ION TO THERMOELECTRICSTHERMO ELECTRIC EFFECT © The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature difference into electric voltage and vise versa © In a thermoelectric material there are free carriers which carry both charge and heat.HISTORY @ In the 1820’s Thomas Seebeck (Germany) discovered that if two metals at different temperatures were touching could create an electric current. © In 1834, Jean Peltier (France) discovered that an electrical current would produce heating or cooling at the junction of two dissimilar metals. © In 1851, Lord Kelvin discovered that when the current flows through the unequally heated conductor, heat is evolved or absorbed through the conductorThomas Johann Jean Charles Gustav Magnus Seebeck Athanase Peltier William Thomson( Abram F. loffe H. Julian Goldsmid Lord Kelvin)Radioactive Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) Seiko introduces the Seat coolers in the Thermic watch Lincoln Navigator and Tovota's Lexus Voyager 1SEEBECK EFFECT © Thermoelectricity - known in physics as the "Seebeck Effect“ ® Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit made from two dissimilar metals, with junctions at different temperatures would deflect a compass magnet. @ Discovered a small current flow and so demonstrated that heat could be converted to electricity. Bismuth ame elodriCcurent aHV=odT V = Voltage = 4 ebeck coefficient Q 9 oY AT = Temperature difference x % e 9 a=PELTIER EFFECT ‘ONE PELTIER DEVICE “COUPLE” CONSISTS OF ONE [N-TYPE AND ONE P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR PELLET =f Oo i T iff AND POSITIVE HOLES, TRANSPORT THE MEAT. © The heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors © The Peltier heat generated at the junction per unit time Q = (I, — Ip) I ® The peltire coefficient represents how much heat is carried per unit chargeTHOMSON EFFECT ® The current flows through the unequally heated Thomson Effect conductor, heat is evolved or absorbed through the © Heat production rate unit per jj T, unit volume q‘=-KJeVT = K+ Thomson coefficient = VT- Temperature gradient = J+ Current density© Positive Thomson effect = Current flows from lower T to high T, heat is absorbed throughout the conductor = Eg:- Sn, Au, Ag, Zn, Cd, Sb © Negative Thomson effect = Current flows from lower T to high T heat is liberated throughout the conductor = Eg:- Bi, Ni, Pt, Co, Hg © Nill Thomson effect = Current flow from high T to Low T or Low T to high T heat is neither liberated nor absorbed = Eg:- PbTHERMOELECTRIC FIGURE OF MERIT (ZT) S’o Z T = li © The good thermoelectric materials should possess kK 1. Large Seebeck coefficients @ S - Seebeck coefficient 2. High electrical © o - Electrical conductivity conductivity © K - Thermal conductivity 3. Low thermal ® T- Temperature conductivity,THERMOELECTRIC EFFICIENCY © maximum efficiency of a thermoelectric material depends on two terms Ar M+2f -1 © Carnot efficiency, for all Nmax = 7 Ty Alea 4l eo? +1 heat engines can not r ; exceed Carnot efficiency zT = Thermoelectric Figure of Merit, Depends a the AT thermoelectric properties, — = Carnot efficiency Seebeck coefficient, h electrical resistivity and thermal conductivityBAND STRUCTURECoan oa 1 fare pecs) Dist Bap Snr © Direct band gap semiconductor @ Indirect band gap semiconductor Iai ade Sec »© The fermi level should be a little below (n type) or above (p type) the band “Fermi window" edge. f(E) eo © Maximize the no. of fy sohle channels in the fermi I4 NI a window (large effective " mass). 0 i ® Maximize the velocity F BE (small effective mass). © Minimize scattering (small DOS - small effective mass)THE BAND STRUCTURE WITHOUT SPIN ORBIT COUPLING ® The conduction band minimum and the valance band maximum are both at the [ point making it a direct band gap, with a size of 0.33 eVTHE BAND STRUCTURE INCLUDING SPIN ORBIT COUPLING ® The conduction band minimum is now between the [ and the Z points and the valance band maximum is now between the Z and F_ points, because they are not at the same k point the band structure now has an indirect band gap, with a size of 0.11 eV® Darbble et.al introduced six valley model Highest valence band and lowest conduction band have six valleys Bands are described in terms of effective mass tensor All valleys with the extrema inside first brillouin zone Multi valley band structure shows good thermoelectric propertiesTHERMOELECTRIC MODULES © A thermoelectric module is an array of thermocouples connected electrically in series but thermally in parallel ® Many couples are used (in both power generation and cooling) becuause the voltage drop across one couple is only on the order of millivolts Heat absorbed® The Seebeck voltage of the couple, S is derived from the T 5 as 4 Seebeck coefficient of the n- ell r a, =a, type and p-type elements i and the number of couples, n © The electrical resistance of 1 pol the device depends on Re Pr 2 R electrical resistance of the =n oo +h; i Fs thermoelectric, electrical n P resistnace of the metal interconnects & contact resistance between the interconnects and the thermoelectric materials© The total thermal conductance kA Ken Kah Foo sg, © kK, is the parallel thermal loss per couples associated with gas conduction, radiation, or other lossesADVAN TAGES © Environmental friendly © Recycles wasted heat energy © Reliable source of energy © scalability © Lower production cost © Silent in operation Simple, compact & safeDISADVANTAGES © Low energy conversion efficiency © Requires relatively constant heat source @ Slow technology progressionAPPLICATIONS © Thermoelectric generator © Cooling Computers @ Drink Coolers © Recharging Devices © Space Probes ® Solar Power © Low power remote controller system ® Nuclear power stations ® Automotive TEGsFord Lincoln MKT BMW X6 Prototype TEGs Developed in DOE/Vehicle Technologies Program Chevy Suburban a tey Amerigon TEG’s Developed for Ford and BMW, and GM's Production Prototype TEG to Provide 5% Improvement in Fuel Economy Amerigon TEG Bench Test Peak output was 608 Watts with 620°C inlet air and 20°C cold side temperatures TEG tested in a BMW X6 in Munich A second TEG is being tested in a Ford Lincoln MKT in Dearborn GM installed their TEG in Chevy Suburban and is undergoing similar testing 23REFERENCE 1. H. Julian Goldsmid:, Introduction to Thermoelectricity, Springer international publisher,2010 J.appl.phys.111,113707(2012) MG Kanatzidis etal:, Chemistry, physics,and material science of thermoelectric materialsn beyond bismuth telluride, First edition, Springer international publisher, 2003 http: //thermoelectrics.matsci.northwestern.edu/therm oelectrics.html Liouise Henderson:, Calculating crystal properties of bismuth telluride using wien22, senior thesis,2014