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    4 views82 pages

    Design of Loads

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    haidarullah0060116

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    N-W.E-P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar Lecture 03: Design Loads By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan ae Topics to be Addressed © e Types of loads e Wind Load e Earthquake Load e Load Combinations feces cre tit Ey Feeling Responsibility STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS THE ART OF USING MATERIALS That Have Properties Which Can Only Be Estimated TO BUILD REAL STRUCTURES That Can Only Be Approximately Analyzed TO WITHSTAND FORCES That Are Not Accurately Known SO THAT OUR RESPONSIBILITY WITH RESPECT TO PUBLIC SAFETY IS SATISFIED. aaa Types of Loads © © Determination of loads for which a given structure may be designed for is a difficult problem. Questions to be Answered: ¢ What loads may structure be called upon during its lifetime? * In what combinations these loads occur? ¢ The probability that a specific live load be exceeded at some time during lifetime of structure? fa ee moet) Pome P Cue ou cy Gg Design load should be rational such that considering 150mph wind load for a tower is reasonable but not the load of a tank on top of the tower. Types of Loads © Three broad categories: 1. Dead load 2. Live load 3. Environmental load feces cre tit Ey Prof. Dr Akhtar Nae: Types of Loads © 1. Dead load Dead Loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure. (UBC Section 1602) e Weight of structure e Weight of permanent machinery etc. e Dead loads can be reasonably estimated if the member dimensions and material fol -TalSS (sae Cae\A fa ee moet) Pome P Cue ou cy 7 Types of Loads 2. Live load: Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction load, or environmental loads. e Weight of people, furniture, machinery, goods in building. e Weight of traffic on bridge feces cre tit Ey Oma CoCr Types of Loads © 2. Live load: Buildings serve such diverse purposes that it is extremely difficult to estimate suitable design loads. Different building codes specify live load iol acaritoe lee Uniform Building Code (UBC) Southern Standard Building Code BOCA National Building Code feces cre tit Ey Oma CoCr © Types of Loads © 2. Live load: (UBC Table 16-A) Live loads for various occupancies Occupancy Eom ley-to Hess) Residential 40 Libraries(reading room) 60 Mercantile 75-125 Heavy manufacturing 125-150 Light storage 120-125 Heavy storage xsl maal alan ela feces cre tit Ey Omer aNC Conn ny uy The 40psf L.L specified by code for Residential Buildings is too Conservative to account for the uncertainties in structural actions Such as impact, fatigue, temp. effects etc. ray n Types of loads 3. Environmental Loads Environmental loads include wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load, and flood load. feces cre tit Ey Oma CoCr Live load reduction e The Uniform building code and BOCA National building code permit reduction in basic design live load on any member supporting more than 150ft? R =r(A-150) Or R = 23.1(1+D/L) Where R_ =reduction, percent r =rate of reduction = 0.08% for floors A =area supported by floor or member D_ =dead load, psf | Od BNL OOO feces cre tit Ey Wt Crt © e Bernoulli's equation for stream flow is used to determine local pressure at stagnation point, considering air to be non-viscous & incompressible. Ce TKS It = (pv?/2) ae Many ———S Sra esta * This pressure is called velocity pressure, dynamic pressure, Reo ELee Keston * This equation is based on steady flow. * It does not account for dynamic effects of gusts or dynamic response of body. ee Cn feces cre tit Ey Wt Crt © e Resultant wind pressure on body depends upon pattern of flow around it. e Pressure vary from point to point on surface, which depends on shape & size of body. e Resultant wind pressure is expressed as: hate ONC 2) ce C,A(pv7/2) LOM ctersiiecona C,, : Lift coefficient (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny i Wt Crt © ¢ For buildings bridges and the like pressure is expressed in terms of Shape Factor Cs (pressure coefficient) Air at 15C weighs 0.0765pcf Een he (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny 4 Wt Crt © e Measured wind velocities are averages of fluctuating velocities encountered during a finite time. e In US average of velocities recorded during the time it takes a horizontal column of air 1 mile long to pass a fixed point. Ci male] -) a 1elel VA oN e Annual extreme mile is the largest of the daily hareD alae (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny te Wt Crt © e Wind pressure to be used in design should be based on a wind velocity having a specific mean recurrence interval. e The flow of air close to ground is slowed by surface roughness, which depends on density, size and height of buildings, trees, vegetation len ¢ Velocity at 33ft (UBC: Sec 1616) above ground is used as the basic values for design purpose. (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny uo Wind load EEA PA? (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny uo Wind load e Shape factor varies considerably with proportion of structure & horizontal angle of incidence of the wind. MDC e cry a) Wind load (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny at Pressure acts on the windward face of the building Suction acts on the leeward face of the building Suction acts on the sides of the building so a person standing in The window may be thrown outside Suction acts on the floor so that GI sheet floors are blown away During strong wind storms The revolving restaurant supported by a concrete column will Experience suction which will cause tension in the column and as Concrete is weak in tension so it may crack. As a result the lateral Wind load may collapse the restaurant. AASHTO specification for Bridge Truss The pressure face is taken as a solid without openings and suction on the leeward face is neglected (its still quiet Conservative) C,: combined height, exposure and gust factor (Table 16-G) Cy (or Cs): Pressure coefficient for the structure or portion of structure under consideration (Table 16-H) q, : wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 33ft (Table 16-F) I,: importance factor (Table 16-k) foice reece ta es Wind Load Example \ Example: Calculate the wind pressure exerted by a wind blowing at 100mph on the civil engineering department old building. Sol: According the formula given above: | For windward face: C, = .8 inward (UBC97 Table 16-H) For Leeward face: C, = .5 outward (UBC97 Table 16-H) (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny ce iM mer eli) see a * Pinte = 20.48 ei ° Preeward = 12.80 psf * Pita = 33.28 psf Coe oa aetna} Loma oe Cre an Wind Load Example © e Alternate Method: UBC (20-1) © C, = 0.76 ( For 30ft height & Exposure B, Table 16-G) ° C, = 0.8 ( For windward wall, Table 16-H) = 0.5 ( For leeward wall, Table 16-H) ¢ q, = 25.6 psf (For 100mph velocity, Table 16-F) e ly = 1.0 (According to occupancy category, Table16-K) (CE-409: Lecture 03 [re ea oa ot iM mer eli) i ee = 15.56 esi = Phescnel CEA asi} Oe 1s Coe oa aetna} Loma oe Cre 29 om ae ere Noon ry Earthquake Load © Earthquake Waves e Earthquake loads are necessary to consider in earthquake prone regions. e Earthquake waves are of two types: e Body waves e Surface waves feces cre tit Ey Oma CoCr 31 Earthquake Load © Earthquake Waves * Body waves consists of P-waves & S-waves *These waves cause the ground beneath the structure to move back and forth and impart accelerations into the Loe TomOy MEME om *Period and intensity of these acceleration pulses change rapidly & their magnitude vary from small SVU m Com re Comte mUrr mes meeae NLA (CE-409: Lecture 03 mC aN en cny oe Direction of wave travel Body waves reach the A linear increase in magnitude buildings first, followed by of EQ causes approximately cubic the more Dangerous increase in the corresponding Rpm NEN amount of energy released Shallow EQ of depth, say, 15-20km are far more dangerous than deep EQ of depth, say, 150-200km. Earthquake Load © Factors effecting earthquake response of structures Structure response to an earthquake primarily depends upon: * Mass CHU buttons * natural period of vibration Exebrin tiem rie ous meanisatetuive) * location from epicenter * topography & geological formation. (CE-409: Lecture 03 [re ea oa od 37 38 EQ generally have short periods which may match the natural period of the low rise buildings, say 10 to 20 stories which causes resonance results in serious damages. The possibility of resonance for high rise buildings is low due to longer time periods. are 40 Eye El Cm Rey-( MOL fem yam) Static Lateral force procedure: Limitations 1629.8.3: The static lateral force procedure of Section1630 may be used for the following structures: 1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2. 2. Regular structures under 240 feet in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies. 3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet aad feces cre tit Ey om ae ere Noon ry Eye El Cm Rey-( MOL fem yam) Static Lateral force procedure: Limitations 1629.8.3: The static lateral force procedure of Section1630 may be used for the following structures: 4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greater than FEMME RCL a a CNY Lae CE separate structure fixed at the base. (CE-409: Lecture 03 [re ea oa ae Eau El Cm ey-( Ol fem yam) 1630.2.1 Design base shear. The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following teu V =(Cvy U/RT)*W (30-4) The total design base shear need not exceed the following: V =(2.5 Ca I/R) * W (30-5) The total design base shear shall not be less than the following: ant NT ke end (30-6) In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the following: V =(0.8 ZNv I/R) * W (30-7) cry feces cre tit Ey Eau El Cm ey-( Ol fem yam) 1630.2.1 Design base shear. For Seismic Zones 1, 2A, 2B, and 3: V=(0.11CaNW

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