ENGLISH TERM FILIPINO TERM

Alcove Nitso
Align Horizontally Lebelan
Align Vertically Hulugan
Alternate Unosinotra
Arch Balantok
Beam Biga
Bend Bali
Bottom Chord Barakilan
Brace Piye de galyo
Ceiling Joists Kostilyahe
DISCOVER MORE FROM VERIA: Filipino / Tagalog Vernacular Construction Terms | Part 1: People & Measurements

Collar Tie Sinturon

Compactor Pison
Concrete Slab Larga Masa
Concrete Spacer Sapatos
Corner Kanto
Crane Gruha
Diagonal Brace Pie de gallo
Directly Rekta
Dome Bobida
Downslope Bahada
DISCOVER MORE FROM VERIA: Filipino / Tagalog Vernacular Construction Terms | Part 2: Tools and Materials

Dump Truck Damtrak

Embossed Risalte
Erect a wall Asintahin
Estimate Tanstahin
Excavation Hukay
Excess Cut Retaso
Flatten Patagin
Floor Joists Soleras
Flushed Alahado
Form a Junction Tumbok
DISCOVER MORE FROM VERIA: Filipino / Tagalog Vernacular Construction Terms | Part 3: Areas & Structural Elements

Foundation Pundasyon
Framing Balangkas
Gap Biyento
Girder Gililan
Girt Sepo
Ground Fill Tambakan
Grout Letsada
Hollow Malukong
Hook Kawit
Horizontal Studs Pabalagbag
DISCOVER MORE FROM VERIA: Filipino / Tagalog Vernacular Construction Terms | Part 5: Electrical, Plumbing & Steelwork Terms

Hump Matambok
Inside Corner Kilikili
Install Ikasa
King Post Pendulo
Lintel Dintel
Lot Boundary Marker Muhon
Low Platform Tarima
Maneuvering Area Buweltahan
Manually Mano-mano
Mark a Straight Line Pitikan
DISCOVER MORE FROM VERIA: Filipino / Tagalog Vernacular Construction Terms | Part 6: Painting & Carpentry Terms

Masonry Filling Material Lastilyas

Masonry Wall Asinta
Mix Halo
Mortar Joint Kosturada
Nylon Tansi
Parallel Kahanay
Pattern Plantilya
Pile Pilote
Plan Plano
Plank Plantsa

Plaster Palitada
Form Porma
Post Haligi
Pulley Kalo
Pure Cement Puro
Purlin Reostra
Queen Post Taknang
Rafter Kilo
Ramp Rampa
Rebar Kabilya

Remove Baklasin
Ridge Kabalyete
Rough-in Abang
Sample Muestra
Scaffolding Andamyo
Scratch Coat Plaster Rebokada
Sift Pambistay
Sketch Krokis
Slab Rebar Parilya
Spiral Paikid
Splice / Joint Emplame
Squared Eskwalado
Stack Salansanin
Stake Estaka
Stirrup Anilyo
Storage Area Imbakan
Strut Tirante
Support Tukuran
Surveying Agrimensura
Top Chord Tahilan

Transom Trabisanyo
Trench Trintsera
Unload Idiskarga
Vertical Studs Pilarete
Waste Cut Seroho
Wheelbarrow Kartelya
Window Sill Pasamano
Window/Door Header Sumbrero
Window/Door Jamb Hamba

So what are the most commonly used construction terms when translated in Tagalog? See this list below, particularly useful for
engineers who are just starting in the Philippine construction industry:

Poste – Haligi
Guililan – Girder
Suleras – Joist
Sahig, Suelo – Flooring
Sepo – Girt
Biga – Beam
Barakilan – Bottom Chord
Reostra – Purlin
Senepa – Fascia Board
Kostilyahe – Ceiling Joist
Tabike – Siding (External)
Pilarete – Stud (Vertical)
Pabalagbag – Stud (Horizontal)
Tansi – Nylon Used for Alignment
Tambol – False wall
Soleras – Joist
Kilo – Truss
Tahilan – Top Chord
Sombrero – Window Head
Muldora – Molding
Plantsuwela – Wrought Iron Strap
Rebokada – Scratch Coat
Eskumbro – Earth Fill
Cerrujo/Seruho – Wastage from Architectural Materials
Kanto-Mesa – Miter Joint
Rodelang Bakal – Metal Trowel
Ampao / Ampaw – Honeycomb air pockets in concrete
Anilyo – Rebar Ties
Masilya – Putty/Filler
Kamada – Piling of Materials
Pasamano – Window Sill
Sumbrero – Window Head
Hamba – Window Jamb / Door Jamb
Sinturon – Collar Plate
Hardinera – Stringer (Open)
Madre (De Escalera) – Stringer (Closed)
Baytang – Tread
Takip (Silipan) – Riser
Gabay – Handrail
Muldura – Moulding
Sibe – Eave
Bolada – Projection
Balangkas – Frame Work
Kanal – Gutter
Alulod – Conductor
Planchuela – W. I. Strap
Pierno – Bolt
Plancha – Scaffolding
Estaka – Stake
Kusturada – Plastered Course
Palitada – Stucco Or Plaster
Rebocada – Scratch Coat
Piketa – Pickwork (On Masonry)
Monyeka – Varnish Finish
Biento – Spacing Of Gap
Larga Masa – Concrete Slab (Rough)
Asintada – Alignment
Hulog – Plumb Line
Baldosa – Cement Tile
Ladrilyo – Cement Brick
Batidora – Door Fillet
Kanal – Groove
Haspe – Good Grain
Plantilya – Pattern / Schedule
Bisagra – Hinge
De Bandeha – Paneled Door
Escombro – Earthfill
Lastilyas – Masonry Fill
Liyabe – Adobe Anchor
Hinang – Solder
Estanyo – Nicolite Bar / Soldering Lead
Suban, Subuhal – Temper (Metal Work)
Pie De Gallo – Diagonal Brace
Punsol – Nail Setter
Poleya – Wiring Knob
Espolon – Cabinet Hinge
Medya – Half, 0.5
Porma – Formwork, usually Phenolic Plyboard
Clebe – Drain Slope
01. Interpretation of Scales in Civil Engineering:

The scales adopted for drawings in civil engineering are dependent upon the degree of accuracy and detail required.
The ratio between the dimensions in the drawing and the dimension in actuality is indicated by a representative
fraction. For instance, a location map may have a scale of 1:300,000, meaning that the dimensions of the actual
object or space, in reality, is 100,000 times larger than that of the drawing.
In the case of distances, the scaled distances 0.5 millimeters in the drawing will be equal to 50 meters in actuality.
The ratio between the scaled distance on drawing and the actual distance is 1:100,000 millimeters.

Civil Engineering Scales and Their Typical Purposes:

Representative Fraction Typical Purpose
? 1:100,000 Location maps
? 1:50,000 Town survey
? 1:25,000 Town surveys
? 1:10,000 Town surveys
? 1:5,000 Town surveys
? 1:2,500 Site maps
? 1:1,250 Site maps
? 1:500 Site plans
? 1:200 Site Plans
? 1:200 General arrangement
? 1:100 General arrangement
? 1:50 Plans, elevations, and sections
? 1:20 Plans, elevations, and section
? 1:5 Enlarged details
? 1:2 Enlarged details
? 1:1 Enlarged details
02. Interpretation of Symbols in Civil Engineering Drawings:

Engineering drawings use abbreviations and symbols to communicate and detail the characteristics of an engineering
drawing. The following list includes some symbols to make it comprehensible for the readers of this article.
03. Interpretation of Abbreviations in Civil Engineering Drawings:

Abbreviations are the shortened form of the terms and words. Writing the complete word and sentence each time
takes time. Just like another subject, in civil engineering and its drawing (order to save time and space)
abbreviations. Some of the abbreviations frequently used in civil engineering drawing as given below as an example,
so that it may completely be comprehended.
The common abbreviation used in the subject of civil engineering are as follows:

A.A.S.H.T.O: (American Association of State Highway Transport)

A.B: (Anchor Bolt Or Asbestos Board)
AC: (Asphalt Concrete)
D.L: (Dead load)
ELCB: (Earth Leak Circuit Breaker)
MRC: (Material Receipt Challan)
TB: (Tie Beam)
TBM: (Tunnel Boring Machine)
W.S.D: (Working stress design)
WL: (Working Level)
WO: (Work Order)

04. Interpretation of Lines in Civil Engineering Drawings:

Many basic elements are used in a single drawing, and this work is carried out by different types of lines. Various
lines of different styles and designs represent different physical objects in a drawing. including visible, hidden,
center, cutting plane, section, and phantom. Each style of these lines can further be divided into different types in a
drawing. Most important and most commonly used lines are as under:

01: Continuous Thick Line

A straight thick line is used, when we have to represent the outline and edges of the main drawing, done with a
pencil softer than HB.
__________________________________

02: Continuous Thin Line:

A long continous thin represents dimensions, extensions, leader line, and projection, etc. A sharp and harder pencil is
used for drawing such a line. A 2H pencil is very suitable for drawing thin lines.
_____________________________________________________________

03: Continuous Thin Free Hand Line:

A thin non-straight hand line is used to display a rough and irregular boundary.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
04: Continuous Thin Zigzag Line:

A continous thin zigzag line is used to show long break.

_______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l______/l

05: Dashed Line:

A dashed line is used to show the backside/ hidden edges of the main object.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
06: Chain Thin Line Long-Dotted (Dashed Thin Lines with Dots):
A chain thin line with dots along is used to represent the centerline for circles and arcs.
_____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____
07: Chain Thin with Thick Ends:

The location of a cutting plane is displayed by means of this type of line.

____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ _____ _ ____

08: Long Thin Dashed and Double Short Dashed Lines:

It is located in front of cutting planes, outlines of adjacent parts, censorial Lines, and to state center of gravity.
_____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____ _ _ _____

05. Interpretation of Projections in Civil Engineering:

Projections are used to represent the three-dimensional view of an object in two dimensions. On plain paper, a
three-dimensional picture of an object is needed to be drawn. Different techniques are used to perform this job.
Drawing projections should be as per relevant standards like British Standards in order to prevent misunderstanding
and avoiding errors while interpreting them.
Orthographic projection:
It is a type of 'parallel' projections in which the four orthogonal views of an object are represented. In the UK, the
orthographic projection is known as ''First Angle Projection''.
Axonometric projection:
The second method of drawing a projection is Axonometric projection, which has become popular during the 20th
century and started being used as a formal representation technique. Till the late 20th century, it had remained very
popular, but by the time of the introduction of CAD, it became an outdated technique. Axonometric projection
creates a true plan set at 45º, which retains the original orthogonal geometry of the plan. It is particularly suitable
for representing interior designs, such as kitchen layouts. Planning drawings can also be effectively represented as
axonometric projections, showing the relationships between buildings and topography.
Isometric projection:
The isometric remained as the standard view until the mid of 20th century. Unlike the axonometric projection, the
isometric plan view is slightly distorted, using a plan-grid at 30º from the horizontal in both directions. It can be used
to show the nature of the design and explain construction details more clearly than an orthographic projection. It is
sometimes used during concept design to help the client grasp the mass of the proposal.
Oblique projection:
When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation can be enhanced by an oblique projection. This is
a simple method of producing two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects. The differentiating
characteristic of oblique projection is that the drawn objects are not in perspective, and so do not correspond to any
actual obtainable view.
Parallel projection:
'Parallel projections have lines of projection that are parallel both in reality and in the projection plane.' Ref Drawing
for Understanding, Creating Interpretive Drawings of Historic Buildings, published by Historic England in 2016.