ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

• Energy stored between two charged particles (ex. proton, electron)

• It’s what makes atoms and molecules stick together

CHEMICAL ENERGY

• Energy stored in bonds that hold atoms together in molecules

• FORM= releasee energy
• BREAK = absorb energy

EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

• Reactions where the products have lower energy than the reactants.
• REACTION = extra energy released = HEAT

ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE ELECTRICAL

• Electrons are involved in all chemical bonding

VOLTAIC/ GALVANIC CELL

• cell the produce energy from chem reactions

ELECTROLYRIC CELLS

• cells where electrical energy causes chemical reaction

Voltage

• the measure of the push or pull on electrons between two reactants, determines how much work can be
done by the flow of electrons.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• chemistry involving reactions that produce or consume free electrons, known as oxidation or redox
reactions
• study of electricity and how it relates to chemical reactions
• electricity= make certain chemical reactions

CHEMICAL REACTIONS = produce energy (SPONTANEOUS)

ELECTRICITY = can make chemical reactions (REACTION DO NOT NORMLAYY HAPPEN)

ELECTRICITY
• flow or movement of electrons

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

• electrons move between atoms
OXIDATION REDUCTION
• loses electron • gains electron
• increase oxidation number • decrease oxidation number
• oxidation half-reaction • reduction half reaction
• e- = PRODUCT SIDE • e- = REACTANT SIDE
Oxidation Number
• set of numbers obtained by arbitrary rules which are related to the combining ratios of elements
ION
• an atom or group of atoms carrying a positive (+) or negative(-) electric charge
• CATIONS : +
• ANION: -
OILRA
RIGOA

Electrons – negative charge

OXIDIZING AGENT REDUCING AGENT
• Oxidant • Reductant
• Gains electron • Reducing electron
• Reduced • Oxidized
• Electron acceptor • Electron donor
• Higher possible oxidation state • Lower possible oxidation state

Balancing Redox Reaction

1. OXIDATION NUMBER METHOD

2. HALF REACTION METHOD
a. ACIDIC
o H20 and H+
b. BASIC
o OH- for every H+
o
Metallic Conduction
• Conduction of electricity through metal by electron displacement
Electric Current
• Flow of electric charge
• Metals = carried by e-
I = CURRENT
• Electric current
• Rate of floe of an electric charge
• AMPERE
Q- CHARGE
• Electric charge
• Quantity of electricity carried past a point in one second by a current of 1A
• COLOUMBS
V- Voltage
• Potential difference
• Force through a circuit measured in volts
• VOLTAGE
OHM’S LAW
• Expressed the quantitative relation between voltage and current
Electrolysis

• Process by which electric current is passed through a substance to affect a chemical change
o CHEMICAL CHANGE = substance loses/gains electron
• Used extensively in metallurgical processes such as in:
o ELECTROWINNING - extracting
o ELECTROREFINING – purification of metals from ores or compounds
o ELECTROPLATING – deposition of metals from solution
• use of electric current to bring about oxidation-reduction reaction. (REDOX)
• electric is carried by Cation (+) moving toward the cathode and anion

• Complete circuit= electrode reactions must accompany the movement of ions.

• CATHODE= some chemical species must accept electrons and can be reduced.
• ANODE = electrons must be removed from some chemical species > consequence OXIDIZED.

GALVANIC CELL
• Cell that is used as a source of electrical energy
• ALESSANDRO VOLTA/ LUIGI GALVANI
o First > conversation of chemical/electrical energy
VOLTAIC/GALVANIC
• A device in which spontaneous oxidation-reduction occurs in the passage of electron through an external circuit
VOLTAIC CELL
• half reactions are made to occur at different electrodes so that the transfer of electrons takes place through the
external circuit rather than directly between the metal electrodes and the ions.
OXIDATION
• lose electron
• ANODE
REDUCTION
• Gain electron
• CATHODE

CELL NOTATION
• a useful notation that describes the components of a cell
• expresses a certain reaction in an electrochemical cell

CELL POTENTIAL
• difference between two electrode potentials, one associated with the cathode and the other associated with the
anode.
GALVANIC CELL
• REDUCTION (cathode)
• OXIDATION (anode)
• ANODE -> CATHODE
ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE
• The driving force that allows force that allows electrons to flow is called the electromotive force (emf) or the cell
potential (Ecell).
CORROSION
• The process that returns metals to their oxidized state
• Involved oxidation of the metal
ELECTROPLATING
• we are surrounded by products with electroplated surfaces.
• Ex. a silver-plated watch, gold-plated glasses, television, washing machine, car, plane:
• electroplating plays an important part in all of these situations.
• prevent corrosion and wear, produce hardness and conductivity, and give products an attractive appearance.

• The principle: thin metallic layers with specific properties are deposited on base materials including steel, brass,
plastic, and die-cast parts.

• SILVER ELECTROPLATING was the first large scale use of electrolysis for coating base metal objects with a higher
value decorative finish.