wwww wwww

ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
+2 PHYSICS
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a s
IMPORTANT
aa a saaLAWS & RULES
ddany two for public exam) aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w
w P
.. P
(Expect
ww P
.. P
w w ww w www
1. Coulomb's law
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force is directly proportional to
e t t e t t

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e
the product of the magnitude of the two point charges and is inversely
i .iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
proportional to the square of the distance between the two point charges.
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s

.N
2. Gauss’s law
P Paadd P Paadd
ww.. ww..
Gauss’s law states that if a charge Q is enclosed by an arbitrary closed

wwww wwww
surface, then the total electric flux ɸE through the closed surface is

lai
eet t eet t
sa
l a
l i
a .iN
.N3. Ohm’S law:
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
When a potential difference V is applied across the wire, a net electric field
aa a
dd a aa a
dd a
da
is created in the wire which constitutes the current in the wire. Therefore, the
ww P
.. P w
macroscopic form of ohm’s law can be stated as V=IR.w P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

4. Kirchhoff’s first rule (Current rule or Junction rule)

It states that the algebraic sum of the currents at any junction of a circuit is
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nzero.
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa 5. Kirchhoff’s Second rule a(Voltage add aa s saaor Loop rule)

rule
a adda assaa
w w P
. P
It states that in a.closed PP
circuit the algebraic sum of the products.of. the
wwemf included
ww

current andw w ww
resistance of each part of the circuit is equal toww w
the w
total
in the circuit.

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N6. Joule’s law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
If a current I flows through a conductor kept across a potential difference V for a
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a
time t, the work done or the electric potential energy spent is s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
W=VIt
ww ww
wwww wwww
Page 1

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
In the absence of any other external effect, this energy is spent in heating the

assaa H= VIt aadd s

a aa
s
conductor. The amount of heat (H) produced is
a aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww ..PP ww P
.. P
wwofww
7. Joule’s law heating wwww
H=I2 Rt

e t t e t t
It states that the heat developed in an electrical circuit due to the flow of

et
i .iN
.N e
current varies directly as
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
(i) the square of the current
a a a a

.N
aadd
(ii) the resistance of the circuit and
P P P Paadd
ww..
(iii) the time of flow. ww..
wwww wwww

lai
8. Seebeck effect
Seebeck discovered that in a closed circuit consisting of two dissimilar metals,
eet t eet
sat
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
when the junctions are maintained at different temperatures an emf (potential

assaa aa aa
difference) is developed. The current that flows due to the emf developed is
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
aa aa
called thermoelectric current. The two dissimilar metals connected to form two
da
w
w P
.. P
junctions is known as thermocouple.
ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

9. Peltier effect
Peltier discovered that when an electric current is passed through a circuit of a
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
thermocouple, heat is evolved at one junction and absorbed at the other junction.
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa aa aa
This is known as Peltier effect.
dd aas s dd aass
10. Thomson effect .P . Pa a P
.. P aa
w w ww
ww

Thomsonw
w ww that if two points in a conductor are atwdifferent
showed
w ww
temperatures, the density of electrons at these points will differ and as a result
the potential difference is created between these points. Thomson effect is also
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
reversible.
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 2

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
11. Curie’s law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
When temperature is increased, thermal vibration will upset the alignment of
a
magnetic dipole moments. Therefore, the magnetic susceptibility decreases with
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
increase in temperature. In many cases, the susceptibility of the materials is
wwww wwww
t t
12. Curie-Weiss law
e e t t

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
As temperature increases, the ferromagnetism decreases due to the increased
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
thermal agitation of the atomic dipoles. At a particular temperature,
a

.N
Paadd P Paadd
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. This temperature is known as
P
ww.. ww..
Curie temperature TC. The susceptibility of the material above the Curie
wwww wwww

lai
temperature is given by

eet t sa eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
13. Right hand thumb rule
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
Assume that we hold the current carrying conductor in our right hand such
dd a ass a
dd s
a s
that the thumb points in the direction of current flow, then the fingers encircling
a a aa
da
w P
.. P w P
.. P
the conductor point in the direction of the magnetic field lines produced.
w w
w w ww w
w ww
Pa

14. Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule

This rule can also be used to find the direction of the magnetic field around
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
the current-carrying conductor. If we rotate a right-handed screw using a screw
.N .
w.

assaa aa aa
driver, then the direction of current is same as the direction in which screw
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
advances and the direction of rotation of the screw gives the direction of the
magnetic field. P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
ww ww
ww

wwww wwww
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 3

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N15. Biot- Savart law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
e t t e t t

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s

.N
P Paadd P Paadd
ww.. ww..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t eet t
sa
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

eet t ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
16. Tangent law
l al i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa perpendicular uniform P aa a a

When a magnetic needle or magnets saais freely suspended in two mutually aassaa
ddfields, it will come to rest in the direction a d
ofa d
w w .. P
magnetic
w w P
.. P the
ww

resultant of thew
www two fields.
wwww
17. Ampère’s circuital law

eet t eet t
The line integral of magnetic field over a closed loop is μ0 times net current

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nenclosed by the loop.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 4

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa The strength of the magnetic
18. Definition of tesla
a a aa
dfield ssaa
d is one tesla if a unit charge moving normal
aa a
dtod s
a aa
s
the magnetic fieldw w P P
. .unit velocity experiences unit force. ww. .
with
PP
wwww wwww
19. Fleming’s left hand rule

e t t e t t
Stretch out forefinger, the middle finger and the thumb of the left hand such

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
that they are in three mutually perpendicular directions. If the forefinger points in
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger in the direction of the electric
a a a a

.N
Paadd P Paadd
current, then thumb will point in the direction of the force experienced by the
P
conductor ww.. ww..
wwww wwww

lai
20. Definition of ampere
One ampere is defined asthat constant current which when passed through
eet t sa ee t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
each of the two infinitely long parallel straight conductors kept side by side
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
parallelly at a distance of one metre apart in air or vacuum causes each conductor
dd a ass
to experience a force of 2 × 10-7 newton per metre length of conductor. a
dd s
a s
aa aa
da
ww ..PP w w P
.. P
wwof Electromagnetic Induction
wwLaw
21. Faraday’s wwww
Pa

Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed coil changes, an emf
(electromotive force) is induced and hence an electric current flows in the circuit.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
This current is called an induced current and the emf giving rise to such current is
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa aa aa
called an induced emf. This phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
aass
dd law : dd aass
P P
22. Faraday’s first law.and
. a a P
.. Paa
w w second
ww
ww

ww
First law ww w w ww
Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an emf is
induced in the circuit which lasts in the circuit as long as the magnetic flux is
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nchanging.
Second law l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa a
dd s
a aa
s a
dd s
a aa
s
The magnitude of induced emf in a closed circuit is equal to the time rate
aa aa
P
.. P
of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
ww ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 5

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N23. Lenz’s law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd assaa
always opposes the cause responsible for its production. aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced current is such that it
a
w w P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwhand rule or generator rule.
wwright
24. Fleming’s wwww
The thumb, index finger and middle finger of right hand are stretched out in

e t t e t t
mutually perpendicular directions (as shown in Figure 4.8). If the index finger

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
points the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb indicates the direction of
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa ssaa s aa
s
motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will indicate the direction of the
aa a a

.N
Pa add P Paadd
induced current. Fleming’s right hand rule is also known as generator rule.
P
ww .. ww..
www wof induction wwww

lai
25. Maxwell’s law
Maxwell’s law of induction which explains that the magnetic field B is
induced along a closed loop by the changing electric flux ΦE in the region
eet t e t
sa
e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
encircled by that loop. This symmetry between electric and magnetic fields
a .iN
.
assaa s aa s aa
explains the existence of electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, gamma
a
dd a s a
dd a s
aa aa
da
rays, infrared rays etc.
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwwlines.
26. Fraunhofer w wwww
Pa

When the spectrum obtained from the Sun is examined, it consists of large
number of dark lines (line absorption spectrum). These dark lines in the solar
ee t t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Nspectrum are known as Fraunhofer lines.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa 27. Rayleigh’s scattering aaddaassaa a dd

a a assaa
If the scattering of .
w w P
. P
light is by atoms and molecules which have
w w
size ..
a PP
very much
ww

w
less than thatw ww
of the wave length λ of light, (a<<λ) then the ww ww is called
scattering
Rayleigh’s scattering.

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N28. Rayleigh’s scattering law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
The intensity of light scattered in Rayleigh’s scattering is inversely
a
dd s
a s
proportional to fourth power of wavelength. a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
ww ww
wwww wwww
Page 6

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
29. Huygens’ Principle
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
According to Huygens principle, each point on the wavefront behaves as the
a
source of secondary wavelets spreading out in all directions with the speed of the
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wave. These are called as secondary wavelets. The envelope to all these wavelets
wwww wwww
gives the position and shape of the new wavefront at a later time.

t t
30. Rayleigh’s criterion for diffraction
e e t t

et
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
According to Rayleigh’s criterion, the two points on an image are said to be
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
just resolved when the central maximum of one diffraction pattern coincides with
a a a a

.N
aadd
the first minimum of the other and vice-versa.
P P P Paadd
ww.. ww..
31. Malus’ w www wwww

lai
law
Malus discovered that when a beam of plane polarised light of intensity I0 is
incident on an analyser, the intensity of light I transmitted from the analyser
eet t eet t
sa
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
varies directly as the square of the cosine of the angle θ between the
i l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa aa
transmission axes of polariser and analyser.
a
dd s
a s I = I0 cos2 θ a
dd s
a s
aa aa
da
ww
32. Brewster’s LawP
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Brewster’s law states that the tangent of the polarising angle for a
Pa

transparent medium is equal to its refractive index.

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
33. Snell’s law
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa aa aa
The ratio of sine of angle of incident i in the first medium to the sine of angle of
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
refraction r in the second medium is equal to the ratio of refractive index n2 of the
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w w
second medium to the refractive index n1 of the first medium.
w w
ww

wwww wwww
34. Fresnel’s distance
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a
beyond which the ray optics is not obeyed; but, the wave optics becomes.iN
Fresnel’s distance is the distance upto which the ray optics is obeyed and
.
assaa significant.
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
P.KANNAN.M.Sc.,B.Ed.,SLET(PASSED) +2 PHYSICS EM Page 7

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
35. de Broglie hypothesis
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aadd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
According to de Broglie hypothesis, all material particles like electrons,
a
protons, neutrons in motion are associated with waves. These waves are called de
ww P
.. P
Broglie waves or matter waves. ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
36. Define Becquerel

e t t e t t
The SI unit of activity R is Becquerel and one Becquerel (Bq) is equal to one

et
i .iN
.N e
decay per second.
i .iN
.N e i .iN
.
l a
l a l a
l a l a
l a
assaa 37. Define Curie a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s

.N
P Paadd P Paadd
ww.. ww..
wwww wwww

lai
eet t eet t
sa
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
da
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Pa

38. Barkhausen conditions for sustained oscillations

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
w.

assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
ww

wwww wwww
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 8

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N
 wwww wwww
ww ww
LAWS IN PHYSICS
e et t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa 39. De Morgan’s First Theorem
The first theorem statesaa thataassaa
ddthe complement of the sum of two logicala adda
inputs
s
a aa
s
w w
is equal to the product
P P
. .of its complements. ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
40. De Morgan’s Second Theorem

eet t t t
The second theorem states that the complement of the product of two
ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
inputs is equal to the sum of its complements.
l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
Page 9

eet t eet t
.NN .NN .N