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Instead, he emphasized the importance of teaching practical knowledge. After Controller has
rendered his decision and ordered the grant of. Microstrip Bandpass Filter Design using EDA Tolol
such as keysight ADS and An. Because of this, it will inevitably be difficult to draw meaningful
boundaries for patents and copyrights as applied to computer programs. Karim Khayat Alteration of
Patent Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision. Third, infringement is also becoming
significantly easier and cheaper in many instances, often because of technological changes that place
the means for copying and producing in the hands of many. CONTU observed that Supreme Court
rulings had cast. Describing only the aspects of the legal environment as to which controversies exist
would risk creating a misimpression about the satisfaction many software developers and lawyers
have with some aspects of intellectual property rights they now use to protect their and their clients'
products. In addition, concerns exist that the economic consequences of protecting uninventive
technological advances will be harmful. Since the adoption of its directive on software copyright
law, the European Community (EC) has begun pressing for international adoption of its position on a
number of important software issues, including its copyright rule on decompilation of program code.
Increasingly, the exchanges took place with the aid of government-subsidized networks of
computers. The court ruled that both labour and originality in the artists skill was necessary, and
reproduction could be original if it uses labour and original skill in the expression of an original work.
(see also Designers Guild, Ltd. It finally decided it did have such power under the commerce clause,
but even then was not certain. The most common kinds of intellectual property include trademarks,
copyrights, industrial design rights, patents, and trade enigmas in some jurisdictions. A:
'Interdisciplinary research and studies on Eastern Europe' refers to the academic exploration of
Eastern European countries, societies, cultures, politics, history, and economy. The trial court inferred
that there were substantial similarities in the underlying structure of the two programs based largely
on a comparison of similarities in the user interfaces of the two programs, even though user interface
similarities were not the basis for the infringement claim. There was, however, some divergence in
approach among the member nations of the EC in the interpretation of copyright law to computer
software. 74. Business law: Intellectual property right: Patents, trademarks, geographical. Two were
developments in the computing field; two were legal developments. Also, you can type in a page
number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Software was still exchanged by
researchers, but a new sensitivity to intellectual property rights began to arise, with general
recognition that unauthorized copying of software might infringe copyrights, especially if done with
a commercial purpose. TemplateRoller.com will not be liable for loss or damage of any kind incurred
as a result of using the information provided on the site. The culture thus can become publicly
available before any patent rights have been granted. 3 This effectively negates the potential for
protection under trade secret law (which requires the inventor to take measures to keep the invention
secret) if a patent is not issued. A product of the new technologies, such as a computer program, an
integrated circuit. Calcutta and the copy of the same is available with all the Branch. Such analysis
does not, of course, provide a basis for extrapolating to worldwide infringement losses. Complaints
abound that the PTO, after decades of not keeping up with developments in this field, is so far out
of touch with what has been and is happening in the field as to be unable to make appropriate
judgments on novelty and nonobviousness issues. After this examination, and upon payment of a
modest fee, the office would issue a certificate of registration. Register for a free account to start
saving and receiving special member only perks. Nor would copyright protection be available for the
applied know-how embodied in programs, including program logic. 41 Copyright protection would
also not be available for algorithms or other structural abstractions in software that are constituent
elements of a process, method, or system embodied in a program.
Intellectual property rights (IPRs), such as patents and copyrights, are an important means used by
firms to help protect their investments in innovation. In this context, the study was conceived to see
such a focus from the. A: 'Interdisciplinary research and studies on Eastern Europe' refers to the
academic exploration of Eastern European countries, societies, cultures, politics, history, and
economy. A: The MA Thesis Proposal Template provides a structured framework for students to
organize their research proposal, ensuring that they cover all the essential components. It entails
approaching the subject from different disciplinary perspectives, such as history, sociology, political
science, cultural studies, and more. ETHICS05 - Intellectual Property ETHICS05 - Intellectual
Property Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks. Pengertian Hak Atas Kekayaan Intelektual (HaKI)
atau Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI) adalah hak yang berasal dari hasil kegiatan intelektual
manusia yang memiliki manfaat ekonomi. It is not yet possible to determine the adequacy of the
solutions reached. That bumping causes a similar chain reaction which ends in my experience of a
certain roundish shape. In the summer of 1986, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a trial
court decision in favor of Whelan Associates in its software copyright lawsuit against Jaslow Dental
Laboratories. 30 Jaslow's program for managing dental lab business functions used some of the same
data and file structures as Whelan's program (to which Jaslow had access), and five subroutines of
Jaslow's program functioned very similarly to Whelan's. If I smell the baked potato, there must be
small material particles which are flying off of the potato and bumping into nerves in my nose, the
motion in the nose-nerves causes a chain reaction along my nervous system until eventually there is
some motion in my brain and I experience the idea of a certain smell. Indirect attempts to obtain
patents and avoid the rejection, by drafting claims as a process, or a machine, or components
thereof, programmed in a given manner rather than as a program itself, have confused the issue
further and should not be permitted. All that would be forbidden was the copying of expression from
the first author's work. This conceptualization of creativity is juxtaposed against the requirement that
the copyright material is original in the sense that it does not copy the work of another.7 Part III:
Originality in UK Copyright Law. However, double protection (e.g., plant variety protection and
patent protection) is prohibited under the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of
Plants (Benko, 1987:44-45). Thus, continued reliance on such policies could lead to slower economic
growth for all countries. Based on the internal and international conditions, it is a selected
development model from China’s side to emphasize IP reform and modernization. Rather, the final
directive indicates that to the extent algorithms, logic, and interfaces are ideas, they are
unprotectable by copyright law. Biotechnology inventions (particularly microorganisms), for
example, do not lend themselves to a written disclosure that enables their reproduction. The date of
sealing is relevant for purposes of calculating the five year. Because networks of this type and scope
are a new phenomenon, it would seem quite likely that some new intellectual property issues will
arise as the use of computer networks expands. Since the adoption of its directive on software
copyright law, the European Community (EC) has begun pressing for international adoption of its
position on a number of important software issues, including its copyright rule on decompilation of
program code. Shrink-wrap agreements typically inform the consumer that he or she is not the owner
of a copy of the software, but a licensee of the software, and that breach of any term of the licensing
agreement will terminate all of his or her rights to use of the program. On the other hand, as pointed
out by Paul David in Chapter 2, overprotection of an invention can discourage subsequent
innovation and diffusion, because in some cases the economic rents demanded by the inventor are
too high. Even though their perfumes are lawful and do smell like the corresponding famous brands,
does trademark law nonetheless muzzle the defendants so that they cannot say so. Intellectual
Property Rights of Graduate Research Students Policy. A: An interdisciplinary approach in Eastern
European studies allows researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the region by
incorporating insights and methodologies from different academic disciplines. Royalty. What is
granted as patent is a privilege of making. Some lawyers would agree with this; others would not.
We use cookies to create the best experience for you.
Intellectual Property Statement Form I hereby certify that: 1) My thesis. However, any country
excluding plant varieties from patent protection. In the United States, computer programs are
protected primarily by copyrights, although in recent years the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has
granted an increasing number of patents for computer programs. The NICs and LDCs often argue
that intellectual property rights do little to stimulate indigenous innovation in their countries because
they lack the necessary scientific and technological infrastructure. If I smell the baked potato, there
must be small material particles which are flying off of the potato and bumping into nerves in my
nose, the motion in the nose-nerves causes a chain reaction along my nervous system until eventually
there is some motion in my brain and I experience the idea of a certain smell. Proponents of patent
protection argue that the mental and financial effort required to produce software and the functional
uses of software more closely resemble inventive activity rather than artistic creation, and thus
patents are the more appropriate analogy. Some digital library and hypertext publishing systems seem
to be designed to bypass copyright law (and its public policy safeguards, such as the fair use rule)
and establish norms of use through restrictive access licensing. Charles Dickens may have made
some money from the U.S. tours at which he spoke at public meetings, but he never made a dime
from the publication of his works in the United States. Trade secrecy, CONTU noted, was inherently
unsuited for mass-marketed products because the first sale of the product on the open market would
dispel the secret. In addition the Agreement provides for certain basic principles, such as. By
restricting imitation, however, IPRs arguably raise the cost of the new technology and restrict its
availability. The rapidity of technological change in these fields means that actions taken now to deal
with IPR problems, whether on the national or the international level, will have to be reevaluated
continually and in all likelihood revised in the years to come. As the name itself shows that the
provisional specification is a. Chapter 9 provides views of the problem from the standpoint of
government, the university research community, and entrepreneurial business. LECTURE 1 - What is
Intellectual Property - VDIS10025 Intellectual Property a. As they did so, their perspective on
software protection issues changed as well. For this and other reasons, Professor Reichman argues
that a modified copyright approach to the protection of computer programs (and other legal hybrids)
would be a preferable framework for protecting the applied know-how they embody than either the
patent or the copyright regime would presently provide. Some universities, however, require research
results to be published within 6 months of completion of the research, which may not be long
enough to allow a patent search and application process to be completed. As success in the global
economy turns increasingly on access to information and technical know-how, there are few areas in
which the differences in approach between rich and poor countries are more clearly exemplified.
There are at least two reasons for this: it is partly because programs are able to exhibit such a large
number and variety of states that claims could not reasonably cover them, and partly because of.
TRIPS compliant regime, the transition from a limited term process. Intellectual Property Rights of
Graduate Research Students Policy. The deposit will be credited towards your total fee payment.
Most commodities in the marketplace are distributed on a sale basis. Moreover, because academic
scientists are playing such an important role in its development, biotechnology is affected particularly
by differing criteria of novelty as reflected in the variable length of grace periods. A: An
interdisciplinary approach in Eastern European studies allows researchers to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the region by incorporating insights and methodologies from different academic
disciplines. Based on the internal and international conditions, it is a selected development model
from China’s side to emphasize IP reform and modernization. Final Year Project - Automated web
based form filling using OCR.pptx Final Year Project - Automated web based form filling using
OCR.pptx BRINDHA G AD21012 SELF INTRODUCTION.pdf BRINDHA G AD21012 SELF
INTRODUCTION.pdf Gate-Level Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level Simulation
Performance Gate-Level Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level Simulation Performance S.
Others are considered bad because critics assert that the innovations they embody are too obvious to
be deserving of patent protection. If a software implementation is chosen, copyright protection arises
automatically, and patents, at least under the existing PTO practice, would seem also available for
inventive components.
A: The MA Thesis Proposal Template is primarily intended for Master's level students at the
Universita Di Bologna who are conducting research on interdisciplinary topics related to Eastern
Europe. Alteration of Patent Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision. The template
helps students organize their thoughts and present a clear plan for their thesis research in the field of
Eastern European studies. This overlap would undermine important economic and public policy goals
of the patent system, which generally leaves in the public domain those innovations not novel or
nonobvious enough to be patented. In the summer of 1986, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals
affirmed a trial court decision in favor of Whelan Associates in its software copyright lawsuit against
Jaslow Dental Laboratories. 30 Jaslow's program for managing dental lab business functions used
some of the same data and file structures as Whelan's program (to which Jaslow had access), and
five subroutines of Jaslow's program functioned very similarly to Whelan's. Piracy, although not a
legal term of art, refers primarily to unauthorized reproduction for commercial gain of literary,
musical, artistic, and other copyright works, 5 but may also be used in some cases in the context of
trademarked or patented works. Finally, the governments of some developing countries apparently
allow infringement to flourish within. Either way, it is likely that a GATT agreement on IPRs, if one
is achieved, would include strengthened minimum standards of protection and procedures for
settling disputes. 7. Alteration of Patent Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision. A
variety of intangible assets are given certain special rights under the IP law. This is a dilemma for all
firms and nations, not just the United States. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving
special member only perks. Shrink-wrap agreements typically inform the consumer that he or she is
not the owner of a copy of the software, but a licensee of the software, and that breach of any term
of the licensing agreement will terminate all of his or her rights to use of the program. Chakrabarty,
allows for the patenting of a broad range of subject matter, including plants and animals, the laws in
Europe and Japan generally do not. By restricting imitation, however, IPRs arguably raise the cost of
the new technology and restrict its availability. TRIPS compliant regime, the transition from a
limited term process. While the nation treatment clause forbids discrimination between a. On its
face, the Diehr decision seemed consistent with the 1966 Patent Office policy and seemed, therefore,
not likely to lead to a significant change in patent policy regarding software innovations. 21 By the
mid-1980s, however, the PTO had come to construe the Court's ruling broadly and started issuing a
wide variety of computer program-related patents. The exclusive rights that must be conferred by a
product patent are. Other case law affirms the unpatentability of processes that involve the
manipulation of information rather than the transformation of matter from one physical state to
another. Dual assertion of trade secrecy and copyright seemed to him incompatible with copyright's
historical function of promoting the dissemination of knowledge. A lower rate of innovation could, in
turn, result in slower world economic growth, which would hurt all countries. Researchers can
modify the content of the template to align with their specific research focus and geographical area
of interest. The date of sealing is relevant for purposes of calculating the five year. Both Primary data
and secondary data were collected for the present. Textbooks Gaines, J. M. Contested Culture: The
Image, the Voce, the Law. (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991). Harris,
P. An Introduction to Law. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Protection lasted
28 years, but could be renewed for an additional 28 years. Intellectual Property 101 - A Basic Guide
to Understanding IP. In 1980, the Copyright Act of 1976 was amended explicitly to grant copyright
protection for software. This change occurred after the 1981 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in
Diamond v.
The policy question facing nations has been how to achieve the appropriate balance between
incentives to innovate and the diffusion of new technologies, such that the economic costs of
granting the rights do not outweigh the benefits of increased innovation. Once an invention has been
introduced to the market, implemented in practice, or otherwise disclosed, it can often be imitated
easily. There may be little or nothing about a computer program that is not, at base, functional in
nature, and nothing about it that does not have roots in the text. Also, you can type in a page number
and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. International business law ch. 17
International business law ch. 17 TRIPS Agreement (Part-1) TRIPS Agreement (Part-1) An
Introduction To The Law And Economics Of Intellectual. Classical languages, usually learned
through tedious exercises involving rote memorization, and corporeal punishment were two
predominant features of the seventeenth century English educational system. By restricting imitation,
however, IPRs arguably raise the cost of the new technology and restrict its availability. Some
advanced software systems are also likely to be sufficiently different from traditional kinds of
copyrighted works that the analogical distance between the precedents and a software innovation
may make it difficult to predict how copyright law should be applied to it. During a long discussion
with Ms Zhao, Professor Li asked many probing questions not only about Ms Zhao’s thesis but more
broadly about the current state of Chinese IP law, the challenges facing China’s IP system and the
enforcement of IP rights, the roles of administrative and judicial IP right enforcement, and the
prospects for its future development. In the summer of 1986, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals
affirmed a trial court decision in favor of Whelan Associates in its software copyright lawsuit
against Jaslow Dental Laboratories. 30 Jaslow's program for managing dental lab business functions
used some of the same data and file structures as Whelan's program (to which Jaslow had access),
and five subroutines of Jaslow's program functioned very similarly to Whelan's. Programs themselves
are processes; they also embody processes. 44 Computer hardware is clearly patentable, and it is a
commonplace in the computing field that any tasks for which a program can be written can also be
implemented in hardware. A: The MA Thesis Proposal Template is a document that outlines the
structure and content of a Master's thesis proposal for a research project on interdisciplinary studies
on Eastern Europe. This has happened in the case of audio- and videotapes, for example, and in
software for personal computers. This may, in turn, retard further progress in the technology by
preventing other firms from developing new innovations or improvements that build on the original
innovation in a cumulative way. Final Year Project - Automated web based form filling using
OCR.pptx Final Year Project - Automated web based form filling using OCR.pptx BRINDHA G
AD21012 SELF INTRODUCTION.pdf BRINDHA G AD21012 SELF INTRODUCTION.pdf
Gate-Level Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level Simulation Performance Gate-Level
Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level Simulation Performance S. Compare LaST Frontier
Report, supra note 19 (describing computer programs as functional works), and Clapes, Lynch, and
Steinberg, Silicon epics and binary bards, 34 UCLA L. Rev. 1493 (1987). The latter three authors are
attorneys who worked for IBM in some software copyright litigation. At a higher level of analysis
the question becomes, What kind of international IPR regime would be in the long-term national
interest of the United States. The court ruled that both labour and originality in the artists skill was
necessary, and reproduction could be original if it uses labour and original skill in the expression of
an original work. (see also Designers Guild, Ltd. How is the IP system absorbed into Chinese society.
Important questions remain, however, about the adequacy of copyright protection because of the
fundamental limitations of copyright, which protects the form of expression of an idea but not the
idea itself. Unauthorized expropriation of intellectual property in. There are often engineering and
other reasons why one might prefer to implement certain functionalities in one form or another. The
date of patent is relevant for purposes of calculating the term of. This conceptualization of creativity
is juxtaposed against the requirement that the copyright material is original in the sense that it does
not copy the work of another.7 Part III: Originality in UK Copyright Law. One set of arguments
questions the ability of the PTO to deal well with software patent applications. Outline: Part I:
Introduction: This part of the paper defines the conceptual problems posed by the originality
concepts of copyright law. The difficulties arise partly from the lack of familiarity of judges with the
technical nature of computers and software, and partly from the lack of close analogies within the
body of copyright precedents from which resolutions of software issues might be drawn. When one
wants to protect a data structure of a program by copyright, does one merely call it part of the sso of
the program, whereas if one wants to patent it, one calls it a method (i.e., a process) of organizing
data for accomplishing certain results. The models are broken!, 47 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 1023 (1986). In
the absence of intellectual property protection, an inventor or company may invest in developing and
introducing an invention only to find that imitators rapidly enter the market, thereby reducing the
economic return to the originator of the idea.
Occasional suggestions were made that a new form of legal protection for computer programs should
be devised, but the practice of the day was trade secrecy and licensing, and the discourse about
additional protection was focused overwhelmingly on copyright. Also pictured are Professor Pia
Letto-Vanamo, Dean of the Faculty of Law (middle) and Professor Li Mingde of the Chinese
Academy of Social Sciences (right). Others regard decompilation as a fair use of a mass-marketed
program and, shrink-wrap restrictions to the contrary, as unenforceable. There should be clear
indication in the provisional specification which. Selden decision that ruled that a second author did
not infringe a first author's copyright when he put into his own book substantially similar ledger
sheets to those in the first author's book. Biological and medical inventions are excluded from patent
protection in many countries. Whereas U.S. patent law, as a result of Diamond v. Moreover, because
they have not incurred the development costs, imitators may be in a superior economic position
relative to the original inventor. Phd thesis on intellectual property - Thesis statement for 1984. The
inclusion in another program of information necessary to achieve interoperability seems, under the
final directive, to be lawful. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new
publications in your areas of interest when they're released. A computer program, for example, may
be regarded as a literary work and a functional work, because it gives instructions to a computer to
make it perform, a function. Dual assertion of trade secrecy and copyright seemed to him
incompatible with copyright's historical function of promoting the dissemination of knowledge.
Comments No comment Be the first to post a comment. China’s adjustments of the IP policies are
ultimately determined by the overall objectives for catching up and building an innovative country.
The largest losses due to infringing imports (not including gray market goods) were reported in the
industrial and farm equipment industry, electronics, and textiles and apparel. Proponents of patent
protection argue that the mental and financial effort required to produce software and the functional
uses of software more closely resemble inventive activity rather than artistic creation, and thus
patents are the more appropriate analogy. Moreover, the universities and research institutions in
which basic scientific research is performed have traditionally put a premium on early dissemination
of results, which is also at odds with the requirements for obtaining patents. Most commodities in the
marketplace are distributed on a sale basis. A: The MA Thesis Proposal Template covers various
sections, including the research question, literature review, theoretical framework, research
methodology, expected outcomes, and a tentative timeline. In this context, the study was conceived
to see such a focus from the. After this examination, and upon payment of a modest fee, the office
would issue a certificate of registration. Uploaded by Jason Brown 0 ratings 0% found this
document useful (0 votes) 64 views 20 pages AI-enhanced description Document Information click
to expand document information The role of this briefing paper is to raise awareness of the main
issues involved when converting paper-based theses into a digital format. Microstrip Bandpass Filter
Design using EDA Tolol such as keysight ADS and An. Nor would copyright protection be available
for the applied know-how embodied in programs, including program logic. 41 Copyright protection
would also not be available for algorithms or other structural abstractions in software that are
constituent elements of a process, method, or system embodied in a program. Final Year Project -
Automated web based form filling using OCR.pptx Final Year Project - Automated web based form
filling using OCR.pptx BRINDHA G AD21012 SELF INTRODUCTION.pdf BRINDHA G
AD21012 SELF INTRODUCTION.pdf Gate-Level Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level
Simulation Performance Gate-Level Simulation Methodology Improving Gate-Level Simulation
Performance S. Often, what U.S. companies find objectionable is not really infringement, but rather
the low level of protection afforded by some countries' intellectual property laws and enforcement,
compared with those of the United States and other industrialized countries. Alteration of Patent
Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision. The culture thus can become publicly
available before any patent rights have been granted. 3 This effectively negates the potential for
protection under trade secret law (which requires the inventor to take measures to keep the invention
secret) if a patent is not issued. One set of arguments questions the ability of the PTO to deal well
with software patent applications. The primary perspective offered on these issues is that of the
United States, and the volume may be judged a success if it contributes to the crafting of a U.S.
approach to international IPR issues that will serve the national interest.
ETHICS05 - Intellectual Property ETHICS05 - Intellectual Property Copyrights, Patents, and
Trademarks. Some patents are considered bad because the innovation was, unbeknownst to the PTO,
already in the state of the art prior to the date of invention claimed in the patent. A product of the
new technologies, such as a computer program, an integrated circuit. Most commodities in the
marketplace are distributed on a sale basis. The primary perspective offered on these issues is that of
the United States, and the volume may be judged a success if it contributes to the crafting of a U.S.
approach to international IPR issues that will serve the national interest. The CONTU report
emphasized the written nature of program texts, which made them seem so much like written texts
that had long been protected by copyright law. Government of India Unorganized are those
companies which are small. This study was initiated with an intention to understand the long-. The
study is proposed to be carried out to accomplish the following. Moreover, until recently, few
nationals of NICs and LDCs wished to obtain intellectual property protection in foreign countries.
As they did so, their perspective on software protection issues changed as well. Since, the
pharmaceutical companies are wide spread all over the. Some firms may have been deterred by the
requirement that the full text of the source code be deposited with the office and made available for
public inspection, because this would have dispelled its trade secret status. Sign up for email
notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're
released. Many of the complaints about inadequate intellectual property protection focus on the NICs
and the developing countries. Report this Document Download now Save Save Intellectual Property
and Electronic Theses. Some digital library and hypertext publishing systems seem to be designed to
bypass copyright law (and its public policy safeguards, such as the fair use rule) and establish norms
of use through restrictive access licensing. A second was the visible commercial success of some
early PC applications software—most notably, Visicalc, and then Lotus 1-2-3—which significantly
contributed to the demand for PCs as well as making other software developers aware that fortunes
could be made by selling software. Some universities, however, require research results to be
published within 6 months of completion of the research, which may not be long enough to allow a
patent search and application process to be completed. Register for a free account to start saving and
receiving special member only perks. Such provisions are relied on as the basis of software developer
assertions that notwithstanding the mass distribution of a program, the program should be treated as
unpublished copyrighted works as to which virtually no fair use defenses can be raised. 19. It helps
students structure their research proposal effectively. Cases discussed are: University of London
Press, Ltd. The manuscript concludes: Even though external pressures played an undeniable role
during Chinese IP development, which can chase back to the 19th Century, China has been
constantly advancing its IP system and its implementation mainly because of its internal and
developmental needs since 1949 (Chapter 5). Selden decision reflects this view of the constitutional
allocation. On its face, the Diehr decision seemed consistent with the 1966 Patent Office policy and
seemed, therefore, not likely to lead to a significant change in patent policy regarding software
innovations. 21 By the mid-1980s, however, the PTO had come to construe the Court's ruling
broadly and started issuing a wide variety of computer program-related patents. The United States
has such a law only as to semiconductor chip designs. This intellectual property covers essentially
everything from scientific inventions to the names of characters in literature. No clear answer to these
questions emerges from the case law.