Manuel S. Enverga Honor student
University Foundation 2015 - 2019 Best in Sports
Lucena East 5 Elementary Top 3 in Section

School 2012 - 2013 Best in Math
Best in English
Best in Filipino
Academic Affiliations:
SY 2018 – 2019
Grade 10 Representative in Sports
Awards Received:
Excellence in Sports
MSEUF Bed
2018
Honor Student
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Seminars:
Title Place Date
Disaster Readiness and First Sampitan, Mauban Quezon 2016
Aid Seminar
Intrapersonal Development Manuel S. Enverga University 2017

Foundation
No to STD/HIV Manuel S. Enverga University 2019
Foundation
Skills:
 Acquired skills in leadership.
 Can communicate in both English and Filipino language
 Driving
 Can compete national and international events in the sport swimming
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Reinhardt Kenzie Dy Behik

Birth date: August 22, 2003
Birthplace: Boac, Marinduque
Permanent Address: Rancho soccoro alpsville blk.3 Brgy.
Mayao Crossing, Lucena City
Contact Number: 09394879709
E-mail Address: kenzie22behik@gmail.com
2019-2021
Manuel S. Enverga University Honor Student
Foundation
Lucena City
Secondary 2014-2019
Manuel S. Enverga University
Foundation
Lucena City
Elementary 2009-2014 Batang Huwaran

Lucena North 1 Elementary School
Lucena City
N/A
Awards Received:
Honor Student
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Reviewed by: QMR
Seminars Attended:
Title Place Date
Intrapersonal Development Manuel S. Enverga 2017

University Foundation
Skills:
● Driving
● Singing
● Good in sport activities

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Junell Mateo A. Letargo
Birthdate: November 5, 2002
Permanent Address: Brgy. 8 Poblacion
Lucena, Quezon

Email Address: mateoletargo@gmail.com
Manuel S. Enverga 2015 - 2019 Honor student

Top 1 in Section
Lucena West 1 Elementary 2009 – 2015 Best in Science
School Best in Math
Best in English
SY 2019 – 2020
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Council
Grade 11 Representative
Awards Received:
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Best Director, Short Film Making Contest for Grade 10

MSEUF BEd EMRC
September 2018
1st place, Short Film Making Contest for Grade 10
MSEUF BEd EMRC
September 2018
3rd place, Essay Writing Contest

MSEUF BEd English Fest
August 2017
Champion, Cooking contest

MSEUF BEd Foundation Day
August 2015
Seminars:
Title Place Date
Developing EMRC VI (A&B), AEC February 2020
Intra/Interpersonal Skills for Building, MSEUF
Peer Support
Cooperation, Learn, MSEUF St. Bonaventure September 2019

Understand
Explore
No to STD/HIV MSEUF Covered Court September 2019
Experiences:
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SY 2019 – 2020 – Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics Student Council: Grade 11
Representative
SY 2019 – 2020 – Director: STEM11A4 Variety Show
SY 2019 – 2020 – Logistics Team: MSEUF English Festival 2020: Uproot
SY 2017 – 2018 – Director: Short Film “Panahon Ang Magsasabi”
SY 2017 – 2018 – Scriptwriter: Short Film “Panahon Ang Magsasabi”
SY 2017 – 2018 – Actor: Short Film “Panahon Ang Magsasabi”
SY 2015 – 2018 – Participant: MTAP
SY 2014 – 2015 – West 1 Math Club: Peace Officer
SY 2014 – 2015 – West 1 Yes – O Program Participant
Skills:
 Acquired skills in leadership. Considering the values of criticism and applying it into life.
Has interest in it that results into learning more about how to lead a certain group.
 Has good essay writing skills and proficient in oral communication
 Proficiency to programs affiliated with logistics, leadership, and counselling.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Mark Andrei T. Subol
Birthdate: October 5, 2002.
Birthplace: Lucena, Quezon.
Permanent Address: Brgy. Kanlurang Mayao.
Lucena City, Quezon.
Email Address: markandreisubol@gmail.com
Manuel S. Enverga 2019 - 2020

Lucena City National High 2015 – 2019

School
Kanlurang Mayao 2009 – 2015 Senior Patrol Leader (Boy

Elementary School Scout)
Drum and Lyre
N/A
Awards Received:
N/A
Revision No.: 0
Reviewed by: QMR
Seminars:
Title Place Date
Cooperation, Learn, MSEUF St. Bonaventure September 2019

Understand, Explore
Experiences:
N/A
Skills:
 In sports from captain of your team to a captain of industry, developing leadership skills
in sport is crucial to any future employment, whether you’re in charge or not. Making
tough decisions about the team list or the workforce; developing the ability to inspire,
motivate and lead your colleagues; these are skills that are always in demand.
 Dribbling-Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow
you to move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper
dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for
ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both hands.
 I can handle the challenges or responsibilities that are given to me.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Nicole C. Bornilla
Birthdate: June 26, 2003
Permanent Address: Hillsview Solcomville
Lucena City, Quezon
Email Address: bornilla26@gmail.com
School/University Inclusive Year Honor/Award

Manuel S. Enverga 2015-2019 Honor Student
Lucena East 1 Elementary School 2009- 2915 Special Awards
Academic Affiliation:
SY 2017 - 2018
Basic Education Department Student Council
Grade 9 representative
Academic Received
2nd Place, Book Spine
MSEUF Bed
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Champion, Cooking Contest

MSEUF, Bed Foundation Day
August 2015
Seminars:
Title Place Date
Leadership Training: Basic Education

January 18, 2019
Unleash your inner Department Cover
Potential: Expect noting, do Court
something
Experiences:
S.Y 2019 - 2020 - Vice President: STEM11A4/B4
S.Y 2017- 2018 - BEd Student Council: Grade 9 Representative
Skills:
 Proficient in using Microsoft Office Word, Excel and Power Point
 Average Skills in Adobe Photoshop, Video Editor
 Can communicate in English and Filipino
 Acquires leadership skill

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Karlzen J. de los Santos

Birthdate: August 23, 2001
Birthplace: Lucena City, Quezon
Permanent Address: Brgy. Mayao Crossing,
Lucena City, Quezon
Contact number: +639306769166
Email address: karlzenkarylle23@gmail.com
School/University Inclusive Years Honors/Awards
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation 2019-present With High Honors
Lucena City National High School 2014-2018 With Honors,
Mayao Crossing Extension Leadership Award
Mayao Crossing Elementary School 2008-2014 Achiever
AY 2015-2017
Supreme Student Government
Secretary
SY 2014-2018
Youth for Environment in Schools-Organization
Member and Treasurer
Awards Received:
2nd Place Essay Writing
YES-O Essay Writing Contest
February 2018
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Seminars:
Title Place Date

Quezon Ecumenical SHC Covered Court November 2014
Movement Symposium
Cooperation, Learn, Understand MSEUF St. Bonaventure September 2019
Explore
Experience:
SY 2017-2018: Assistant Director for Film Making
SY 2015-2016: Master of Ceremony for Junior High School English Festival
SY 2014-2015: Performer: Math Jingle
SY 2015-2018: Participant: MTAP Contest
Skills:
 Computer Literate: MS Word, MS Power Point, MS Publisher
 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Acquired Leadership Skills
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Name: Trizha Kate B. Pornobi
Birthdate: October 6, 2002
Permanent Address: Brgy. Iba. Palsabangon
Pagbilao, Quezon
Email Address: trizhapornobi@gmail.com
Silangang Malicboy National 2016-2019 Honor student
High School Best in Math
Palsabangon Elementary 2014-2015 Top 8 in Section

School
SY 2018-2019
Supreme Student Government
G10 Representative
Awards Received:
Champion, Futsal
SMNHS FC 2016
March 2016
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3rd place, QPSAA

MSEUF volleyball
January 2020
3rd place, Essay Writing Contest

SMNHS
July 2018
Seminars:
Title Place Date
STEM career MSEUF 2019
planning
Experiences:
SY 2018-2019 – Supreme Student Government – G10 Representative
Skills:
 Ability to communicate both oral and written.
 Has good communication skills and proficient in oral communication.
 Positive cooperation and interact with others which led to productivity.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
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Reviewed by: QMR
Name: Rane Ainsley Andrea V. Verano

Birthdate: May 29, 2002
Birthplace: Lucena City
Permanent Address: Brgy. Sipa I.,
Padre Burgos, Quezon
Email Address: ainsleyandrea.verano@gmail.com
School/University Inclusive Years Honor/ Academic
Manuel S. Enverga University 2019-2020 With Honors

Foundation
Hinguiwin National Highschool 2015-2019 With High Honors

Special Recognition Award
for Music & Arts
Panorama Montessori School 2009-2015 1st Honorable Mention

Best in Computer
Philippine Tong Ho Institute 2006-2009 Top 5
SY 2016 – 2017
Technology and Livelihood Education Club
Grade 9 Representative
SY 2017 – 2018
Technology and Livelihood Education Club
PIO
Awards Received:
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2nd runner up, Lakambini ng Wika

HNHS Buwan ng Wika
August 2015
Champion, Fruit carving contest

HNHS Nutrition Day
July 2018
Champion, Lakambini ng Buwan ng Wika

HNHS Buwan ng Wika
September 2018
Seminars Attended:
Title Place Date

Photography Padre Burgos LGU, Social Hall April 2018
Experiences:
SY 2014 – 2015 – Master of Ceremony: Literary Festival

SY 2015 – 2018 – Performer: District/ Provincial Math Jingle
SY 2015 – 2019 – Performer: Municipal Christmas Carolling
SY 2016 – 2017 - Technology and Livelihood Education Club: Grade 9 Representative
SY 2017 – 2018 - Technology and Livelihood Education Club: PIO
SY 2017 – 2018 – Director and Editor: Short Film “Romeo and Juliet”
SY 2017 – 2018 – Performing Artist: Summer Music Youth Camp
SY 2018 – 2019 – SPES: Municipality of Padre Burgos
SY 2018 – 2019 – Majorette: HNHS Drum and Lyre Band
SY 2018 – 2019 – Director and Editor: Music Video “Tonight”
Skills:
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 Acquired skills in filmmaking. Interest on it reflects willingness to learn more about its
operation.
 Computer Literate: MS Word, MS Power Point, MS Excel, MS Publisher, etc.
 Ability to create fine works in arts.
 Ability to sing.
DEDICATION
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To the ones who support and guided me,

in the darkest places of the world,
to those who understand,
we will dominate,
fighting.
-CJMA
DEDICATION
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To all my humans who joined me,

thank you for your shadows,
especially to our blood,
To one why I learn,
you are all
beauty.
-RKDB
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DEDICATION
To the unknowing presence of light that guides me,

to my darkness that I fight to pursue my life,
to my deity, love, and my humans,
my soul in this pain world,
knowledge is ethereal,
live and give.
-JMAL
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DEDICATION
To all my rivers that I flowed,

I thank my heart and love,
I will truly remember,
because all of you is
why I am live.
-MATS
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DEDICATION
To the presence of unknown that knows my worth,
to my stars in the skies that gives me life,
to my moon that shines in the night,
for all the strengths and pains,
the realization of life,
comes alive.
- NCB
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DEDICATION
To all the stories I wrote but never had the chance to finish,
to him and to her who understands and listens,
and the nights of breakdowns
that I have kept and
never tell.
-KJD
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DEDICATION
To the people who have been there to guide me and taught me

that it is never too late to change and to pursue
my dreams. Without their love and
support this paper would
not have been
possible.
-TKBP
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DEDICATION
To all the songs a sang to numb my pain,
to the tears I cried when I do not feel
okay, to you who stayed even
after all the pain and to
my saviour, God
Almighty.
-RAAVV
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude to the following who made
this study a possible one.
Mr. Jade A. Oraa, research adviser, for patiently guiding us whenever we have too
much questions and sometimes asking about it even though it was weekend;
Residents of Lucena City, Quezon for willingly participating and for providing the data;
Parents and family, for the moral and financial support and for providing understanding
in every extended time in front of the desktop, including the late night sleeps;
STEM12A4 family, for making each other happy during the stressful situations and for
cheering each other;
And lastly, the Almighty God, for the strength of mind that he gave and instilling
determination and courage to make all of this happen.
The researchers are deeply indebted to them.
-CJMA
RKDB
JMAL
MATS
NCB
KJD
TKBP
RAAVV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Biographical Sketch ii
Dedication xx
Acknowledgement xviii
Table of Contents xix
List of Tables xxxii
List of Figures xxxiii
List of Appendices xxxiv
Abstract xxxv
Chapter I - INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 4
Objectives 6
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Limitation 8
Definition of Terms 9
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Chapter II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Synthesis 29
Theoretical Framework 30
Conceptual Framework 35
Chapter III - METHODOLOGY
Research Locale 37
Research Design 37
Sampling Technique 38
Respondents 38
Instrument 39
Data Gathering Procedure 39
Statistical Treatment 40
Chapter IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
Summary 59
Findings 61
Conclusions 62
Recommendations 63
References Cited
Appendices
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Percentage and Frequency on the Demographic
Profile of Lucenahins 42
2 Percentage and Frequency on the Presence of
Mosquitoes in Home Environment of the Lucenahins 46
3 Percentage and Frequency on the Presence of
Mosquitoes in Home Location of the Lucenahins 48
4 Weighted mean distribution on Positive Effects of
Basil plant as Mosquito Repellent in terms of Basil
Plant alone 50
5 Weighted Mean Distribution on Positive Effects of
Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent in terms of Basil
Plant Oil 52
6 Weighted Mean Distribution on the Negative Effects
of Basil Plant as a Mosquito Repellent in terms of
Basil Plant alone 54
7 Weighted Mean Distribution on the Negative Effects
of Basil Plant as a Mosquito Repellent in terms of
Basil Plant Oil 56
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figur Page
1 Paradigm of Ethnobotany Theory 31
2 Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing Theory Visual
Representation 33
3 Paradigm of Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing
Theory 34
4 Paradigm of the Study 36
LIST OF APPENDICES
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Appendi Page
A. Informed Consent Form 70
B. Survey Questionnaire 72
C. Surveying Process 78
D. Major Final Output 82
ABSTRACT
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Title : Organic Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent to the Local
Citizens of Lucena City
Authors : Christ Jade M. Andal, Reinhardt Kenzie D. Behik, Junell Mateo A. Letargo,
Mark Andrei T. Subol, Nicole C. Bornilla, Karlzen J. de los Santos, Trizha Kate
B. Pornobi, Raine Ainsley Andrea V. Verano
Adviser : Mr. Jade A. Oraa
During the year 2019, Lucena City became the City with the highest number of dengue
cases in Quezon Province with a number of 3,076. Since then, the residents of the municipality
struggled to find a way to prevent further increase in dengue cases. This study titled “Organic
Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as a Mosquito Repellent to the Local Citizens of Lucena
City” sought to evaluate the effectiveness and the efficiency of basil plants as a mosquito
repellent to the residents of Lucena City as well as producing the product of Basil plant oil to
further evaluate its effectiveness. The research tackled determining the demographics of each
resident in the Municipality knowing the factors that implies the risk of acquiring mosquito -
related diseases. In terms of geographical aspects, this research also tackled the home situation
and home location of the chosen respondents to correlate it with the presence of mosquitoes. The
survey for the 50 chosen respondents were conducted using an online transaction, specifically
using the Google Forms. As to the findings of this study, this research helped the residents of
Lucena City to be more knowledgeable about the other significant uses of basil plants that could
prevent further increase in mosquito - related disease. Basil plant alone or basil oil is an effective
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alternative to other mosquito repellents that contain harmful chemical compounds. This might
have side effects like skin irritation if they have sensitive skin, but they can still use basil as a
repellent by just displaying it in a windowsills or house corners. The researchers recommend the
residents to plant basil in their garden, or at least in a pot, that can even be utilized as an oil
fragrant for the skin to further prevent the population of mosquitoes in their premises as well as
to prevent further mosquito - related diseases.

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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Prevention is better than cure according to a Dutch philosopher Desiderius Erasmus in
late 1500. This is related to the problem of this research as it will tackle the things relevant to the
mosquitoes which are known to bring infections and diseases to humans and animals. Cases of
dengue, malaria and other viruses are can be acquired from a single mosquito bite, which can
also lead to fatality. Usually, children are always the subject of these kinds of diseases. It is not a
secret that there are many organic or natural mosquito repellents that can be used to prevent
mosquito attack and mosquito breeding aside from the chemical ones. Basil plant is known as a
mosquito repellent according to some studies. However, the use of chemical mosquito repellents
may be much more effective than basil plants but it might harm a person’s health due to its
intense chemical odor.
Relevant to the stated situation, the research will be situated in Lucena City, Quezon,
because of its capability for innovation or advancement that may cause the communities’ lack of
appreciation and use of natural mosquito repellents, especially basil plants. Lucena city is also
among the most dengue affected municipalities in Quezon last 2019 according to Philippine
News Agency (2020).
In connection, according to the study of Maia & Moore (2011), most plants contain
compounds that they use in preventing an attack from phytophagous or the plant-eating insects.
This chemical fell into many numbers of categories, including repellents, feeding deterrents,
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toxins, and growth regulators. Although the primary functions of these compounds are defense,
many are also effective against mosquitos and other biting Diptera.
Also, Climent (2015) mentioned that as a whole, repellents usually affect the insect
sensors, removing their ability to find targets, so they withdraw quickly in order to recover them.
Some plants that have traditionally been considered repellents possess at least one substance
among pyrethrins, methyl-nonyl-ketone, geraniol, estrogole, citronellal, limonene, and nerolidol.
However, it turns out that the basil plant or ocimum basilicum as named by Carl Linnaeus in
1753 has not one, but four of the mosquito-repellent volatiles, the last four in the list, among
which there is a predominance of estragole, also known as methyl chavicol or allylanisole.
Estragole is one of the elements responsible for the typical scent in basil releases when its leaves
are rubbed. Tons and tons of basil oil are produced via steam distillation every year.
As cited in the article of Manila Today’s News, the authors Kalita et al. (2019) mentioned
that Medical 2020; noted that in a laboratory study, basil essential oil provided up to 100%
protection for more than 6 hours against yellow fever mosquitoes. The researchers applied the oil
topically.
Based on the statistics of Department of Health (DOH) – Epidemiology Bureau’s data,
there were 414, 532 dengue cases with 1,546 dengue – related deaths in the Philippines, which
was declared as the highest among Southeast Asian Countries (ECHO, 2020).
With the above-mentioned statements and scenarios, it is the main objective of the
researchers to determine the effectiveness of basil plants as a mosquito repellent along with its
several factors that makes a natural substance such as basil plant as an effective mosquito
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repellent. Therefore, the research findings guided by the objectives will be the basis for the
validity of research output regarding the basil plant as a natural mosquito repellent.
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Background of the Study
Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal
protection approach against different species of Anopheles, a genus of mosquitoes. Knowledge
of traditional repellent plants is an important resource for the creation of new natural products as
an alternative to chemical repellents. A lot of studies have reported evidence of repellent
activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors, also known as the infected
female Anopheles worldwide (Asadollahi et al., 2019). A moderate degree of professional studies
has gone into evaluating whether or not basil is a safe and effective natural alternative for an
insecticide. To its end, basil’s prospects appear fairly promising. For example, a 2009 study
found that several compounds found in basil with the scientific name Ocimum basilicum were
“highly toxic” to a wide number of mosquito larvae (Maurya et al., 2009).
In this study, the basil plant has compounds that serve as a repellent helping to minimize
mosquito attacks because its scent has a toxic effect on them. Using plant-potted repellent like
basil is a safe measure in regulating the attacks of mosquitoes at home because they are organic.
Mosquito repellents play a great role in preventing mosquito diseases in humans and animals due
to mosquito bites.
According to PhilAltas (2020), Lucena City in CALABARZON is a coastal highly
urbanized city classified as administratively independent. Lucena is commonly grouped with the
province of Quezon. The highly urbanized city also serves as the provincial capital. According to
the latest census of the Philippine Statistical Authority in 2015, its population was 266,248
containing 33 barangays. This represented 1.85% of the total population of the CALABARZON
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region. According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in Lucena is 5
to 9, with 28,600 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80 and
over with 1,663 individuals.
As stated above, the last record of PSA for the population count of Lucena is still from
the year 2015, and it should increase from the past five years by now.
As also mentioned, the highest population in Lucena has consisted of children. These
children are prone to mosquito bites as they are known to play all day long and end up coming
home with dirty and sweaty bodies. They also wander around playing, sometimes in a bushy area
or a corner in their place where mosquitoes are commonly breeding. Children are also known to
pick anything to play with, such as old tires and bottles with stuck water where mosquito larvae
are usually found.
In connection, Belen (2019) stated that according to Integrated Provincial Health Office
(IPHO), Quezon Province where Lucena is located as well, recorded 3,623 dengue cases with 12
deaths from January 1 to August 6 last year, up by 19.63 percent during the same period last
year. Some of the patients are vaccinated with “Dengvaxia” who were confined at the
overcrowded wards. The said vaccine was banned in the Philippines in February 2019 due to a
number of deaths, mostly children from different complications that “allegedly” attributed to the
vaccine product (AFP, 2019).
Lucena is a highly urbanized city that has the ability to make something innovative, like a
solution to a certain problem. This might make the people living there lose their interest in
something ordinary. Also, there is a spread of chemical insect repellents that can be bought in
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shops since Lucena is a City and malls and groceries are everywhere. There are only a few
people who still utilizes a natural way of repelling mosquitos because the majority now are set to
buy the sprays in malls or online shop. Although, these chemical mosquito repellents from stores
are not a hundred percent safe sometimes for human’s health due to their intense toxic odor.
The researchers aim to deliver useful information about the effectiveness of the basil
plant as a natural mosquito repellent and to produce oil out of it for the local households in
Lucena. The researchers came up with the idea to conduct this study with the reason that Lucena,
being a part of Quezon, is known to have cases of dengue yearly. The researchers want to
produce something that will contribute to the well-being of their community and town people by
providing a much safer and cheaper way to avoid mosquito attacks.
This study mainly focused on the effectiveness of the basil plant as a mosquito repellent
to the local citizens of Lucena City and to produce an output which is basil oil that will be
helpful to the said citizens.
Objectives
This study titled Organic Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent to
the Local Citizens of Lucena City sought to determine the effectiveness of basil plant within the
Municipality the Lucena. Specifically, it aims:
1. To determine the demographic profile of the Lucenahins in terms of:
1.1. age;
1.2. sex;
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1.3 household occupants; and
1.4 economic status.
2. To identify the Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquito in terms of:
2.1 home situation; and
2.2 home location.
3. To analyze the effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent to the Lucenahins in
terms of:
3.1 Basil plant alone; and
3.2 the use of basil plant oil.
Significance of the Study
This study is about the Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent to the Local
Citizens of Lucena City that will be beneficial to the following people or groups:
To the residents of Lucena, since many chemical-based mosquito insecticides are sold
every year and many of them are not safe or even healthy for the people. This study will greatly
help the people suffering from rashes or irritation due to the chemicals from the insecticide that
are harmful and toxic. In order to prevent this from happening, it is important to use a safe and
non-harmful plant-based mosquito repellent, which can benefit the people.
To the environment, since this pure herbal mosquito killer may reduce the pollution of
the earth little by little, this will also be important to the environment. In addition, the use of
harmful chemicals will be reduced due to using a safe and non-harmful plant-based mosquito
repellent.
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To the students of Lucena, the use of basil plants will be beneficial to the students to
become well knowledgeable about how a simple yet powerful and useful basil plant can be
significant to their lives that would also help them to be enlightened by the uses of the basil
plant.
To the future researchers, the result of this study will be beneficial for them, as it will
provide them additional information about how effective a basil plant is as a mosquito repellent.
This study can also be one of the basis from which a new theory of learning would arise.
Scope and Limitation
The purpose of the study was limited only on determining the effectiveness of basil plant
as mosquito repellent to the local citizens of Lucena City. The study is entirely focused on the
effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent whether it has positive or adverse effects. The
research also includes the prone areas as well as implications of economic classes which is
susceptible for several high active cases of mosquito-borne diseases as well as the increased risk
of presence of the mosquitoes in different places mostly in houses. The respondents of this study
are the local citizens who have a basil plant in Lucena City during the first semester of S.Y.
2020-2021.
The researchers conducted a survey through virtual interpretations. The survey is done
using Google Forms that was given to the respondents. The study has scarce local studies but has
plenty of foreign studies. There are many past research about basil plants as implied to repel
mosquitoes.
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Definition of Terms
The terminologies listed below are defined for the better perusal of the study.
Anopheles refers to the genus of mosquito where the female of it is known to bring malaria
disease.
Attractant refers to a substance that attracts something (especially animals).
Basil plant refers to a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae. It has a scientific name of Ocimum
basilicum. Basil is native to tropical regions from central Africa to Southeast Asia. It is a
tender plant and is used in cuisines worldwide.
Dengue Virus refers to a mosquito-borne flavivirus, it is a single stranded RNA positive-strand
virus of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.
Estragole refers to one of the elements responsible for the typical scent in basil releases when
its leaves are rubbed.
Effectiveness refers to the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result;
Success.
Efficiency refers to the ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in
doing something or in producing a desired result.
Implications refers to the action or state of being involved in something
Lucenahins is a term used to describe people who live in Lucena.
Mosquito Repellent refers to a substance that deters mosquitoes from approaching or settling.
Natural refers to existing in or caused by nature; not made or caused by humankind.
Organic Green refers to the significance of it for title in the study; wherein it consists of only
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using an organic material such as the Basil Plant effectiveness to repel mosquitoes for
the Lucenahins.
Presence refers to the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present in a place or thing.
Repellent refers to a substance that deters insects or other pests from approaching or settling.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the related studies and literatures with regards to the demographic
profile of a person in relation to mosquitoes, situation relative to the presence of mosquitoes and
the effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent. Also, this part includes the theoretical
and conceptual framework of the study. This is to serve as basis for the completion of the study.
The relativity of age to mosquito - related diseases
According to Muyot (2019), Children under nine years of age account for almost half of
all dengue deaths in the Philippines. In the recent Dengue outbreak in the Philippines, at least
300 children aged 5 - 9 died. Save the Children said today amid concerns the epidemic could
claim many more lives before it’s brought under control. In the first seven months of 2019, there
are 170,000 people infected with the disease, total of 720 people were the 42 percent children
between 5 to 9 years of age are infected. Last year the dengue caseload is 97 percent higher
compared to the same period in 2018. The virus is disproportionately affecting children and
young people with a staggering the 73 percent of recorded cases under the age of 19.
The children are particularly vulnerable to the disease because their immune systems are
weaker than adults and they tend to play outside where there is less protection against the
mosquitos. Schools premises are also particular as a hotbed of dengue because some areas are
having open windows and lack mosquito repellents (Muyot, 2019).

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American Academy of Pediatrics (2017) discussed that the zika virus (ZIKV) is a
flavivirus that first was identified in Uganda in 1947. It emerged in Brazil in early 2015 and
rapidly spread to most South American countries, with recent local transmission in the United
States territories and the United States mainland.
The stated is defined by Rajagopalan & Ilboduo (2017), that the most devastating effects
have been neurotropic, with microcephaly in the new borns of infected mothers. Most infected
children that are aged below 15 years old are either asymptomatic or have a mild illness, which
makes the diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, ZIKV has similar clinical features and geographic
distribution to dengue virus and Canadians helping kids in Vietnam Inc. (CHKV). ZIKV should
be suspected in children who have travelled to or lived in an affected area in for the past 2 weeks
and 2 or more of the following: acute onset of fever, pruritic maculopapular rash, arthralgia, or
nonpurulent conjunctivitis.
The dengue virus (DENV), and flavivirus that accounts for 100 million infections
annually worldwide with 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) resulting in 22,000
deaths occurs primarily among children aged below 15 years old (American Academy of
Pediatrics, 2017).
As the World Health Organization (2015) stated, Malaria is a protozoal infection
transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito with an estimation of 214 million cases
worldwide and 438,000 deaths. Mostly, children 15 years old below are infected. The La Crosse
virus encephalitis; a mosquito - related disease primarily affects children younger than age 15
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years. Most infected cases (80%-90%) involve a mild course of headache, fever, and vomiting.
The infection can progress to severe disease with seizures and coma in 10% to 20% of cases.
The Philippine health ministry has urged local officials to ramp up efforts to combat
dengue fever after the death toll from the epidemic reached 1,02. The brunt of the outbreak of
mosquito-borne disease of the children, under the age of 10 accounting for more than a third of
the deaths recorded in the eight months up to August, when a national epidemic of the mosquito-
borne disease was declared (Fonbuena, 2019).
Despite significant improvements in child survival over the past three decades, infectious
diseases such as malaria, acute respiratory infection, diarrhoeal disease and measles are still
responsible for the majority of deaths of infants and young children in developing countries
(UNICEF, 2004).
The gender bias in immune response to diseases
From the previous research of Dr. Cooke (2020), stated that numerous researches has
proven that women have more capabilities in immune response to infections than men. The
Studies from as early as the 1940s have elucidated that woman possess an enhanced capability of
producing antibodies.
There were a total of 95 patients with dengue cases, out of the total, the 77 (81.1%) were
males, showing male preponderance in the age range of 15-75 years of aged. There was a
concordant in the study; wherein in studying all cases (100%) presented with fever. Skin
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involvement in the form of rash was seen in (80.3%) of the cases. In other studies skin
involvement was seen in 83.33%, 82%, 53.7%, 46.8% and 36.4% (Attiya et al., 2014).
As a stated by Wasay (2014), that out of 225 cases of confirmed dengue virus infection,
there were 150 males and 75 females. Similar results were seen by Hakim & Syed (2014), who
found out of 459 suspected cases of dengue fever, males were 376 (82%). The results of
correlation study that these two studies showed male preponderance. The maximum suspected
cases were of the male gender, which may be attributed to the fact that in Asian culture, males
spend more time outside their houses. Thus, they are more likely to be exposed when compared
to females which have also reported the incidence of dengue more in males than females
(Ahmed, 2014).
According to Dimitrova (2020), the women tend to have a more intense innate, cellular
and humoral immune response to vaccinations and infections than men. Sex hormones influence
the immune responses to viruses by binding to the hormone receptor expressed on immune cells.
While estrogens have an immune-stimulating effect, androgens have an immune-suppressing
effect. Androgens are hormones related to male traits and reproductive activity.
Economic status and its relevance to risks of mosquito - related diseases
The study of Luqman et al. (2013) revealed that the socio-economic status of the Dengue
patient’s family could be disturbed due to this epidemic outbreak. The economic status of the
Dengue victims’ family was agitated due to its high cost of treatment. Indirect expenditure spent
on Dengue fever treatment is the foremost cause of interruption about the economic status of
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Dengue victims’ family. Thus, dengue fever has a far-reaching influence on the socio-economic
status of the Dengue patients and their families.
In additional study of Ricci (2012) shows that there is a social implication of poverty to
Malaria. Many of the poor countries experience a large number of issues of Malaria. It revealed
that it is one of the major killers in the world. Multidimensional poverty is a determinant of
health risks, health-seeking behaviour, health care access, and health outcomes. Furthermore, as
analyses of health outcomes become more refined, it is increasingly evident that poor and
marginalized populations might not be benefiting from investments in malaria prevention and
control.
Home situation relative to the presence of mosquitoes
According to the study of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), mosquitoes
bite during the day and night, lives indoors and outdoors, and search for warm places as
temperatures begin to drop. Some mosquitoes hibernate in enclosed spaces, like garages, sheds,
and under (or inside) homes, to survive cold temperatures. Except for the southernmost states in
North America, mosquito season starts in the summer and continues into fall.
While according to Mosquito World (2016), mosquitoes can live in almost any
environment, with the exception of extreme cold weather. They favor forests, marshes, tall
grasses and weeds, and ground that are wet at least part of the year. Because they must have
water in order to thrive, their habitats break down into two basic types:
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Permanent water mosquitoes tend to lay their eggs in clumps, called rafts, of 50 to 300 on
the surface of standing water at the edges of lakes and ponds and among the vegetation in
swamps and marshes. Some species prefer clean water, while Culex pipiens, the northern house
mosquito, prefers stagnant or polluted water (World Health Organization, 2016).
Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes are among the most common permanent water
mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are most active when the average temperature is above 70
degrees. Their eggs must stay in water in order to survive and usually will hatch in a couple of
days, releasing larvae to begin the development process (Mosquito World, 2016).
As also mentioned in the article of Mosquito World (2016), many permanent water
mosquitoes can also breed in containers that collect and hold water, such as wading pools,
buckets or toys left outside. Floodwater mosquitoes lay their eggs in moist soil. The eggs, as
many as one million per acre, will dry out as the ground does, then hatch when rains saturate the
ground and water levels begin to rise. Floodwater habitats include:
o Drainage ditches that fill during storms.
o Woodland pools created by melting snow, or spring and early summer rains.
o Floodplains along the banks of streams and rivers.
o Irrigated pastures and fields.
o Meadows and other soft ground where depressions form.
Moreover, according to studies of Bennett (2016), mosquitoes are easily some of the
most adaptable and persistent animals on the planet. They are found on every continent except
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Antarctica, from the hottest deserts and rainforests to the icy tundra of the Arctic Circle.
Essentially, if there is standing water with enough nutrients to sustain the development of their
larvae, there is a good chance that mosquitoes will be there, and while some species have
adapted to very specific larval habitats and environments, for others, almost any stagnant water
will do. Thus, larval surveillance and habitat identification are key components of a successful
integrated mosquito management program.
Bennett (2016) also said in his studies that larval mosquito habitats are generally divided
into three types: permanent water, temporary floodwater, and containers. Permanent water
sources are, as the name implies, bodies of water that remain for long periods of time, or even
year-round. Such sources include lakes, rivers, ponds, water treatment facilities, swamps, and
cattail marshes. Permanent water habitats are often large and can produce significant long-term
mosquito populations. In the United States Culex tarsalis, a primary vector of West Nile virus is
an example of a permanent water mosquito of great importance to public health programs and
abatement districts.
Home location and its implications to the presence of mosquitoes
According to the studies of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020),
Mosquitoes like living near people, while others prefer forests, marshes, or tall grasses. All
mosquitoes like water. The mosquito larvae and pupae live in the water with little or no flow.
Different types of water attract different types of mosquitoes. Some mosquitoes also prefer clean
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water, while others like nutrients-rich water. Mosquitoes lay eggs near the edges of lakes and
ponds, or among plants in swamps, or in containers that hold water. Mosquitoes can live in
almost any environment, with the exception of extreme cold weather. Water is necessary for
mosquito eggs to hatch into larvae, so female mosquitoes scout out a moist location to lay her
eggs. The larvae, called wigglers, feed on organic matter in stagnant water and breathe oxygen
from the surface. That’s why eliminating standing water is one of the simplest and most effective
forms of mosquito control.
Added by the CDC (2016) in their study, aedes aegypti is known as a “container-breeding
mosquito”, it likes to lay eggs in and around standing water. Studies show that female
mosquitoes prefer to lay eggs in water that collects or is stored in manmade containers. Water-
filled bioassay trays were used to attract resident female mosquitoes to deposit their eggs, where
they hatched, and from which the larvae were collected. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes lay eggs on
the walls of water-filled containers. Eggs stick to containers like glue and remain attached until
they are scrubbed off. The eggs can survive when they dry out for up to 8 months. When it rains
or water covers the egg, they hatch and become adults in about a week.
Placer Mosquito and Vector Control District (2020) also stated in their study that the
newly emerged adult mosquito rests on the surface of the water until it is strong enough to fly.
Female mosquitoes require a blood meal to lay eggs. Male mosquitoes do not feed on blood.
Diseases are transmitted when female mosquitoes feed on an infected host and then feed on an
uninfected host. Mosquitoes rest in tall grass, weeds, and brush near inhabited locations such as
homes and other buildings. They breed in stagnant, standing fresh water oftentimes found around
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the home. Mosquitoes also live in tin cans, buckets, discarded tires and other artificial containers
that hold stagnant water.
Home Environment factors affecting the presence of mosquitoes
According to Mosquito Info (2008), wherein in order for a mosquito to breed, they will
need water. Mosquitoes can always be found in standing water, thus the water source can be as
small as a puddle in your backyard or as big as a local like. Mosquitoes also breed in salt water,
as well as fresh water to reproduce. Damp grounds can also be a breeding place for mosquitoes
where they only wait for a flood to occur so that their eggs can be hatched. Wetlands, swamps,
marshy land, creeks and rivers are some places you need to avoid if you do not want to encounter
mosquitoes. Mosquitoes only need at least a small eddy to provide a place for their breeding. In
areas where there’s an abandoned tire or a run - off ditch, as well as some places when it looks
like water has been standing there for long, similar to a bird bath, then you should avoid it. Koi
ponds are usually not a big deal because any pond that’s full of fish will likely munch on
mosquito eggs or larvae (Mosquito Info, 2008).
In addition, according to the studies also of Mosquito Info (2008), the smell of animals
also draws mosquitoes and they are more content to bite a smaller mammal than to bite a human
to avoid them being swatted at themselves. If you have a pet dog that has a dog house or at least
situated in enclosed and dark spaces then you’ll be surprised at the number of mosquitoes you
will find.
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The different locations prone to mosquitoes
Zaleski (2017) correlates their research about the relation of poverty, disinvestment, and
mosquitoes with one of the key measurements that includes traveling around 16 blocks in a place
where there are abandoned buildings, numerous trees, parks, grass lots, garbage piles and litter
items including water - holding containers, potted plants and watering cans. Juvenile mosquitoes
as well as those mosquito larvaes’ ideal habitat are also those of old tires, tarps covering the
roofs of vacant buildings, and also discarded toilets.
Zaleski (2017) found that around thirty (30) to fifty (50) female mosquitoes can be found
in an average water container in Bolton Hill during July as well as a substantially less affluent
water container in Franklin Square, might contain a hundred and fifty (150) and three hundred
(300) female mosquitoes in between. LeDeau (2015) also found a water container swarming with
800 adult mosquitoes in Harlem Park.
Effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent
In contrast to the common misconception that light attracts mosquitoes and points them
to potential blood donors, Climente (2015) clarified that the truth is that these insects coordinate
other senses, thermal sensors and chemical sensors in order to locate the target. Specifically, the
tarsi in the third pair of legs obtain temperature differences between the prey and the
environment, antennae sense the steam and carbon dioxide that we exhale or exude, as well as
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certain substances that people deliver from their dermis or from the bacteria that live on it such
as lactic acid in their sweat.
Climente (2015) added that since the basil plant predominates in estragole (1-allyl-4-
methoxybenzene), also referred to as tarragon, methylchavicol or allylanisole, which serve as a
compound that repels mosquitoes, people may use basil oil to keep blood-sucking mosquitoes
away from them or, as popular lore suggested, leave some basil on the windows or terrace. Not
only will it keep the mosquitoes away in exchange for some strokes, the plant will scent the room
with an excellent perfume that earned it the title of Queen (basileus) of aromatic herbs. In fact, it
was called Ocimum basilicum by Linnaeus.
According to DoctorNDTV (2017), Basil plant or Tulsi is used primarily in Hindu
households and is worshiped by married people for a blissful and fruitful married life. Not just
this, Tulsi's presence is believed to bring wealth and happiness to the household. In addition to
its tremendous religious importance in Hindu communities, this plant possesses the potential to
improve body immunity, combat bacterial and viral infections and other health benefits.
The Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (2010) notes that the presence of Tulsi
in your household is believed to alleviate stress. Holy basil or Tulsi is commonly referred to as a
plant-based mosquito repellent that keeps mosquitoes away. In addition, the journal of malaria
states that this plant keeps insects and mosquitoes away making it all the more necessary to keep
Tulsi at home, particularly during monsoons.

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Effectiveness of Basil Plant Oil
According to Mosquito Reviews (2020), a 2009 study found that certain compounds
found in basil (also known as Ocimum basilicum) were "highly toxic" to a wide range of
mosquito larvae. In addition, the 2011 literature study showed that basil leaves alone have a 79%
productivity when it comes to deterring multiple species of mosquitoes. The same literature
review showed that the topical use of basil oil was 100% mosquito deterrence in laboratory
settings. Furthermore, the literature review of 2011 identified a single on-going possibility of
basil being used as an effective mosquito deterrence. They point out that basil is best at a
concentration of 0.07%, which minimizes the risk of exposure to a known carcinogen in basil oil
known as methyl eugenol.
In a study conducted by Adam (2019), among the concentrations, 6% of the essential oil
of Ocimum basilicum provided more than 4 hours repellency, while 4% of the concentration
provided more than 3 hours repellency, and 2% of the concentration provided less than 2.30
hours. In addition, Ocimum basilicum essential oil used in the study did not cause skin irritation,
hot sensations or rashes on the arms of the test volunteers during the study time. The findings of
the analysis revealed that essential oils extracted from Ocimum basilicum showed promising
repellent activity against Anopheles.
Chokechaijaroenporn et al. (1994) found that the repellency of volatile oil of several basil
species against Anopheles aegypti lasts between 15 and 105 min depending on the basil type. On
the other hand, a study in Guina Bissau, West Africa, reported that fresh Ocimum canum
(Ocimum Américamum) could reduce anophelous mosquito bite by approximately 63.6 per cent.
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In addition, the repellency of plant species, including O. Kilimandscharium and O. Suave with
high biting protection achieved (83 to 91%) and feed inhibition (71.2 to 92.5% respectively.
Moreover, other essential oils, such as turmeric oil, citronella grass and citronella cream, have
been shown to have mosquito repellent.
On the other hand, in a study conducted by Kumar (2017), he proposed the successful use
of basil leaf essential oil as an effective repellent and as a moderate larvicide agent against Ae.
aegypti. The identification of bioactive oil components and their respective modes of action and
synergistic effects, as well as environmental and non-target species, would help to enhance
mosquito control strategies. In comparison, certain Ocimum spp oils. has been shown to repel
insects and to possess larvicide behavior against house flies, blue bottle flies and mosquitoes.
Certain basil essential oils have also been reported to have taken cidal action against mosquito
larvae. The effective concentration of basil oil to kill 90% of the larvae has been reported to
range from 113 to 283 ppm. In addition, experiments undertaken to determine the repellency
potential of basil leaf oil against adults Ae. aegypti have shown significantly promising and
noteworthy oil repellency. The exposure of oil-treated arms to female Ae. Aegypti resulted in
100% bite protection in the first 120 min relative to the ethanol-treated control arm, which had 3
to 8 bites but was somehow unable to repel mosquitoes. Further continuation of the experiment
found that the application of basil oil to the experimental arm could greatly repel the mosquito,
resulting in just one bite in the next 45 minutes relative to the 6 to 9 bites experienced on the
control arm. However, in the next 15 minutes, the oil repellency reduced significantly, causing 2
bites relative to almost 9 bites on the control arm.

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In contrary, according to a study conducted by Rahmasari (2015), the treatment group
basil leaf extract in oil phase 75%, 50% and 25% concentration has been found not to be
effective as a repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquito. So, Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts
cannot be used as a repellent and further research is still needed. The longer span of exposure to
mosquitoes only reduces the effectiveness of the repel power of basil leaf extract (Ocimum
basilicum) (Ocimum basilicum) (Ocimum basilicum) (Ocimum basilicum).
Basil allergy in a hypersensitive person
According to the website of AllergySymptoms (2017), the hypersensitive person’s
immune system reacts harshly in producing antibodies when it comes to contact with basil leaves
or seeds. The IgE antibodies signals to release histamine once it detects irritating food
substances. Thus, the different allergic symptoms that were triggered by a chemical reaction can
be mild, moderate, and severe in rare cases.
The immune system tries to thwart out the treats given by the substances. It will cause a
hypersensitive person to experience skin rashes, sneezing, as well as coughing. Also, there were
cases that just by inhaling or touching the allergen, It would cause them allergic reactions.
(AllergySymptoms, 2017)
There is a report when a 65 year - old woman that has severe basil allergy experienced
dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing), hives, oral pruritus (itching in mouth and tongue), swelling of
lips and the face. Just by simply inhaling basil plant caused the same woman to sneeze, have a
nasal congestion, coughing and wheezing due to reports.

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Bacterial infection caused by basil plant
According to the studies of University of Massachusetts Amherst (2020), the bacterial
leaf spot seen in basil plants is caused by Pseudomonas chicorii. The bacterium may not be
known to exhibit host specificity but it has a wide host range. Ornamental and foliage plants as
well as chrysanthenum, and geranium needs P. cichorii. The long distance distribution of
bacterium via propagative material can be allowed by Pseudomonas syringae, and P. cichorii due
to being present on any asymptomatic plants (epihphytic populations). The local spread of the
bacteria may be also affected by rain or irrigation thus making the seeds, infected cuttings as
well as infected plantlets are the most likely sources of infection. High relative humidity is
highly favored by the disease development of the bacteria, as well as the extended periods of leaf
wetness and high nitrogen levels. P. chicorii bacteria in basil plant if a person comes in contact,
for some cases may cause skin and soft tissue infection (SSTIs) that are bacterial infections of
the skin, muscles, and connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons. (Penn Medicine, 2020)
Availability of basil plant in the Municipality
According to Medina K. (2015) in his blog, the availability of basil plants in Lucena is
low. The seeds may be seen for sale in front of SM Lucena Mall but it can only be available a
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few times a year. Thus, in Los Banos, Laguna, there would likely be more available basil plants
and seeds rather than in Lucena City.
Basil oil Potential Negative Side Effects
According to New Directions Aromatics (2018), Basil Sweet Essential Oil is for external
use only. It is imperative to consult a medical practitioner before using this oil for therapeutic
purposes. The oil should always be stored in an area that is inaccessible to children, especially
those under the age of 7.
Prior to using Basil Sweet Oil, a skin test is recommended. This can be done by diluting 1
drop of the Essential Oil in 4 drops of a Carrier Oil and applying a dime-size amount of this
blend to a small area of skin that is not sensitive. Basil Sweet Oil must never be used near the
eyes, inner nose, and ears, or on any other particularly sensitive areas of skin. Potential side
effects of Basil Sweet Oil include redness, rash, hives, burning, bleeding disorders, and
decreased speed of healing, low blood pressure, dizziness, headache, nausea, diarrhea,
convulsions, and rapid heartbeat. In the event of an allergic reaction, discontinue use of the
product and see a doctor, pharmacist, or allergist immediately for a health assessment and
appropriate remedial action. To prevent side effects, consult with a medical professional prior to
use.
In addition, some individuals may experience irritation when applying essential oils to
the skin. A skin patch test should be done before using any new essential oil. The oil should not
be applied at full-strength to the skin or used in excessive amounts (Wong, 2020).

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Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa
Malaria is a major health concern in tropical countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa,
where about 90% of clinical cases occur. According to Mahmoud et al. (2017), there are about
500 million clinical cases of malaria worldwide every year and between 1.1 million to 2.7
million people die every year. In addition, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and
mortality in Sudan, with 7.5 million cases and 35 000 deaths per year reported. In 2006, the
Federal Ministry of Health announced that malaria is a major health problem in Sudan, affecting
52% of outpatients and accounting for 9% of all hospital deaths.
Recently, the use of environmentally sustainable and biodegradable natural plant-derived
insecticides (botanicals) to combat insect vectors for diseases and other pests has been very
beneficial and has been seen to be promising; thus, aromatic plants and their essential oils, for
example, are known to be very effective sources of many compounds used in various ways.
Essential oils and certain plant extracts are still a significant natural resource and are more
promising to combat mosquitoes and many other pests for pesticides/insecticides (Sudan, 2004
as cited in Kehail MAA, 2017).
Traditional Medicine
According to Prathyusha et al. (2018), for thousands of years, plant material repellency
has been abused by humans, often simply by hanging bruised plants in households, a technique
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that is now widely used in developed countries. Plants have also been used for centuries in the
form of crude fumigants, where plants were burned to keep away nuisance mosquitoes, and later
as oil formulations applied to skin or garments, which were first documented in the writings of
ancient Greek, Roman and Indian scholars. Plant-based repellents are still commonly used in this
conventional way in agricultural areas. Tribals living in remote areas rely on the forest, which
includes a rich diversity of flora and fauna, to fulfill their livelihoods and health needs (Chopra et
al., 1986; Kadhirvel et al., 2010).
Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of illnesses since ancient times.
However, relevant scientific data on the use of ethnomedicinial plants remain somewhat vague.
Schmidt et al. (2009) have shown that plants provide vast space for researchers interested in the
validation of traditional claims for the development of novel drugs. Since interest in traditional
medicine has risen worldwide, ethnobotanical studies have gained prominence in the exploration
of traditional knowledge, especially in developing countries (Joshi and Joshi, 2000).
The collection of ethnobotanical information and documentation of conventional experience has
therefore gained prominence from the point of view of drug production (Ragupathy et al., 2008)
Synthesis
Philippines is known to have dengue cases and other mosquito borne diseases yearly.
Many of all the deaths due to dengue in the Philippines are children with age ranging from 9 to 5
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years old. It is because children have low or vulnerable immune system compare to adults. Aside
from this, children tends to play outside where there is less protection from mosquito attacks. On
the other hand, Malaria is another mosquito borne disease caused by female Anopheles bite. In
addition, numerous studies shows that females have higher immune system than male. This is
attributed that in Asia, men tend to spent more time outside than women.
In connection, majority of the death from mosquito borne diseases are usually from the
developing countries. Economic status greatly affect the capabilities of dengue victim’s family in
terms of getting immediate treatment. Cases of malaria are more abundant in a place where
poverty is leading. On the other hand, mosquitoes mostly prefer warm temperature. They lay
their eggs in water such as standing fresh water and stagnant water as well as containers that can
hold and collect water.
In relation, some studies found that basil plant has a compound, particularly the pre-
dominance of estrogole that serves to repel mosquitoes. Placing it in a balcony or windowsill can
help to put mosquito away. Basil oil provides a 2 to 4 hours of repellecy depending on the
concentration. Using eco-friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides is very helpful and
proved to be promising. In contrary, there are some studies that says basil plant has a potential
negative side effects when in used, specially the basil oil. Thus, the effectiveness of it is still not
a hundred percent guaranteed.
Theoretical Framework
Ethnobotany Theory
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Ethnobotany (theory) by Schulets (1915) was a term first suggested by John Harshberger
in 1896 to delimit a specific field of botany and describe plant uses. It was defined as “the use of
plants by aboriginal peoples” (Cotton, 1996).
In recent years, researchers have used a much more ecological approach, introducing
studies about the interaction between the natural environment and humans.
Ethnobotany is the study of interrelations between humans and plants; however, current
use of the term implies the study of indigenous or traditional knowledge of plants. It involves the
indigenous knowledge of plant classification, cultivation, and use as food, medicine and shelter.
Although most of the early ethnobotanists studied plants used in cultures other than their
own, the term ethnobotany does not necessarily mean the study of how ‘other’ people use plants.
It is also not restricted to the study of medicinal plants by indigenous cultures.
This theory explain the relation of plants and human, specifically how human uses plants.
This focuses on the local or indigenous people about their knowledge on certain plants, but stated
clearly that it is not limited from there. From the theory of ethnobotany, studies have arisen
tackling the classification of plants, cultivation, plants being medicine or food.

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Figure 1
Paradigm of Ethnobotany
Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing Theory
The Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing theory of Finch & Collier (2003) can be relevant
in explaining why certain aspects of host plant finding by phytophagous insects, supposedly
regulated by volatile plant chemicals, proved intractable in the past.
As stated by Wilson (1970), It is known that the odorous environment of a given insect is
a “kaleidoscopically” shifting maze of overlapping active spaces.
Hawkes (1974) and Finch (1980) stated evidence that volatile chemicals are the main
regulatory stimuli in the central link of host plant finding is weak, as the maximum distance
recorded for insect orientation to host plant volatiles in the field is only a few metres.
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Hawkes and Coaker (1979) implemented wind tunnel experiments wherein cabbage root
flies flew upwind to a cruciferous plant odour released at 2.5 g day−1, which stated by Finch
(1980) a rate similar to that dispensed from field traps.
Finch (1980) added that this rate of release is at least 10 times higher than the 9 amounts
of chemical released from a healthy cruciferous plant Although the flies moved upwind in
response to this odour, less than 10% of the flights lasted more than 0.5 m.
Hawkes et al. (1978) stated that the shortness of such flights was described as unexpected
as it would not have been unexpected;
Deither et al. (1960) and Kennedey (1978) added had the chemicals involved has been
regarded as arrestants rather than attractants.
Similarly, cited by Finch & Skinner (1982) in insect traps releasing large amounts of
chemical to provide directional cues in the field, many insects missed the trap and failed to enter
subsequently, suggesting again that the chemicals were arrestants rather than true attractants.
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Figure 2
Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing Theory Visual Representation
Note. This is a Schematic diagram to illustrate how plant chemicals influence host plant
finding by the cabbage root fly. Numbers represent insect actions (1-7).
This illustration shows the behavior of an insect towards a chemical response of a certain
plant in a natural manner, which in particular that a certain chemical release of odor is
inappropriate to a specific insect that may lead to the deterrence in its purpose of finding a host –
plant for laying its eggs. The illustration shows the visual representation of Finch and Collier
with its significance to the particular aspect of Repellent Chemicals coming from the plants that
may have an effect to the natural behavior of insects.
This theory explains the way of insects in selecting a host plant or a permanent plant to
stay and lay eggs. The author of the theory points out that it is unexpected when an insect comes
in a short flight before reaching the plant, where as Diether et al. (1960) and Kennedy (1978)
mentioned that it is not unexpected if these phenomena will include the chemical involved in a
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plant. Finch and Skinner then came to an idea and suggested that a specific chemical component
of a plant is rather an arrestant more than an attractant. Arrestant is the stopping of an insect in a
locomotion, changing direction when become aware of the repellent or chemical present in a
plant.
Figure 3
Paradigm of Appropriate/Inappropriate Landing Theory
APPROPRIATE/INAPPROPRIATE LANDING THEORY

( Stan Fin & Rosemary H. Collier, 2000)
Cues from volatile plant chemicals
Visual stimuli
Cues from non-volatile plant chemicals

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Conceptual Framework
This study applied the Ethnobotany Theory and Inappropriate/Appropriate Landing
Theory with its significance to the effectiveness of basil plant as a natural mosquito repellent.
Since, it is stated in the Ethnobotany Theory that a certain plant has its classification, cultivation,
or plants being medicine or food wherein these factors will be the basis on how the humans use
the plants. In relation to the theory, the Inappropriate/Appropriate Landing Theory, according to
its premise; a certain plant has its own chemical odor as an arrestant which occurs naturally that
may impede the stimuli of a certain insect. Therefore, can also be related in using basil plants to
repel mosquitoes.
The variety of plants will be the basis on how Lucenahins will use the plant; but will
focus in terms of being a natural insect repllent. The natural chemical odor will affect the stimuli
of certain insects that will classify them as an arrestant and repellent, making the insects unable
to determine its directional cues due to the chemical odor. Therefore, making an insect change its
route far from its targeted direction. Thus, making a certain plant as a potential insect repellent
that can be used by the Lucenahins as a natural defense for mosquito – related diseases. The
plant can be in a form of being a plant alone and by manipulating its natural appearance, making
an oil out of a certain plant as a product to be used in benefitting the citizens in a community,
helping them in terms of preventing mosquito – related diseases.

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Figure 4
Paradigm of the Study

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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the methodology that researchers used and applied in conducting
their study. It includes the locale, research design, instrument, respondents, sampling technique,
data gathering method and statistical treatment that were utilized in the study.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in the municipality of Lucena City, Quezon. Lucena having a
land area of 80.21 square kilometres or 30.97 square miles, has its inhabited 33 barangays-
Barangay 1 to 11, Barra, Bocohan, Cota, Dalahican, Domoit, Gulang-Gulang, Ibabang Dupay,
Ibabang Iyam, Ibabang talim, Ilayang Dupay, Ilayang Iyam, Ilayang Taim, Isabang, Market
View, Mayao Castillo, Mayao Crossing, Mayao Kanluran, Mayao Parada, Mayao Silangan,
Ransohan, Salinas and Talao-talao with the population total of 266,248 according to the last
survey.
Research Design
The study is an experimental research that utilized a quantitative approach. It is for better
perusal of determining the demographic profile of the respondents; situation relative to the
presence of mosquitoes in terms of home situation and home location; and for evaluating the
effectiveness; positive or adverse effects of basil plants as a mosquito repellent as well as the
product of the study which is the basil oil. This type of research was used because of its
appropriateness to the nature of the study.

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Sampling Technique
The researchers selected the respondents in a form of non - probability sampling which is
purposive sampling technique in correlation to the study being experimental. The selected
respondents in the municipality was based on a certain requirement that have basil plants in their
house as well as being knowledgeable about mosquito - related diseases and the said plant.
Purposive sampling is where the researcher chose a sample based on their knowledge about the
population and the study itself. The study participants are chosen based on the study’s purpose
(Dodge, 2008).
Respondents
The respondents of this study were chosen purposively with a total of fifty (50) local
citizens of Lucena City to answer the survey. Purposive sampling was utilized since a particular
group of individuals were chosen based on their knowledge about the basil plant and having an
actual basil plant.
The respondents were asked to sign the informed consent form to signify their
willingness to be part of the study. They were properly oriented about the objectives of the study
and well informed that they can also have a copy of the research result if they wanted.
The researchers ensured the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents by giving them
the option of not providing their names that are irrelevant to the study.
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Instrument
This study used survey forms in determining the demographic profile of the Lucenahins
in terms of age, sex, household occupants, and economic status. Next is for identifying the
Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquito in terms of the home situation and
home location. Last, for analyzing the effectiveness whether positive or adverse effect of basil
plant as a mosquito repellent to the Lucenahins in terms of basil plant alone and the use of basil
plant extraction or oil.
Data Gathering Procedure
First, the researchers asked permission to conduct the study from their adviser in
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion.
Second, the researchers selected 50 residents in a purposive aspect within the
Municipality of Lucena who were given the invitation to participate in the survey provided and
will utilize an online approach through Google Forms.
Third, the respondents' statistical data in the survey were transcribed and used as a
conclusion in determining the demographics, the home situation and location of the respondents
relative to the presence of mosquitoes as well as the respondents’ data regarding the
effectiveness of the basil plant, and the product, basil oil to conclude its effectiveness when used
to repel mosquitoes in their specified body areas.

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Lastly, the people of Lucena are now knowledgeable and practical enough regarding the
use of basil plants and the product of basil plant as oil in terms of its efficiency and effectiveness
as an alternative product for repelling mosquitoes.
Statistical Treatment
In order to determine the statistical data that was conducted using the survey, the
researchers used the following statistical treatment:
Percentage Formula:
f
P= ×100
n
Where:
% is the percentage
F stands for the frequency of responses
N is the total number of respondents
100 is a constant value
The percentage formula was used in analyzing first, the demographic profile of the
Lucenahins in terms of age, sex, household occupants, and economic status. Last, for evaluating
the Lucenahins’ situation relevant to the presence of mosquitoes in terms of home situation and
home location.
Weighted Arithmetic Mean Formula:
fx f 5 x 5+ f 4 x 4+ f 3 x 3+ f 2 x 2+f 1 x 1
WAM =Σ =
f f 5+f 4+ f 3+ f 2+ f 5
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Where:
WAM = Weighted Arithmetic Mean
x = weight of each option
f = frequency
The rating scale was used to determine the respondent’s behavior and viewpoint towards
the effectiveness of basil plant as well as the product; the basil oil, in statistical approach.
Scale Range Interval QD
5 4.20 - 5.0 Very Much Agree
4 3.40 - 4.19 Much Agree
3 2.60 - 3.39 Agree
2 1.80 - 2.59 Much Disagree
1 1.0 - 1.79 Very Much Disagree

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Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with the information gathered and data obtained through the use of
survey questionnaires. This part sought answers to the three (3) specific problems of this study
that also corresponds to its objectives. Basically, this section is divided in to three (3) parts.
The first part presents the demographic profile of the Lucenahins in terms of age, sex,
frequency of age in terms of house occupants as well as their economic status using the
percentage formula. The second part discusses the Lucenahin’s situation relative to the presence
of mosquitoes in terms of home situation and home location using the percentage formula. The
last part tackles the effectiveness of basil plant and the basil plant oil as a mosquito repellent
using the Weighted Arithmetic Mean formula.
Table 1.
Lucenahins’ Demographic Profile in terms of age, sex, household occupants and economic
status
Category Frequency Percentage
Age
11-15 years old 7 14%
16-20 years old 31 62%
21-25 years old 8 16%
26-30 years old 1 2%

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Over 41 years old 1 2%
Sex
Male 14 28%
Female 36 72%
House Occupants
None 16 32%
1-3 32 64%
4-6 2 4%
7 and above 0 0%
Economic Status
High class 0 0%
Middle class 47 94%
Low/Working class 3 6%
Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the Lucenahins in terms of age, sex, household
occupants, and economic status.
As can be seen, based on the data gathered, 62% belongs to the majority of the
respondents with ages of 16-20 years old, 16% belongs to the ages of 21-15 years old, 14%
belongs to the ages of 11-15 years old, 4 % belongs to the ages 36-40 years old, and the
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remaining 4% belongs to the ages 26-30 years old and over 41 years old. Meanwhile, 72% of the
respondents are female and 28% are male. About the household occupants, 64% of the 50
respondents’ household have 1-3 numbers of children with ages 15 years old and below, 32%
have none at all, and 4% has 4-6. The majority or the 94% of the respondents are in the middle
class status and 6% are in the low or working class status.
Thus, the respondents can be considered to be at risk in acquiring such diseases related to
the bites of mosquitoes. The majority of the respondents are mostly teenagers, in their early 20’s
and children with ages 11-15 years old which also covered the ages of children with high
recorded case of dengue in the Philippines for the past years and where some studies claimed that
the age mentioned are more likely to have a higher mortality rate because of mosquito-borne
diseases. For the sex, the majority are female which are claimed by some studies to have a higher
immune system compared to male. Having children occupants in the house added the risk of
having a mosquito borne disease because they are known to have weaker immune system than
adults. Few of the respondents also belongs to low or working class status which sometimes
affect their capability to have an immediate check-up and medication in the hospitals.
The results shown are related with the statement of American Academy of Pediatrics
(2017), wherein they stated that flavivirus accounts for 100 million infections annually
worldwide with 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) resulting in deaths which
occurs primarily among children ranging 15 years old and below. Muyot (2019) also stated that
in the recent Dengue outbreak in the Philippines, at least 300 children that are 9 years old and
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below account for almost half of dengue deaths in the Philippines. In addition, according to Dr.
Cooke (2020), numerous researches have proven that women have more capabilities in immune
response to infection than men. In relation, the study of Ricci (2012), prove that
Multidimensional poverty is a determinant of health risks, health-seeking behaviour, health care
access, and health outcomes.
Table 2
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Statements Frequency Percentage
Has a storage of water in buckets or in

uncovered water drums that are stagnant.
(Mayroong imbakan ng tubig sa timba at 20 40%
pati na rin sa drum na walang takip.)
Has discarded tires around your premise

(ex. above the roof, in the backyard or
garden). (Mayroong mga gulong na hindi 5 10%
na nagagamit na nakatambak lamang
malapit sa inyong bahay)
Has tarps that cover the roof of your

house. (Mayroong tarpaulin na
natatakluban ang inyong bubong.) 1 2%
Has a dog, doghouse or at least has a dog

that is situated in enclosed and dark
spaces. (Mayroong aso, doghouse o kaya
ang inyong aso ay nakatali sa sulok na 23 46%
madilim.)
Has a garage that is dark, enclosed and or

at least dirty. (Mayroong garahe na
madilim at sarado o kaya marumi.) 1 2%
Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquitoes in terms of home environment.
Table 2 shows the most common situation of home environment relative to the presence
of mosquitoes for Lucenahins.

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As can be seen, the data shows that 46% majority of the respondents have a home
environment where a dog resides, a doghouse or at least has a dog that is situated in enclosed and
dark spaces and 40% of the respondents which is also the second highest rate were claimed to
have a storage of water in buckets or in uncovered water drums that are stagnant. Meanwhile,
the 2% of the respondents which is also the lowest rate were claimed to have a tarp that covered
the roof of their house and a garage that is dark, enclosed and or at least dirty.
Therefore, their house are more likely have mosquitoes living there, probably very near
to them because their dogs are also residing with them. Having also a stagnant water in their
uncovered drums adds to the risk of them having a mosquito that breeds in there resulting to
more mosquitoes that has a potential to infect human and animals.
This part was also explained by Mosquito Info (2008), wherein the smell of animals also
draws mosquitoes, and they are more content to bite a smaller mammal than to bite a human to
avoid them being swatted at themselves. If you have a pet dog that has a doghouse or at least
situated in enclosed and dark spaces then you will be surprised at the number of mosquitoes you
will find. In addition, according to Place Mosquito and Vector Control District (2020),
mosquitoes breed in stagnant, standing fresh water which oftentimes found around the home.
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Table 3
Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquitoes in terms of home location

Statements Frequency Percentage
Home is surrounded by tall grasses.

(Napapalibutan ng talahiban ang inyong
tahanan.) 6 12%
Home is located near a creek. (Malapit
ang tahanan sa isang sapa.)
5 10%
Home is located near an unoccupied lot/s
that has grown grasses and trees.
(Malapit ang tahanan sa bakanteng lote 32 64%
na tinubuan na ng mga puno, halaman at
mga damo.)
Home is located near an abandoned

house or establishment. (Malapit ang
tahanan sa isang abandonadong bahay o 6 12%
kaya sa isang establisyimento)
Home is located near uninhabited ponds.

(Malapit ang tahanan sa mga lawa.)
1 2%
Table 3 shows the most common home location of the Lucenahins relative to the
presence of mosquitoes.
As can be seen, according to the results, the most common home location the respondents
have is located near an unoccupied lot/s that has grown grasses and trees with the highest
percentage of 64%, being the most common location where the presence of mosquitoes are
mostly observed, while the home location with the lowest percentage of 2% is a home located
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near an uninhabited ponds. Though, all the mentioned home locations in the questionnaire is
where the totality of respondents resides and where the mosquitoes usually breed and live. With
this, the respondents are more likely to on have an interaction with mosquitoes that in some
instances are carrying diseases and infections like malaria and dengue.
Thus, they are mostly at risk of getting mosquito bites from mosquito attacks especially if
they have no mosquito control strategies. Also, their risk of acquiring mosquito – related diseases
has a very high chance to occur.
This part was further explained by research of Zaleski A. (2017) about the relation of
poverty, disinvestment, and mosquitoes with one of the key measurements that includes traveling
around 16 blocks in a place where there are abandoned buildings, numerous trees, parks, grass
lots, garbage piles and litter items including water - holding containers, potted plants and
watering cans. Juvenile mosquitoes as well as those mosquito larvae’ ideal habitat is also those
of old tires, tarps covering the roofs of vacant buildings, and discarded toilets.
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Table 4
Weighted mean distribution on effectiveness of basil plant as mosquito repellent in terms of basil
plant alone.
Indicators WM QD
1. It lessens the presence of mosquito in a room or 4.28 Very Much Agree

in the house. (Binabawasan nito ang pagkakaroon
ng lamok sa isang silid o sa bahay.)
2. Mosquito bites are rarely seen on your skin. 4.06 Much Agree
(Bihira nang magkaroon ng kagat ng lamok.)
3. It reduces the household occupants' risk of 4.1 Much Agree

acquiring mosquito-related diseases. (Binabawasan
nito ang posibilidad na magkaroon ang mga
kasamahan sa bahay ng mga sakit na nauugnay sa
lamok.)
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 4.15 Much Agree
Table 4 presented the weighted mean distribution on effectiveness of basil plant as
mosquito repellent in terms of basil plant alone.
This table shows that the majority of the respondents are much agree in the effectiveness
of basil plant itself as mosquito repellent with an average weighted mean of 4.15. With a
weighted mean of 4.28, the respondents are very much agree that the basil plant can lessen the
presence of mosquitoes in a room or in the house. With a weighted mean of 4.1, the respondents
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are much agree that the basil plant can reduce the household occupants’ risk of acquiring
mosquito-related diseases.
The local citizens of Lucena City are quite informed that the basil plant is effective as a
mosquito repellent. Hence, they are convinced that the basil plant contains a positive effects as
mosquito repellent.
Also mentioned by The Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (2010) notes that
the presence of Tulsi in your household is believed to alleviate stress. Holy basil or Tulsi is
commonly referred to as a plant-based mosquito repellent that keeps mosquitoes away. In
addition, the journal of malaria states that this plant keeps insects and mosquitoes away making it
all the more necessary to keep Tulsi at home, particularly during monsoons.
Table 5
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Weighted mean distribution on effectiveness of basil plant as mosquito repellent in terms of basil
plant oil.
Indicators WM QD
1. It provides hours of repellency. 4.26 Very Much Agree

(Nagsisilbing panangga ng ilang oras.)
2. It protects the skin from mosquito bites. 4.28 Very Much Agree
(Pinoprotektahan nito ang balat mula sa
kagat ng lamok.)
3. It keeps the mosquito away. 4.38 Very Much Agree

(Pinananatili nitong malayo ang lamok.)
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 12.92 Very Much Agree
Table 5 shows the weighted mean distribution on the effectiveness of basil plant as
mosquito repellent in terms of basil plant oil.
Based on the data, the respondents, in general, are very much agree that the basil plant oil
is effective as a mosquito repellent with an average weighted mean of 12.92. With the average
weighted mean of 4.28, the respondents are very much agree that the basil plant oil can protect
the skin from mosquito bites. On the other hand, the respondents are very much agree that the
basil plant oil provides hours of repellency with the average weighted mean of 4.38.
As a support, a study conducted by Adam (2019) stated that among the concentrations,
6% of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum provided more than 4 hours repellency, while 4% of
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the concentration provided more than 3 hours repellency, and 2% of the concentration provided
less than 2.30 hours. In addition, a study conducted by Kumar (2017), the exposure of oil-treated
arms to female Ae. Aegypti resulted in 100% bite protection in the first 120 min relative to the
ethanol-treated control arm, which had 3 to 8 bites but was somehow unable to repel mosquitoes.
Further continuation of the experiment found that the application of basil oil to the experimental
arm could greatly repel the mosquito, resulting in just one bite in the next 45 minutes relative to
the 6 to 9 bites experienced on the control arm. However, in the next 15 minutes, the oil
repellency reduced significantly, causing 2 bites relative to almost 9 bites on the control arm.
Table 6
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Weighted mean distribution on the negative effects of basil plant as a mosquito repellent in
terms of basil plant:
Indicators WM QD
1. Inhalation of the scent of basil plant causes 3.6 Much Agree

allergy. (Ang paglanghap ng amloy ng basil
plant ay maaring maging sanhi ng allergy.)
2. Physical contact with basil plants may 3.54 Much Agree
cause skin infection. (Ang pisikal na
paghawak sa basil plant ay maaaring maging
sanhi ng impeksyon sa balat.)
3. There are only limited basil plants in the 3.84 Much Agree
city. (Kakaunti lamang ang mapagkukunan
ng basil plant dito sa syudad.)
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 3.7 Much Agree
Table 6 presented the weighted mean distribution on negative effects of basil plant as a
mosquito repellent in terms of basil plant alone.
This table shows the majority of the respondents are much agree in the negative effects of
basil plant alone as a mosquito repellent with an average weighted mean of 3.7. With a weighted
mean of 3.6, the respondents are much agree that the inhalation of the scent of basil plant causes
allergy. With a weighted mean of 3.54, the respondents are much agree that the physical contact
with basil plants may cause skin infection. With the weighted mean of 3.84, the respondents are
much agree that there are only limited basil plants in the city.
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Therefore, the local citizens of Lucena City are well aware about the effectiveness of the
basil plant as a mosquito repellent. They are also convinced that the basil plant alone has
negative effects as a mosquito repellent.
In connection, AllergySymptoms (2017) explained that immune system tries to thwart out
the treats given by the substances. It will cause a hypersensitive person to experience skin rashes,
sneezing, as well as coughing. Also, there were cases that just by inhaling or touching the
allergen, It would cause them allergic reactions. Moreover, Penn Medicine (2020) said that high
relative humidity is highly favored by the disease development of the bacteria, as well as the
extended periods of leaf wetness and high nitrogen levels. P. chicorii bacteria in basil plant if a
person comes in contact, for some cases may cause skin and soft tissue infection (SSTIs) that are
bacterial infections of the skin, muscles, and connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons.
Furthermore, Medina K. (2015) stated in his blog, the availability of basil plants in Lucena is
low. The seeds may be seen for sale in front of SM Lucena Mall but it can only be available a
few times a year. Thus, in Los Banos, Laguna, there would likely be more available basil plants
and seeds rather than in Lucena City.
Table 7
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Weighted mean on the negative effects of basil plant as a mosquito repellent in terms of basil
plant oil:
Indicators WM QD
1. It causes skin irritation. (Nagiging sanhi 3.5 Much Agree

ng pangangati ng balat.)
2. It causes headache or nausea when applied 3.3 Agree

on skin due to its odor. (Nagdudulot ito ng
pananakit ng ulo o pagduwal kapag inilapat
na sa balat dahil sa amoy nito.)
3. Its efficiency is short compared to other 3.32 Agree
natural repellent. (Mabilis lang ang epekto
nito hindi gaya ng ibang natural na
panangga.)
AVERAGE WEIGHTED MEAN 3.4 Agree
Table 7 presented the weighted mean distribution on negative effects of basil plant as a
mosquito repellent in terms of basil plant oil alone.
As can be seen, the majority of the respondents agreed in the negative effects of basil
plant oil alone as a mosquito repellent with an average weighted mean of 3.4. With a weighted
mean of 3.5, the respondents are much agree that it causes skin irritation. With a weighted mean
of 3.3, the respondents agreed that it causes headache or nausea when applied on skin due to its
odor. With a weighted mean of 3.32, the respondents agreed that its efficiency is short compared
to other natural repellent.

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In this undertaking, the local citizens of Lucena City are well aware about the
effectiveness of the basil plant as a mosquito repellent. They are also convinced that the basil
plant oil alone has negative effects as a mosquito repellent.
To support the result, according to Wong (2020), some individuals may experience
irritation when applying essential oils to the skin. A skin patch test should be done before using
any new essential oil. The oil should not be applied at full-strength to the skin or used in
excessive amounts. Moreover, Basil Sweet Oil must never be used near the eyes, inner nose, and
ears, or on any other particularly sensitive areas of skin. Potential side effects of Basil Sweet Oil
include redness, rash, hives, burning, bleeding disorders, and decreased speed of healing, low
blood pressure, dizziness, headache, nausea, diarrhea, convulsions, and rapid heartbeat.
Rahmasari (2015) conducted a study wherein the treatment group basil leaf extract in oil phase
75%, 50% and 25% concentration has been found not to be effective as a repellent against Aedes
aegypti mosquito. So, Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts cannot be used as a repellent and further
research is still needed. The longer span of exposure to mosquitoes only reduces the
effectiveness of the repel power of basil leaf extract (Ocimum basilicum).

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Chapter V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the study,
“ORGANIC GREEN: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent to the Local Citizens
of Lucena City.”
Summary
The municipality of Lucena, being the capital of Quezon, known for being the 1st class
highly urbanized city in the Region of Calabarzon as well as the city being politically
independent from the Province that has various establishments like malls and fast-food chains,
resorts, hotels, universities, and colleges with the city being innovative in terms of the use of
technology are some of the reason why people come and visit the city. But as the city rises
economically, the health of the people is relatively acted of in terms of acquiring mosquito –
related diseases. The health of the Municipalities’ residents is always in danger because of the
population of mosquitoes in their premises resulting in the Lucena City accumulating the highest
number of dengue cases in Quezon last 2019.
This study titled “Organic Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent to
the Local Citizens of Lucena City”, sought to determine the effectiveness of basil plant within
the Municipality the of Lucena. Specifically, it aims:
1. To determine the demographic profile of the Lucenahins in terms of:

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1.1. age,
1.2. sex.
1.3 household occupants; and
1.4 economic status.
2. To identify the Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquito in terms of:
2.1 home situation; and
2.2 home location.
3. To analyze the effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent to the Lucenahins in
terms of:
3.1 Basil plant alone; and
3.2 the use of basil plant oil.
The study is an experimental research that will utilize a quantitative approach. It is for
better perusal of determining the demographic profile of the respondents; situation relative to the
presence of mosquitoes in terms of home situation and home location; and for evaluating the
effectiveness and efficiency of basil plants as a mosquito repellent as well as the product of the
study which is the basil oil. This type of research will be used because of its appropriateness to
the nature of the study. To determine the demographic profile of the selected respondents, the
researchers used a survey and then interpreted the results through percentage formula. Next, for
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the Lucenahins situation relative to the presence of mosquito in terms of their home environment
and home situation, the researchers conducted it using survey that utilizes the percentage formula
to determine its frequency in determining the most common implications relative to the presence
of mosquito to the Lucenahins. Lastly, the researchers analyzed the effectiveness of basil plant as
a mosquito repellent by means of survey form that utilizes a likert scale and then interpreted the
results using weighted arithmetic mean formula.
Findings
After the researchers have gathered and analyzed the data of the research instrument, the
following findings were derived:
1. Based on the data gathered, the demographic profile in terms of age the majority of the
respondents ranging 16-20 years old, percentage of 62%. Meanwhile, 4% the lowest
percentage of the data belongs to the ages 26-30 years old and over 41 years old.
2. Mostly of the respondents are female with a percentage of 72% and the male was 28%.
3. Based on the data gathered, the demographic profile in terms of house occupants the
majority answered by the respondents 64% have 1-3 numbers of children with ages 15
years old and below.
4. Majority of the respondents belongs in the middle class status in terms of their
economic status and the minority belongs in low or working class.
5. The most common home situations of the Lucenahins based on home environment that
is relative to the presence of mosquitoes is having a dog, dog house or at least has a dog
that situated in enclosed and dark spaces with the highest percentage of 46%.
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6. The common house location of the Lucenahins or respondents that is relative to the
presence of mosquitoes is located near an unoccupied lot/s that has grown grasses and
trees with the highest percentage of 64%.
7. The basil plant as mosquito repellent received an average weighted mean of 4.15, shows
that they much agree that the basil plant consist of positive effects as mosquito repellent.
8. The basil plant oil as mosquito repellent received an average weighted mean of 12.92
which means that the respondents are very much agree that basil plant oil has a positive
effects as mosquito repellent.
9. Majority of the answered of the respondents in the data, they much agree in the negative
effects of basil plant as a mosquito repellent with an average weighted mean of 3.7
10. The researcher were able to analyze the data gathered and it shows that the majority of
the respondents are agreed in the negative effects of bail oil as mosquito repellent with
an average weighted mean of 3.4
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Most respondents are below 20 year’s old, female and have children that are also
residing with them in their house. Majority of the respondents are also living with an
economic status of middle class and the minority belongs in low or working class.
2. Most of the respondents have a dog, doghouse, or at least has a dog that situated in
enclosed and dark spaces where mosquitoes are mostly observed and interested.
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3. Most of the respondents’ house are located near an unoccupied lot/s that has grown
grasses and trees where mosquitoes are usually around and observed.
4. Majority of the respondents are convince that basil plant is capable to lessen the
presence of mosquitoes in a certain room.
5. Basil oil keeps the mosquito away from them and the respondents are very much
agreed on its positive effects.
6. Basil plants are limited in Lucena.
7. Basil oil can cause skin irritation according the Lucenahin and its effectiveness does
not last long compared to the basil plant in a pot.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the researchers came up with the following
recommendations:
1. The use of basil plant as a mosquito repellent is highly recommended.
2. Lucenahins wherein their houses are located near an unoccupied lot/s that has grown
grasses and trees, has a dog, doghouse, or at least has a dog that is situated in an
enclosed and dark space is highly encouraged to use basil plant or utilize another
effective mosquito control strategy.
3. Lucenahins are encouraged to often-clean houses, trim grown grasses, and often check
water stocks at home.
4. Lucenahins are encouraged to plant their own basil plants because basil plants are
limited in Lucena.
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5. The use of basil oil is highly recommended because it can keep the mosquito away.
6. Avoid the use of basil plant/oil if there is an allergic reaction.

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and Thailand update. Outbreak News Today. http://outbreaknewstoday.com/
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APPENDICES
a. Informed Consent Form

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b. Survey Questionnaire
Objective 1: Demographic profile of the Lucenahins
Instructions: Provide your age and then proceed in answering by checking the appropriate box
that corresponds to your answer:
Age: ____
Sex: Male Female
House occupants:
How many children ranging from 15yrs old and below are living with you, including yourself (if
you are 15 and below)
(Ilang bata na nasa edad 15 pababa ang kasama mong naninirahan sa inyong bahay, isama ang
sarili sa bilang kung nasa edad 15 pababa):
None (Wala)
1–3
4–6
7 and above
Economic Status:
Which classification of economic status do you think your family belong?
(Sa iyong palagay, anong pang-ekonomiyang katayuan kabilang ang iyong pamilya):
High (Mayaman)
Middle (May kaya)
Low/Working class (Mahirap)

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Objective 2: To identify the Lucenahins’ situation relative to the presence of mosquitoes in

terms of home situation and home location.
Instructions: Kindly check (/) the appropriate box that corresponds to your answer.
Home Situation/Environment:
What is your current home environment? (Ano ang kasalukuyang anyo at paligid ng iyong
tahanan?)
Has a storage of water in buckets or in uncovered water drums that are stagnant.
(Mayroong imbakan ng tubig sa timba at pati na rin sa drum na walang takip.)
Has discarded tires around your premise (ex. above the roof, in the backyard or garden)
(Mayroong mga gulong na hindi na nagagamit na nakatambak lamang malapit sa inyong

bahay)
Has tarps that cover the roof of your house.
(Mayroong tarpaulin na natatakluban ang inyong bubong.)
Has a dog, dog house or at least has a dog that is situated in enclosed and dark spaces.
(Mayroong aso, dog house o kaya ang inyong aso ay nakatali sa sulok na madilim.)
Has a garage that is dark, enclosed and or at least dirty.
(Mayroong garahe na madilim at sarado o kaya marumi.)
Home Location
What is your current home location? (Saan kasalukuyang nakapwesto ang inyong tahanan?)
Home is surrounded by tall grasses
(Napapalibutan ng talahiban ang inyong tahanan.)

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Home is located near a creek.
(Malapit ang tahanan sa isang sapa.)
Home is located near an unoccupied lot/s that has grown grasses and trees.
(Malapit ang tahanan sa bakanteng lote na tinubuan na ng mga puno, halaman at mga
damo.)
Home is located near an abandoned house or establishment.
(Malapit ang tahanan sa isang abandonadong bahay o kaya sa isang establisyimento)
Home is located near uninhabited ponds.
(Malapit ang tahanan sa mga lawa.)
Objective 3: To evaluate the effectiveness of basil plant as a mosquito repellent in terms of basil
plant alone and basil oil.
Instructions: Kindly select the appropriate scale that best corresponds to your answer.
5-Very much agree 4-Much Agree 3-Disagree 2- Much Disagree 1-Very much disagree
Positive Effects (Mga Positibong Epekto)
Basil plant 5 4 3 2 1
1. It lessens the presence of mosquito in a room or in the

house.( Binabawasan nito ang pagkakaroon ng lamok sa
isang silid o sa bahay.)
2. Mosquito bites are rarely seen on your skin. (Bihira

nang magkaroon ng kagat ng lamok.)
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3. It reduces the household occupants' risk of acquiring

mosquito-related diseases. (Binabawasan nito ang
posibilidad na magkaroon ang mga kasamahan sa bahay
ng mga sakit na nauugnay sa lamok.)
Basil Plant Oil 5 4 3 2 1
1. It provides hours of repellency. (Nagsisilbing

panangga ng ilang oras.)
2. It protects the skin from mosquito bites.

(Pinoprotektahan nito ang balat mula sa kagat ng
lamok.)
3. It keeps the mosquito away. (Pinananatili nitong

malayo ang lamok.)
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Negative Effects (Mga negatibong epekto)
Basil Plant 5 4 3 2 1
1. Inhalation of the scent of basil plant causes allergy.

(Ang paglanghap ng amoy ng basil plant ay maaring
maging sanhi ng allergy.)
2. Physical contact with basil plants may cause skin

infection. (Ang pisikal na paghawak sa basil plant ay
maaring maging sanhi ng impeksyon sa balat.)
3. There are only limited basil plants in the city.

(Kakaunti lamang ang mapagkukunan na basil plant dito
sa siyudad.)
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Basil Plant Oil 5 4 3 2 1
1. It causes skin irritation. (Nagiging sanhi ng pangangati

ng balat.)
2. It causes headache or nausea when applied on skin due

to its odor. (Nagdudulot ito ng pananakit ng ulo o
pagduwal kapag inilapat na sa balat dahil sa amoy nito.)
3. Its effectiveness does not last that long. (Mabilis lang

ang epekto nito.)
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c. Surveying Process
Christ Jade M. Andal Reinhardt Kenzie D. Behik

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Junell Mateo A. Letargo Mark Andrei Subol

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Nicole C. Bornilla Karlzen de los Santos

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Trizha Kate Pornobi Rane Ainsley Andrea V. Verano

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d. Major Final Output

Organic Green - Research

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MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Research Title Organic Green: Effectiveness of Basil Plant as Mosquito Repellent

to the Local Citizens of Lucena City

Name of Researcher : Andal, Christ Jade M.

Subol, Mark Andrei T.

de los Santos, Karlzen J.

Pornobi, Trizha Kate B.

Verano, Raine Ainsley Andrea V

Strand & Section : STEM12A4

Name of Research Adviser : Mr. Jade A. Oraa

Lucena East 5 Elementary Top 3 in Section

Intrapersonal Development Manuel S. Enverga University 2017

Name: Reinhardt Kenzie Dy Behik

Elementary 2009-2014 Batang Huwaran

Title Place Date

Intrapersonal Development Manuel S. Enverga 2017

● Good in sport activities

Contact Number: +639615458003

Manuel S. Enverga 2015 - 2019 Honor student

Best Director, Short Film Making Contest for Grade 10

3rd place, Essay Writing Contest

Champion, Cooking contest

Cooperation, Learn, MSEUF St. Bonaventure September 2019

No to STD/HIV MSEUF Covered Court September 2019

Manuel S. Enverga 2019 - 2020

Lucena City National High 2015 – 2019

Kanlurang Mayao 2009 – 2015 Senior Patrol Leader (Boy

Cooperation, Learn, MSEUF St. Bonaventure September 2019

No to STD/HIV MSEUF Covered Court September 2019

School/University Inclusive Year Honor/Award

Champion, Cooking Contest

Leadership Training: Basic Education

S.Y 2019 - 2020 - Vice President: STEM11A4/B4

S.Y 2017- 2018 - BEd Student Council: Grade 9 Representative

 Proficient in using Microsoft Office Word, Excel and Power Point

 Average Skills in Adobe Photoshop, Video Editor

 Can communicate in English and Filipino

 Acquires leadership skill

Name: Karlzen J. de los Santos

Mayao Crossing Elementary School 2008-2014 Achiever

Title Place Date

Palsabangon Elementary 2014-2015 Top 8 in Section

3rd place, QPSAA

3rd place, Essay Writing Contest

Name: Rane Ainsley Andrea V. Verano

School/University Inclusive Years Honor/ Academic

Manuel S. Enverga University 2019-2020 With Honors

Hinguiwin National Highschool 2015-2019 With High Honors

Panorama Montessori School 2009-2015 1st Honorable Mention

Philippine Tong Ho Institute 2006-2009 Top 5

2nd runner up, Lakambini ng Wika

Champion, Fruit carving contest

Champion, Lakambini ng Buwan ng Wika

Title Place Date

SY 2014 – 2015 – Master of Ceremony: Literary Festival

To the ones who support and guided me,

To all my humans who joined me,

To the unknowing presence of light that guides me,

To all my rivers that I flowed,

To the presence of unknown that knows my worth,

to my stars in the skies that gives me life,

to my moon that shines in the night,