Ökometric Wax & Emissions Study Essay

An Explanation And Commentary Of A Scientific Study On

The Toxicity Of Candle Waxes.

Or,

Evidence Why Paraffin Is Not Necessarily The Enemy.

By Christopher Rowe

Candlebrain.com

Ver. 11-17-2024
Ökometric Wax & Emissions Study 2007
TEST SET-UP
This was an internationally funded study done on the toxicity of the main types of
candle waxes by the Bayreuth Institute of Environmental Research in Germany.
This was the most rigorous study ever performed on wax toxicity in the world. The
purpose of this study was to define and characterize any toxins in candle wax. Evaluate limits of
exposure if any toxins are found. Measure the size of the particles because that has a large
bearing on our body’s absorption of said toxins. Lastly, to investigate correlations between
emission levels of visible (Soot) and invisible emissions.
The study used special chambers that burned candles of different kinds of wax and
measured the emissions with very sensitive equipment. This offered near-perfect conditions to
measure emissions with the highest degree of accuracy.
The study used five wax candles of different waxes. Wicked normally as a retail candle
would be. These waxes are the most commonly used wax types across the globe. These candles
did not contain fragrances or dyes. Of the 5 wax types, they made 9 candles each for the test.
Paraffin, Soy wax, Stearin, Beeswax, and Palm wax were the types of wax they studied.

The baseline was the standard for indoor

air quality set by the WHO, IRK, EU, AGOFII, and
the EPA. Meaning these numbers are what they
are comparing the numbers to after they burn the
candle to see how much the candles increase the
toxicity above those standards. They used the
strictest standards from each type to set their own
standards for the test.
They tested dozens of different chemicals
that are considered air toxins. There were over
274 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) alone that
they also tested for. This partial list is shown on
the left of this page.
They tested for emissions based on per
gram of wax and averaged and converted it to the
indoor air-volume levels so they could compare
those numbers against the different air-quality
standards.
They can also use these numbers to adjust
the test for testing improper use of candles.
 TEST RESULTS
So, what did this super aggressive and detailed study discover???

Let’s start with the biggest part of the test. Volatile Organic Compounds.
VOCs are the most common series of toxins in our environment, and they do a lot of
damage to animals and humans alike. They are the causes of the most common issues of eye,
nose, and throat irritations, as well as headaches. On the more extreme side, VOCs can cause
loss of coordination, nausea, and damage to the liver, kidneys, or central nervous system.
(Agency, 2023)
So, before we go into the numbers I want to make sure you understand what those
numbers actually mean in a very real and understandable way.

Real-Life Examples of Tiny Weights.

Micrograms (μg) - 1 grain of table salt weighs about 60 Micrograms.
Nanograms (ng) – 1 human red blood cell weighs about 25 Nanograms.

VOC RESULTS
First, out of the 274 toxic VOCs being detected, they could only detect 12 at any
measurable level. Of those 12 only benzaldehyde, benzonitrile, acetophenone and 2,5-
hexandione were detected in all samples collectively but at extremely low and safe levels.
Paraffin, Soy, Stearin, and Beeswax were considered VERY LOW. They ranged from
3.07 – 5.09 μg (Micrograms) PER GRAM of wax consumed. Meaning for every gram of wax the
candles burned they put off 3.07 – 5.09 μg of VOCs. This is almost non-existent, and well
below the safe levels of all air toxin standards. (<2% of safety standards) (Harmless)
Palm wax was 10.70 μg, and although over twice as high as the other waxes, it’s still
below the levels of significance of all air safety standards. (<2% of safety standards) (Harmless)
There were NO Benzene, Styrene, Ethylbenzene, Naphthalene, or Phthalates particles
found in any of the samples. This is important because paraffin was one of the samples in this
study and many “natural” wax manufacturers cite these chemicals as being the menace of using
paraffin.

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs)

PAHs is a secondary main concern as some PAHs are considered dangerous as a
carcinogen at high concentrations. Even “Clean” waxes can produce PAHs, which technically,
doesn’t make them clean at all.
In this study the researchers tested for the following PAH compounds: ( Acenaphthene;
anthracene; benz[a]anthra- cene; benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[b+j+k]fluor- anthrene; benzo[ghj]
perylene; chrysene (+ triphenylene); dibenz[ah+ac]anthracene; fluoranthrene; fluorene;
indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene; phenanthrene, and pyrene.)
 ALL five waxes were practically the same. Ranging from 2.737 to 3.966 ng (Nanograms)
per gram of wax in the candle.
Out of all the PAHs in the environment, the most common carcinogen is
Benzo[a]pyrene, and those emissions tests found 0.004 to 0.017 ng per gram of wax. Which
ended up being less than 1% of the strictest safety standard. (Harmless)

DIOXINS & FURANS

17 chlorinated dioxins and furan particles were sampled. This was a very important part
of the study because dioxins are probably the most toxic of all the particles emitted into the air.
In this portion of the study, the Dioxin and Furan amounts that were found that Paraffin,
Soy, Palm, and Stearin emitted 0.008 to 0.011 ng per gram of wax. Where Beeswax emitted
0.029 ng per gram of wax. Which is below 1% of the most stringent air safety standard.
(Harmless)

SHORT CHAIN ALDEHYDES

Short-chain aldehydes are produced in the combustion of hydrocarbons. Wax in any
form is a type of hydrocarbon. They may differ slightly in how those chains are built but
essentially, they are all hydrocarbons in the end.
These aldehydes are the most common culprits for issues like respiratory issues and
have been shown to trigger asthma and other acute breathing issues. (EPA, 2005)
It should be noted that In this portion of the study, one of the chemicals they were
testing for called Acrolein was not detected at all and was considered nonexistent.
As far as the numbers of overall aldehydes discovered for paraffin, soy, stearin and
beeswax were 0.66 – 1.17 μg (Micrograms) per gram of wax. Palm wax was slightly higher at
1.17 μg (Micrograms) per gram of wax.
Paraffin only had levels of Formaldehyde, while Acetaldehyde was additionally found in
Soy. The waxes of Palm, Stearin, and Beeswax not only had Formaldehyde, but they also
emitted acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde.

Paraffin – Formaldehyde Less than 1% of the strictest air quality standards.

Soy – Formaldehyde was less than 1% and Acetaldehyde, which is less than <2% of the strictest
air quality standards.
Palm, Stearin, and Beeswax - Formaldehyde Less than 1% and Acetaldehyde and
propionaldehyde, less than <2% of the strictest air quality standards.
 HIGH-SOOT EMISSIONS
Another false point many non-scientific websites, and wax merchants like to claim is
that “natural” waxes are low soot or soot free. This is an outright false representation of
“natural” wax.
Sooting can be common in any type of candle wax. As it’s not usually the wax that is
solely responsible for the soot, rather it is the combination of wicks, wax, dye, fragrance, and
wax additives together that form the total quantity of soot. Soot is a result of incomplete
combustion and is most likely because the candle was not built as well as it could be, or there
is air moving around it that causes it not to burn correctly. (Wong, N/A)
In short, if it burns it will soot, no matter what it is made of.
In this study measuring soot was a secondary objective. Since all candles can soot they
wanted to look at what kind of dangers soot can play in burning candles.
They made a soy candle and a paraffin candle as those candles are most commonly used
in container candles.
They used the same soy and paraffin wax as they did in all the other experiments to
make smaller candles, yet they were intentionally overwicked because this is the most common
reason a candle may soot. Overwicking will produce incomplete combustion and thus produce
soot.
The results were that the “high-soot” candles did produce more emissions but they
were still well below the strictest air quality standards. In fact, despite the non-scientific and
wax merchant websites, the soy and the paraffin wax sooted almost equally with nearly
identical emissions.

PAHs were 13.873 ng to 15.568 ng. (Nanograms)

Benzo[a]pyrene was noted as extremely low at 0.024 ng. A little over double the
amount of the standard test candles but still well below all strict air standards.
Dioxins and Furans were elevated but close to the standard candles in the test. 0.034 ng
and 0.057 ng. Very low.
Short-Chain Aldehydes were an interesting find. In the standard candle tests emissions
of paraffin only found formaldehyde, but the “high-soot” candles found both soy and
paraffin emitted both formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde just like soy wax did.
Paraffin – Formaldehyde was 3.11 μg (Micrograms) and Acetaldehyde at 2.07 µg.
Soy - Acetaldehyde was 2.73 μg, Formaldehyde was 2.23 µg, and Propionaldehyde was
detected at 0.54 µg. Propionaldehyde was not detected in paraffin.
 SOOT PARTICULATES
Soot particulates are the solids that are cast into the air when a candle burns. It can be
represented as the smoke that is colorless, white, or black.
As most people would predict, soot particulates are larger and more abundant in “High-Soot”
candles, or candles that are not made correctly.
This test was done from samples taken and placed under an electron microscope and
measured for size.
Standard candles soot sizes:
Paraffin, Soy, Palm and Stearin were 6-10 μg (Micrograms).
Beeswax was much larger at 33 μg (Micrograms).

High-Soot Candle soot sizes:

Soy was 146 μg
Paraffin was 273 μg

It is important to note that none of the soot samples taken from ANY of the waxes
exceeded 100 nanometers, which means these particles could potentially enter your
bloodstream via your lungs.
If a particulate is fine enough as it is with fine particulate soot, especially if the candle is
scented and dyed, could potentially enter your bloodstream which may not be healthy.
(Sexton, 2020)
The study also mentions that they merely took measurements and did not go into any
other further study on the particulates. This leaves something for another group of scientists to
tackle another time.

STUDY SIGNIFICANCE
(THEIR WORDS)
It has been said that this study has been groundbreaking in understanding the nature of
candle wax and its effects on our health. The study finds that the results are that every wax
type produces roughly the same amount of toxins and emissions in close to the same amount.
The study also confirms that there is no major health concerns based on wax of any
type versus any other type in this study. Ultimately they are all the same wax.
 MY TAKE ON THIS STUDY
If you have read up until this point you are truly a chandler’s chandler! It is not enough
that we just reproduce a candle based on recipes of what others have made before us, but to
truly understand the science of candles. When you understand the science of every aspect of
candle making then you are truly a candle maker.
Things we must keep in mind about this study:

 It is a very solid and detail-oriented study, the data seems to be very accurate.
 It was a study of candles that are not scented, not dyed, nor contain any
additives.
 It was not set out to prove a point. It was merely trying to gather data, which is
the hallmark of an balanced, unbiased study.
 It doesn’t answer every question, but it answers a great deal.

DESTROYING THE FEAR-MONGERING

Soy vs. Paraffin has always been a debate in the last decade that affects many candle
makers’ decisions on how they make their candles. Likewise, buyers also have been tricked into
the debate as well.
This study proves that there is no significant difference between soy and paraffin.
Let's put it into perspective:
You are going to run a particular distance and you are going to be timed.
The first track is 30 feet long. This track is called the “Soy Track”.
The second track is called the “Paraffin Track” is 30 feet and 1 inch long.
Do you think there would be a significant difference in time between running the soy
track and the paraffin track? Not at all.

SOY vs. PARAFFIN

According to the study, soy wax has insignificantly fewer levels of toxin count levels than
paraffin however it also has one more toxin that paraffin doesn’t have: Acetaldehyde.

Does this make Soy any safer than paraffin? No. It also doesn’t make soy any more
dangerous either.
The most dangerous part of the debate over soy vs. paraffin is that people falsely claim the
safety or “Cleanliness” of soy when it is just as “dirty” as paraffin.
So ultimately the real danger is in the debate. The danger is that many of us are willingly
and unwittingly spreading misinformation about the safety of candles.
 WHY DO PEOPLE HAVE HEALTH ISSUES WITH CANDLES?
Anyone who has ever said, “I can’t burn paraffin candles. I am allergic.” Are currently
among the rarest type of people in the world. Paraffin, despite being made of petroleum is
considered hypoallergenic. This does not mean there aren’t people who are allergic, it is just
very rare. Most people who do have reactions to paraffin are generally going to suffer dermal
reactions from touching paraffin or applying creams that contain paraffin.
There just isn’t enough data to show if there is a real epidemic of people allergic to
paraffin. There is data on Soy allergies though. Many studies that have been done say pretty
much the same thing, where 0.1% to 0.6% of the population is allergic to soy. (Messina &
Venter, 2020)
There is a difference between soy allergies and soy intolerance. Most people who have
bad reactions after eating soy are intolerant. This means your body has a problem metabolizing
soy, and this is almost always from eating it.
Allergies of any type trigger your immune system to send out histamine causing your
blood vessels to expand and release antibodies flowing throughout your body. An allergic
reaction can be as mild as a runny nose and burning eyes all the way to death. (Young, 2022)
People who are Soy intolerant will have no issues with a soy candle unless they eat it,
because the intolerance is a result of being unable to digest soy protein.
What the vast majority of people who have reactions to candles are probably
experiencing is an allergic reaction to the fragrance, dyes, or additives put in the candle.
The more things you add to a candle increases the number of potential toxins and
emissions that the Ökometric Wax & Emissions Study measured. These additions to the candle
will put out different VOCs and other toxins in the air. So ultimately, there were significantly
higher levels of triggering substances when a scented candles are burned (Tunga Salthammer,
2021)
It could be said that the majority of allergic, and other reactions to candles have nothing
to do with the wax but with the additives in the candle itself.
This essay will not go into any details about the very real, and adverse effects of using
essential oils. Essential oil in candle making deserves its own series of research studies similar
to the Ökometric Wax & Emissions Study.

Besides the wax study there are other points to consider when thinking about wax as a
“good” or “bad” wax. Despite the health risks they pose from burning there are other risks
that are very rarely considered or even talked about when demonizing or celebrating a type of
wax.

Ecological impact of creating wax is something that is rarely discussed except when
trying to criticize paraffin. The militant proponents of vegetable wax seem to ignore that all
wax has an impact on the planet. Not just its manufacturing and waste but in the collection of
the raw ingredients that are used in making wax.
 ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS WAXES
Every type of wax in this study, and even those that were not studied, is made in an
industrial factory, using industrial methods that may or may not include additional chemicals,
gasses, or materials that are not very ecologically friendly.

Though there are a few waxes that can be made without the use of caustic chemicals,
catalysts, and gasses, those are also waxes that are not very commercially available, or are
economically available to the masses.

To understand that there is no “clean” wax, it first must be understood where the
ingredients to make waxes come from, and how each impacts the environment.

SOY WAX
Soy wax has been touted as the “Clean” wax. It is clear that the Ökometric Wax &
Emissions Study proves that is not the case at all. (AECM, 2020)
Other than the propagation of outright lies about the soy wax being healthier, the
manufacturing of soy wax could arguably be just as damaging as petroleum-based paraffin.
To make soy wax you need soybeans. Not all soybeans made into wax are grown locally,
countries in South America are starting to grow large crops of soybeans. To do that you need
land. In those areas in South America large you need to clear large swaths of land to grow
soybeans. Often these pieces of land are covered in a precious rain forest. Since soybeans make
more money than rain forests, the rain forests must be cleared. (WWF, 2014)
Another issue with overproducing soy is soil erosion, and although in the US we do have
some measures to protect against it in other countries their soil is depleting in record time.
(WWF, 2014)
The soils in the US are not as great as they used to be so you must put chemicals that
are lovingly called “nutrients” into the soil that will feed and cause your soybeans to grow
faster and better. These chemicals are potash, phosphates, nitrogen, and sulfur. (USDA, 2021)
You need to protect your crops against competing plants and animals that may destroy
them. Since you can’t scare away aphids, worms, and other pests, you have to kill them using
chemical poisons called pesticides. Pesticides are broken down into: Herbicides which are
caustic chemicals that kill competing plants. Fungicides are powerful chemicals that kill fungi
that may grow on plants. Insecticides are extreme chemical cocktails that kill bugs and other
living things that may want to eat the plants. (USDA, 2021)

Pesticides are chemicals sprayed on crops that can get down into the groundwater and
turn it into poison for people and other animals. These chemicals are so caustic they can cause
cancer just working or living near them.
There are some waxes that claim to use organic soybeans but there is no way to be sure
they are truly organic, or if they were grown in ground previously tainted by pesticides, as they
take a very long time to break down.
 Once the soybeans are grown and harvested they are taken to an industrial center to be
processed. They are put into machines that will remove the hulls. Then the beans are cracked
and tested for moisture content as the bean must be at just the right ratio to get oil and not
juice.
Then the beans are processed further by flaking them, after which when they are ready,
they will be added to large industrial tanks and an industrial solvent is added. This solvent is
usually Hexane, and although it is not a carcinogen is a neurotoxin. (EPA, Hexane 110-54-3, n.d.)
The oil is then put into other tanks for various purposes. Just as Paraffin is created
through the petroleum fuel industry, soybean oil to make wax can also be made into biodiesel.
The only difference is that paraffin is a by-product of another manufacturing process and soy
wax must be intentionally created.
To make wax they must put the oil into a tank and hydrogenate it. To properly
hydrogenate you need several things. One is a catalyst. This catalyst is made from nickel, which
is classified as heavy metal. You can also use platinum, palladium, or copper, but nickel is most
commonly used. (Gupta, 2017)
They use electricity in a process called “electrolysis”, and under heat and pressure they
force hydrogen into the mixture where the hydrogen atoms can attach to the carbon atoms in
the oil increasing its viscosity and density into what looks like vegetable shortening, then
continuing the process turning it into a substance much like margarine, and then up to the
hardest stages of wax. (Patterson, 2011)
At this stage, the wax is removed and packaged or blended with other waxes to make a
blended wax product.
This is not a process that is by any means “natural” as some soy wax producers and
candle makers want everyone to believe. It is still an industrially made product using
equipment and substances that are more than likely not natural.

PALM WAX
This wax is not as popular as the many other waxes used in candle making and that is a
good thing. Palm wax is the most ecologically destructive wax to produce as it is the main
reason why the rain forests have been destroyed, and why animals like the Orangutan, pygmy
elephant and Sumatran rhino are severely endangered. (International, 2023)
It is, for this reason, many ecologically-minded people want to see the complete ending
of the use of palm oil products, not limited to but including the use of palm waxes in candle
making. At least until the entire process can be ethically sourced.
 PARAFFIN WAX
Paraffin is made as a byproduct of the petroleum refining process. This scares a lot of
people when they hear this. When refineries are making oils and fuels they have to “De-wax”
the products. What people may not know is that paraffin can be found in coal and shale.
Since it is a by-product of the petroleum industry, if it is not used practically, it will be
discarded and that would be much more dangerous to the ecology than using it for other
products including candles.
Even though no one argues about the ecological impact of the petroleum industry, you
can also acquire paraffin by recycling aluminum/plastic food containers. (Samy Yousef, 2021)
If paraffin is a by-product, we might as well use it since it is considered a waste product.
Using paraffin in candle making is merely up-cycling and since it is no more dangerous
than soy, using it in creative ways will keep it from having to be tossed back into the ecology
like garbage pits in unimaginable amounts.
It is also important to note that paraffin has one of the highest hot throws. Hot throw is
the ability of a lit candle to diffuse its scent into the air making your candle smell its best. If the
main market for petroleum is for industrial use and automobiles, there will always be paraffin
produced as a result, we may as well use it to control where it ends up.

BEESWAX
There are groups in the world that are against the use of beeswax and honey products
because they claim it endangers bees. In reality the opposite is true.
If it wasn’t for beeswax and honey, there would never have been people throughout
history keeping bees. Beekeeping is in and of itself a form of animal conservationism. The
beekeeper does not want to harm the bees and will do whatever they can to protect their
safety and their health because they produce natural products that the beekeeper needs. It
would be counterproductive to destroy the source that ultimately makes the goods you use.
The recent years of the decline of bee populations across the world have encouraged
people from all over the planet to start keeping bees, sharing bees, and safely harvesting the
products these bees create. So much so that the UN has encouraged people from all over the
world to start keeping bees. (Programme, 2023)
Although Beeswax is not the first choice for container candles it can be blended with
other waxes to create a very nice wax. It is also important to note that pure beeswax pillar
candles have been known to rid the air of bacteria and other nasty things.
 MY CONCLUSION
I think the hardest thing for many people to understand is that there is no such thing as
a “Clean” candle. Because once you light the wick the act of combustion itself creates dioxins
and many other chemical emissions that were mentioned early in the study. Waxes may differ
in the number of emissions that combustion may put into the air but ALL CANDLES no matter
what wax they are made from will emit toxic chemicals.
What the study is trying to discover is are these emissions in high enough
concentrations to affect us negatively. The answer seems to be a resounding “NO!”
Since all the waxes tested were determined to be basically harmless, the next question
would have to be “What about long-term use?” Unfortunately, that answer will not become
clear until someone somewhere could do accurate and detailed long-term studies.
Like daily driving cars or living near an industrial plant, there could potentially be long-
term issues depending on the number of candles used every day by a person, but that is my
hypothesis not based on any data whatsoever.
Since all the waxes tested were safe to use, I had to look at other issues surrounding the
wax and the materials used to make it. I found that all sources had ecological issues and some
more than others.
It is not my intention to tell you what kind of wax to use. We all have our preferences.
My goal is to put an end to the Soy vs Paraffin debate that has slightly disrupted our industry
and greatly misinformed not only candle makers but the consumers as well, and that is acting
not only a disservice but gross negligence on our part as candle makers.
I am not pointing fingers at the soy industry for propagating lies, but pro-soy and anti-
paraffin propaganda is largely spread through the websites of makers and sellers of soy candles.
It is also important to understand that this study was done with unscented candles, and
I believe that the real dangers in candle burning may lie in the combination of fragrance, dyes,
and additives. If you add a toxic fragrance to soy, paraffin, or beeswax, it will create a toxic
candle.
I would love to someday research and write on fragrance oils, especially essential oils. I
think there needs to be more said about what we put in a candle and how it changes the candle's
toxic emissions.
So I am reaching out to the candle-making community to come together and end the
debate and the thought of there being even anything called a “Clean” candle.

End

This article was written specifically for candlebrain.com. If you are a candle maker, scientist,
engineer, or candle expert, candlebrain.com would love to hear from you. Candle Brain is always on
the lookout for thought provoking articles and people to peer review articles and studies written by
others. You can email: askcandlebrain@gmail.com
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