Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Proteins - Enzymes
Proteins - Enzymes
1. Protein in the diet serves as the primary source of amino acids, the
building blocks for cellular proteins.
Simple proteins
Examples of these substances are: glutelin of wheat,
scleroproteins (insoluble in aqueous solvents), collagens,
elastins and keratins.
Proteins upon hydrolysis yield only (amino acids); Examples are:
A-Albumin: (serum, egg, and lactalbumins)
These proteins are soluble in water,
precipitated by saturated salt solutions and coagulated by heat.
B-Globulins (s-globulins)
Insoluble in water,
Soluble in dilute salt solutions of strong acids and bases.
Also, coagulated by heat.
C-Glutelins (glutenin from wheat):
Insoluble in water or dilute salt solutions,
Soluble in dilute Acids or Bases.
D-Prolamines (Zein and gliadin):
Insoluble in water and absolute alcohol,
Soluble in 70 to 80% ethanol.
The sticky quality of moistened flour is due to these proteins.
E-Scleroproteins (only in animal tissues):
• Perform structural & protective functions.
• Insoluble in all of the solvents mentioned.
Examples:
i-Keratins: e.g., horns, nails, hoofs, & feathers.
They contain large amount of cystine.
ii-Collagen: (tendons, skin, & bone (C.T. proteins).
Insoluble in water & resistant to diges. enzymes,
Converted to easily digestible soluble gelatin by
boiling in water.
iii-Elastin : from ligaments.
Can not be converted to gelatin.
Conjugated proteins
These are proteins which are combined with
characteristic groups such as lipids, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, and other non- protein substances.
Examples of these proteins are:-
Glycylalanine
Physiological functions of proteins
- Supplying body, generally, with amino acids and
particularly with essential amino acids.
1- Coordination and intracellular movements: As
in muscle contraction, & movement of
chromosomes.
2- Immunological defense: Antibodies protect the
body against pathogens as bacteria & viruses
3- Hormonal regulation: Some hormones are
proteins; e.g. growth hormone and insulin, cellular
receptors.
- Water soluble.
- Good sources include: Liver, heart, kidney, chicken, beef, fish (tuna,
salmon), milk, eggs, avocados, dates, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, broccoli,
carrots, sweet potatoes, nuts, whole grains, legumes, mushrooms, and
brewer's yeast.
Vitamin B5
cholecalciferol(D3). .
II- Microminerals
* Are more likely to have any specific functions.
* Required in amounts less than 100 mg/day.
* Examples are: Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Cr, Mo, Se, F and Zn.
Macro- & microminerals have important physiologic functions as
follows:
Iron (Fe): It is found in liver, kidneys, calf meat, vegetables, fresh fruits and
bread.
Functions: It is a component of the cytochrome enzymes, which work to
transfer electrons, and it is included in the formation of hemoglobin, which
carries oxygen; thus its deficiency cause anemia (hypochromic anemia).