Experiment (3): Determination of the viscosity of a Liquid as a Function of Temperature

Objective:

To determine the kinematic viscosity, u, of both transparent and opaque petroleum

products.

To calculate the dynamic viscosity using kinematic viscosity.

To establish the relation between liquids viscosity as a function of temperature.

Equipment and material:

KOEHLER K23400 a constant temperature kinematic viscosity bath operate at temperature up to 154°C

Koehler 23400

viscometer

Control Panel:
LINE-line switch controls the power to the bath circuits.

DIGITAL TEMP. DISPLAY-the temperature of the bath liquid is displayed in degree °F.

FINE TEMP. is used to fine the bath temperature, (+/-) 0.02°F after the set point.

CONINUOUS HEATER-is used to rapidly bring the liquid up to the test temp

Theoretical background:

The definition of viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow. The SI unit of viscosity is poise (P). Its other
units are newton-second per square meter (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.)

There are two type of viscosities dynamic/absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity.

A. Dynamic Viscosity (µ): is the Ratio between the applied stress and rate of sheer of the

iquid. The dimensional formula of viscosity is [ML-1T-1]. M/L.T= gm / c * m .sec By multiply by dyne will
get: = gm / c * m .sec^ * [dyne/(gm.cm/sec^ 2 )] =dyne.sec/ c * m ^ 2 =Poise=100 cP

B. Kinematic viscosity: is the resistance of fluid flowing under gravity. Kinematic Viscosity (v): dynamic
Viscosity/density (M/L.T)/(M/L^ 3) = L ^ 2 / T =cm^ 2 /sec = St = 100cSt

ANDRADE'S equation used to calculate dynamic viscosity: u = A * e ^ (B / T) or u = ln(A) + B / T ln(u) =

B(1 / T) + ln(A) mu = dynamics viscosity of liquid in "cp"

t = temperature of °K. A& B = constants

ANDRADE'S equation allows prediction of oil viscosity if two experimental data points are known. The
plot of log µ vs. 1 / T should be linear over a range from somewhere near the normal boiling point of the
liquid to the temperature than the freezing point.
Procedure:

1. Select appropriate viscometers, viscometer holders and bath thermometer. Adjust the bath to the test temp.
by set the LINE SWITCH to the "ON" Position.

2. Set the input switch to "HI" and center the fine control. For rapid heating, set the continuous heater switch
to "ON".

3. Set the bath temp. by depress and hold the temp. control switch and select the desired temp. by adjusting
the course control dial. When the temp. has been selected release the temp. control switch and tighten the
locking ring on the course control dial.

4. For rapid heating, set the continuous heater switch to "ON" set the bath temp. by depress and hold the
temp. control switch and select the desired temp. by adjusting the course temp. control switch and tighten
the locking ring on the course control dial.

5. Turn off the continuous heater and set the input switch when the bath temp. is within several degrees
below the set point.

6. Set the input switch as follows:

LO- FOR TEMP. OF UP To 150 DEGREE F

HI-FOR TEMP. OF 150 °F AND ABOVE.

7. Proceed with testing. When the bath has reached the test temperature, make fine tuning adjustments and
turn the light switch to the "ON" position. Charge the viscometer and proceed the test.

For transparent liquid:

1. Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the design of the instrument.

2. Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath long enough to reach the test temp. (30 min).
3. Where the design of the viscometer requires it adjusts the volume of the sample to the mark. If two
measurements agree with "0.2%" use the average for calculating the kinematic viscosity.

For opaque liquids:

1. The viscometer used are of the reverse-flow type.

2. Heat the oil in an oven at 60 deg * C for 1 h. and stir the sample, pour a sufficient sample to fill (2)
viscometer into 100 ml glass flask and immerse in a bath of boiling water for 30 min.

3. Charge two viscometers in the manner dictated by the design of the instrument.

Data and results:

Sample: Standeroi Viscometer constant ( V .C) = 64153m ^ 2 / (s ^ 2)

Kinemetic viscosity = V .C^ * time Dynamic viscosity = kinematic viscosity * density

Temperature (K)

Density (g / c * m ^ 3)

Time (sec)

Ιημ

1/T

7932

6.8672
743

152.45

(cst)

μ (cp)

3032

128.22

313 40

+38 0932105

32350

3230816287

Fill the table.

Plot (ln(mu)) against 1 / T and determine constants A& B.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Define kinematic and dynamic viscosities?

Kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity are two important properties that describe the flow behavior of
fluids, particularly liquids.

1. Kinematic viscosity (ν): Kinematic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under the
influence of gravity. It is defined as the ratio of the dynamic viscosity (μ) to the density (ρ) of the fluid. The
kinematic viscosity is denoted by the symbol ν and has units of square meters per second (m²/s) or stokes
(St). The kinematic viscosity determines how easily a fluid flows and how it spreads out. Liquids with
higher kinematic viscosity flow more slowly, while those with lower kinematic viscosity flow more quickly.

The formula for kinematic viscosity is:

ν=μ/ρ

where:
ν = kinematic viscosity (m²/s or St)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa·s or N·s/m²)
ρ = density of the fluid (kg/m³)

2. Dynamic viscosity (μ): Dynamic viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow. It quantifies
the sheer stress or force required to move one layer of fluid relative to another layer. Dynamic viscosity is
denoted by the symbol μ and has units of pascal-seconds (Pa·s) or newton-seconds per square meter
(N·s/m²). The dynamic viscosity determines the fluid's resistance to deformation and shearing forces.

The formula for dynamic viscosity is:

τ = μ(dv/dy)

where:
τ = sheer stress (Pa or N/m²)
μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa·s or N·s/m²)

dv/dy = velocity gradient (s⁻¹)

How does viscosity vary with temperature?

The viscosity of a fluid generally decreases with an increase in temperature. This behavior is observed in
most fluids, including liquids and gases. The relationship between viscosity and temperature varies
depending on the type of fluid and its characteristics.
For liquids:
- Most liquids exhibit a decrease in viscosity as temperature increases. This is because temperature affects
the molecular motion within the liquid. As the temperature rises, the kinetic energy of the molecules
increases, causing them to move more vigorously. This increased molecular motion leads to a reduction in
intermolecular forces and greater fluidity, resulting in lower viscosity.
- However, there are exceptions to this general trend. Some liquids, such as certain oils, may exhibit an
increase in viscosity with increasing temperature. This behavior is known as "negative temperature
coefficient of viscosity" and is typically observed in complex liquids or those with specific molecular
structures.

For gases:
- The viscosity of gases is generally less affected by temperature compared to liquids. In ideal gases,
viscosity is primarily determined by the average speed of the gas molecules and their collision frequency.
Temperature influences these factors, but the effect is relatively small compared to the influence of pressure
and composition.
- However, for real gases and at high temperatures, the viscosity of gases may slightly increase with
temperature due to the increased molecular interactions and collision frequency.

It's important to note that the relationship between viscosity and temperature can be more complex and
dependent on the specific characteristics of the fluid. In some cases, the viscosity-temperature relationship
may follow non-linear patterns or exhibit phase transitions. Additionally, different fluids may have different
temperature-dependent viscosity models or coefficients that are used to describe their behavior accurately.
Experimental data and empirical models are often employed to characterize viscosity-temperature
relationships for specific fluids.
Viscosity in liquids more than gases, explain?
Viscosity in liquids is generally higher than in gases due to differences in molecular structure and
intermolecular forces.

1. Molecular Structure: Liquids have a closer molecular arrangement compared to gases. In liquids, the
molecules are relatively close to each other and have stronger intermolecular interactions. The molecules in
a liquid are held together by cohesive forces such as van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and
hydrogen bonding. These intermolecular forces result in a higher degree of molecular cohesion and
resistance to flow, leading to higher viscosity.

In contrast, gases have much weaker intermolecular forces and are characterized by molecules that are more
widely spaced. Gas molecules have significantly greater kinetic energy, allowing them to move more freely
and rapidly. The weaker intermolecular interactions and greater molecular mobility in gases contribute to
lower viscosity compared to liquids.
2. Molecular Motion: Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the molecular motion in both liquids
and gases. In liquids, as the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules also increases.
However, due to the stronger intermolecular forces, the increase in kinetic energy results in relatively small
changes in molecular arrangement and motion. The molecules in a liquid still maintain a certain degree of
cohesive structure, leading to higher viscosity even at elevated temperatures.

On the other hand, in gases, the increase in temperature leads to a significant increase in molecular kinetic
energy. The gas molecules move with greater speed and have increased collision frequency. The weaker
intermolecular forces in gases are unable to maintain significant cohesive structures, allowing the molecules
to move more freely. As a result, gases have lower viscosity, which is less affected by temperature compared
to liquids.

Overall, the higher viscosity of liquids compared to gases is primarily attributed to the stronger
intermolecular forces and closer molecular arrangement in liquids. These factors result in greater molecular
cohesion and resistance to flow, making liquids more viscous than gases.
Oils manufactured with different viscosities, Why?

What factors affect viscosity?

Oils are manufactured with different viscosities to meet the specific requirements of various applications and
operating conditions. The choice of oil viscosity depends on factors such as the type of equipment, operating
temperature, speed, load, and desired lubrication properties. Here are a few reasons why oils are
manufactured with different viscosities:

1. Lubrication Requirements: Different types of equipment and machinery have varying lubrication needs.
Some applications require oils with higher viscosities to provide adequate lubrication and prevent metal-to-
metal contact under heavy loads and high pressures. On the other hand, applications with lighter loads or
high-speed operations may benefit from oils with lower viscosities to ensure smooth and efficient lubrication
without excessive friction.

2. Temperature Conditions: Temperature affects the viscosity of the oil. As temperature increases, the
viscosity of the oil typically decreases. In applications with high operating temperatures, oils with higher
viscosity are often used to maintain sufficient lubricating film thickness and prevent oil thinning.
Conversely, in low-temperature environments, oils with lower viscosity are preferred to ensure proper
lubrication and fluidity.

3. Start-up and Operating Conditions: Some applications, such as engines and machinery, experience
varying operating conditions, including start-up and shutdown periods. Oils with specific viscosity grades
are formulated to provide appropriate lubrication during cold starts, as they flow more easily at lower
temperatures. These oils typically have lower viscosity at low temperatures to ensure quick and efficient
lubrication during initial start-up. Once the equipment reaches its optimal operating temperature, the oil
viscosity should still provide adequate lubrication and protection.
4. Fuel Efficiency: In automotive and industrial applications, there is often a focus on fuel efficiency and
reducing energy consumption. In such cases, oils with lower viscosities, such as lower viscosity engine oils,
are used. These oils have lower internal friction and flow more easily, leading to reduced energy losses due
to fluid friction and improved fuel efficiency.

5. Specialized Applications: Some industries and applications have specific requirements that necessitate
oils with unique viscosity properties. For example, hydraulic systems, gearboxes, and turbine oils may
require oils with specific viscosity ranges optimized for their respective operating conditions.

It's important to note that oil viscosity is commonly classified using standardized viscosity grading systems,
such as the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) viscosity grades for engine oils. These grading systems
help users select the appropriate oil viscosity based on the specific requirements of their equipment and
applications.

Overall, the manufacturing of oils with different viscosities allows for the selection of an optimal oil that
provides the required lubrication, protection, and performance characteristics in various operating
conditions.
Discuss your observation and results?

. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It is influenced by several factors, including:

1. Temperature: Temperature has a significant impact on viscosity. In general, as temperature increases, the
viscosity of most fluids decreases. This is because higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of the
fluid particles, causing them to move more freely and reducing the internal friction that gives rise to
viscosity.

2. Pressure: Pressure can affect the viscosity of certain fluids, particularly gases. Increased pressure tends to
decrease the viscosity of gases, while it has a minimal effect on the viscosity of liquids.

3. Molecular structure: The molecular structure of a fluid affects its viscosity. Long, chain-like molecules,
such as those found in polymers, tend to increase viscosity because they create entanglements that impede
the flow of the fluid. On the other hand, fluids with simpler molecular structures, such as small, spherical
molecules, generally have lower viscosities.

4. Shear rate: Shear rate refers to the rate at which layers of fluid slide past each other when subjected to a
force. In many fluids, increasing the shear rate leads to a decrease in viscosity. This phenomenon is known
as shear thinning or pseudoplastic behavior. Some fluids, however, exhibit shear thickening or dilatant
behavior, where viscosity increases with increasing shear rate.
5. Composition: The composition of a fluid can significantly impact its viscosity. For example, in a mixture
of different liquids, the viscosity will depend on the proportions and interactions between the components.
Similarly, the presence of dissolved solutes or suspended particles can affect viscosity.

6. Time: Some fluids exhibit time-dependent behavior, known as thixotropy or rheopexy. These fluids can
change their viscosity over time when subjected to shear stress. Thixotropic fluids become less viscous when
sheared for a prolonged period, while rheopectic fluids become more viscous.

It is important to note that the relative importance of these factors may vary depending on the specific fluid
and its properties. Additionally, viscosity can be measured and reported using different units, such as poise
or centipoise for liquids and pascal-seconds or centistokes for gases.