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Antenna and Its Application

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ISSN : 0976-8491 (Online) | ISSN : 2229-4333 (Print) IJCST Vol. 6, Issue 1 Spl- 1 Jan-March 2015

Antenna and Its Application

1
Nisha Singh, 2Madhuri Sharma
1
Dept. of Computer Application, TES College of Arts and Technology, Amritsar, Punjab, India
2
Dept. of Physics, Sri Sai University, Palampur, Himachal, Pradesh, India

Abstract
An antenna is mainly used as a metallic device for radiating or
receiving radio waves which is basically used for transmitting
signals, transmitting antenna is used to transmit information and
for receiving signal, receiving antenna is used at receiver end to
receive signals. The guiding device or transmission line which is
in the forms of a coaxial line or hollow-pipe and is used to transmit
electromagnetic energy from the source of antenna.

In addition for receiving or transmitting energy an advanced

wireless system is usually required to optimize or accelerate the
radiation energy in some direction and suppress it in others. Thus, Fig. 1:
the antenna must also serve as a directional device in addition to
probing device. For wireless communication system, the antenna 2. Dipole Antenna
is one of the most critical components. A good design of antenna A Dipole Antenna is made up of two conductors which represents
can improve overall system performance. the same axis and whereas, the length of the wire is need to be
small as compared to wavelength.
Keywords
Antenna, Radio waves, Transmitting energy 3. Loop Antenna
A Loop antenna is made up of a single or multiple turn of wire
I. Introduction forming a loop. The radiation produced by the loop antenna is
Antennas plays very important role in communication systems. compared to the short dipole antenna.
By definition, an antenna is a device used to transfer an RF signal,
which is traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic wave
in free space. Antennas demonstrate a component known as
reciprocity, which means that an antenna will maintain the same
characteristics while transmitting or receiving the data. An antenna
must have same frequency band of the radio system to which it
is connected. When a signal is transmitted into an antenna, the
antenna will emit radiation distributed in space in a certain way. A
graphical representation of the relative distribution of the radiated
power in space is called a radiation pattern.

Types of Antennas
There are different types of antennas which are named as:-
• Wire antenna Fig. 2:
• Aperature Antenna
• Microstrip Antenna 4. Monopole Antenna
• Array Antenna The monopole antenna is known as the special case for dipole
• Reflector antenna antenna i.e. it is half of the dipole antenna.
• Lens Antenna
5. Aperture Antennas
A. Wire Antenna A class of directional antennas, Aperture Antennas have an opening
We are very much familiar to these antenna as they can be seen in the surface and generally known as directional antennas.
virtually everywhere on automobiles, building, ships, aircrafts, Basically used for emission of radio waves.
spacecraft and etc. These are of different shapes which includes
straight, wire, loop and helix. B. Aperture Antenna
These types of antennas are more popular today than they were in
1. Short Dipole Antenna past. There are different aperture antennas such as pyramidal horn,
This is the most simple form of wire antenna which is basically conical horn and rectangular waveguide. Antennas of these types
an open circuit and the data or signal is fed in the center. The term are very useful for aircraft and space craft application because
“short” in this antenna does not refer to the size of the antenna these can be easily mounted on the aircraft or spacecraft.
but it basically shows the relative wavelength. 1. Slot Antenna
2. Horn Antenna

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IJCST Vol. 6, Issue 1 Spl- 1 Jan-March 2015
C. Microstrip Antenna
Micro strip antennas became very popular in 1970’s famous for
space applications. Today these antennas are used for government
and commercial applications these antennas consist of a metallic
patch on a grounded substrate. The metallic patch can take
many different forms which may vary from the rectangular and
circular patches are most popular because of ease of analysis and
fabrication and their attractive radiation characteristics especially
low cross polarization radiation. These antennas can be mounted
on the surface of high performance aircraft, satellites, missiles,
cars and even can be used in mobile telephones.
D. Array Antenna
Most of the application require radiations characteristics which
is not achieved through single element. To overcome this problem
radiating element is used.The arrangement of an array may be
such that the radiation from different elements adds up to give
maximum radiation. Different types of array antenna are micro
strip patch array, aperture array, slotted-waveguide array etc.
E. Reflector Antenna
In present era sophisticated form of antennas is to be used in order
to transmit and receive signals which is used to communicate over
large distances. A very common antenna type for such applications
is known as parabolic reflector. These types of antennas have been
built with diameters as large as 305m.
1. Flat-plate Reflector Antenna
2. Corner Reflector Antenna
3. Parabolic Reflector Antenna
F. LENS ANTENNA
Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident energy to diverge
that is to spread in undesired direction. Their dimensions and
weight became exceedingly large at lower frequencies. Lens
antennas are classified according to the material from which they
are constructed according to their geometric shape.
1. Two-Element Array Antenna
2. Linear Array Antenna
3. Phased Array Antennas
II. Why do we need Antennas?
There are several different reasons to explain that why we need
or why we use antennas, but the most important reason to use
antennas is that they provide a simple way to transfer signals (or
data) from sender part to receiver part ,where other methods are
impossible.
For example, take the case of an aeroplane. The pilot needs to
frequently communicate with the ATC personnel.
Wireless communication is the only feasible option to communicate
but Antennas are the gateway for that communication. There are
many situations or applications where cables are preferred over
wireless communication with antennas (like high speed Ethernet
or the connection between gaming console and the T.V., for
example).
III. Basic characteristics of antenna are listed below.
• Antenna Radiation Pattern
• Radiation Intensity
• Directivity and Gain
• Radiation Efficiency and Power Gain
• Input Impedance
• Effective Length
96 International Journal of Computer Science And Technology
ISSN : 0976-8491 (Online) | ISSN : 2229-4333 (Print)
• Bandwidth
• Effective Aperture
• Antenna Polarization
A. Radiation Pattern
A antenna cannot radiate signals in all the directions with equal
strength. But, in case of radiation pattern an antenna mostly
transmit signal in one direction.
Field Strength is the quantity that is used to represent the radiation
pattern of an antenna. Field strength can be measured by calculating
to different voltage prints of an electric line.
.
B. Radiation Intensity
The radiation intensity of an antenna is the power per unit solid
angle. It is represented by U and is independent to distance from
the antenna. Units of radiation intensity are Watts per steradian
(W/Sr).
C. Directivity and Gain
An antenna which transmit energy in all directions equally i.e.
an omnidirectional antenna is called as Isotropic Antenna. An
isotropic antenna doesn’t exist in practice.
But if we consider an isotropic antenna, then its power density
will be same at all points on the sphere of radiation. Hence, the
average power of an antenna as a function of radiated power is
Pavg = Prad / 4πr2 W/m2
The ratio of power density to the average power radiated is known
as Directive Gain.
1. Radiation Efficiency and Power Gain
Radiation Efficiency is the ratio of the radiated power to the
input power.
ηr = Prad / Pin
Power Gain of an Antenna is the ratio of the power radiated in a
direction to the total input power.
D. Input Impedance
We should match the input impedance of the antenna to that of the
input transmission line. Because, If the input impedance doesn’t
match, then the system degrades over time due to the reflected
power.
E. Effective Length
The length of an imaginary linear antenna which is uniformly
distributed is defined as the Effective Length of an antenna.
F. Bandwidth
The bandwidth of antenna is defined as the range of frequencies
over which the characteristics of the antenna are maintained to
the specified value.
G. Effective Aperture
The term effective aperture or effective area is associated with
the receiving antenna. Effective Aperture or Area of an antenna
is the measure of the ability of an antenna to extract energy from
the electromagnetic wave.
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ISSN : 0976-8491 (Online) | ISSN : 2229-4333 (Print) IJCST Vol. 6, Issue 1 Spl- 1 Jan-March 2015

H. Antenna Polarization
The Antenna Polarization refers to the physical orientation of
the electromagnetic wave radiated in a given direction. There
are other characteristics like Antenna Temperature, beamwidth,
beam efficiency etc. which are also critical.

References
[1] Deschamps,G.A.,“Microstrip microwave antennas,” 3rd
USAF Symposium on Antennas, 1953.
[2] Gutton,H. and G.Bassinot,“Flat Aerial for ultra high
frequencies,” French patent no. 70313, 1955.
[3] Howell,J.Q.,“Microstrip antennas,” IEEE AP-S Int.Symp.
Digest, pp. 177-180, 1972.
[4] Munson, R.E.,“Conformal microstrip antennas and microstrip
phased arrays,” IEEE Trans.Antannas, Vol AP-22, pp. 74-78,
1974.
[5] Carver, K.R, J.Mink,“Microstrip antenna technology,” IEEE
Trans .Antennas Propag., Vol . AP-29, pp. 2-24, 1981.

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