Continuity, Differentiability & MOD

C ONTINU ITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & MOD Rg.
2018 - 2020
CONTENTS

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.


1 THEORY (CONTINUITY) 1 – 13
2 THEORY (DIFFERENTIABILITY) 14 – 28
3 THEORY (MOD) 29 – 47
4 EXERCISE – 1 (A) 48 – 57
5 EXERCISE – 1 (B) 58 – 62
6 EXERCISE – 1 (C) 63 – 69
7 WINDOW TO JEE - MAIN 70 – 72
8 EXERCISE – 2 (A) 73 – 78
9 EXERCISE – 2 (B) 79 – 80
10 EXERCISE – 3 81 – 88
11 WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED 89 – 92
12 ANSWER KEY 93 – 97
CONT, DIFF, MOD : Tentative Lecture Flow

(Board Syllabus & Booklet Discussion Included)
Basic conditions for continuity, continuity of functions, Algebra of
Lecture no.1
continuity, Types of discontinuity
Basic conditions for differentiability, differentiability of functions,
Lecture no.2
Relation between continuity, differentiability And differentiation
first principle of differentiation, algebra of differentiation. derivative of
implicit function, composite function, inverse trigonometric,
Lecture no.3
logarithmic, parametric function, differentiation by substitution and
logarithmic method, higher order of derivative

CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI
C ONTINU ITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & MOD Rg. 2018 - 2020
PREFACE
A function is continuous when its graph is a single unbroken curve ...
.. that you could draw without lifting your pen from the paper.
That is not a formal definition, but it helps you understand the idea.
Not Continuous Not Continuous Not Continuous

(hole) (jump) (vertical asymptote)
In calculus, a differentiable function of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists at each point
in its domain. The graph of a differentiable function must have a non-vertical tangent line at each point in its
domain. As a result, the graph of a differentiable function must be relatively smooth, and cannot contain any
breaks, bends, cusps, or any points with a vertical tangent.
Enjoy!!
Mathematics Department
IIT-ian’s Pace
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI
C ON TIN U ITY, DIFFE RE N TIABILITY & M OD Rg. 2018 - 2020
CONTINUITY
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
After conceiving the notion of limits, the next element which is taken into consideration is the continuity of the
function.
Qualitatively, the graph of a function is said to be continuous at x = a if while travelling along the graph of the
function and in crossing over the point at x = a either from left to right or from right to left, one does not have to
lift his pen.
In case one has to lift his pen the graph of the function is said to have a break or discontinuity at x = a.
2. CONTINUITY AT A POINT
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if xlim
a 
f(x) = xlim
a 
f(x) = f(a)
i.e. LHL = RHL = value of the function at ‘a’ i.e. xlim

a
f(x) = f(a).
if f(x) is not continuous at x = a, we say that f(x) is discontinuous at x = a.
It must be noted here that
(1) If a function f(x) is continuous at x = a then it implies existence of the limit at x = a, but not the converse.
(2) If a function f(x) is continuous at x = a then it implies that f is well defined at x = a, but not the converse.
(3) Continuity at x = a is meaningful to talk only if x = a is in the domain of f(x).

Hence, to discuss the continuity of a function, one is allowed to move his pen on the graph of the function
only in its domain.
By this concept, we can say that all the standard trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic
and polynomial functions are continuous in their standard domains.
3. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL
(1) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in an open interval (a, b) if it is continuous at each and every point
of (a, b) i.e. y = [x] is continuous in (1, 2), where [ ] is greatest integer function
(2) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if

(a) it is continuous in (a, b)
(b) value of the function at “b” is equal to left hand limit at “b” i.e., f(b) = xlim
b 
f (x)
(c) value of the function at “a” is equal to right hand limit at “a” i.e., f(a) = xlim
a 
f (x)
i.e. y  sin 1 x is continuous in [  1,1]

Illustration 1

Discuss the continuity of the function [cos x] at x = , where [  ] denotes the greatest integer function.
2
lim cos x  0
Sol. L.H.L= x

2
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lim cos x   1
R.H.L = x

2
  
f   = cos  = 0
2  2
Clearly, L.H.L  R.H.L

so, the function is discontinuous at x = .
2
Illustration 2
Check the continuity of the function f(x)=[x2] – [x]2  x R at the end points of the interval[– 1, 0], where [  ]
denotes the greatest integer function.
Sol. Continuity at x = – 1
f (–1) = [(–1)2] –[–1]2 = [1] – (–1)2 = 1 – 1 = 0
R.H.L = xlim
 1
 
x 2  x 
2
=0–1=–1
so, f(– 1)  R.H.L
Continuity at x = 0
f(0) = [(0)2] – [0]2 = 0 – 0 = 0
x0
2
 
LHL = lim x  x   0 1  1
2

So, f(0)  L.H.L , Hence the function is not continuous at the end points of the interval [– 1, 0] .
Illustration 3


1 , when -   x  0
 
A function f is defined as follows: f(x) =  1  sin x , when 0  x  ,
 2
2
   
 2   x   , when  x  
  2 2
Discuss the continuity of f.

Sol. Continuity at x = 0
L.H.L at x = 0 xlim
0 
f ( x )  lim (1)  1
x 0
R.H.L at x = 0 xlim
0 
f ( x )  lim (1  sin x )  1
x 0
f(0) = 1 + sin 0 = 1 = L.H.L = R.H.L = f(0) so f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

continuity at x =
2
 lim
L.H.L at x = = lim  f(x) = x    (1 + sinx) = 1 + 1 = 2
2 x 2
2
2
   
R.H.L at x = = lim f(x) = 2 +    2
2 x
 2 2
2
2
   
f  = 2 +    = 2
2 2 2

 L.H.L = R.H.L = f  
2

so, f(x) is continuous at x =  
2
Hence, f(x) is continuous over the whole real number.
Illustration 4
sin 2x  A sin x  B cos x
If f(x) =
x3
 x  0 is continuous at x = 0. Find the values of A and B. Also find f(0).
Sol. As f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
 lim f (x )  f (0) and both f(0) and xlim
0
f(x) are finite.
x 0
sin 2 x  A sin x  B cos x

 f(0) = xlim
0 x3
As denominator  0, when x  0.
Numerator should also  0, when x  0 which is possible only if
 sin 2(0) + A sin (0) + B cos(0) = 0  B = 0
sin 2x  A sin x
 f(0) = xlim
0 x3
 sin x  2 cos x  A   2 cos x  A 
 f(0) = xlim
0
  2  = lim 
x 0 2 
 x  x   x 
Again we can see that denominator  0 as x  0
 Numerator should also approach 0 as x  0
 2 +A= 0  A= – 2
 2 cos x  2    4 sin 2 x / 2   sin 2 x / 2 
lim
f(0) = x 0    lim   lim    1
  x2  x0 x2  = x  0 x 2 / 4 
  
So, we get A = – 2, B = 0 and f(0) = – 1
Illustration 5
2 cos x  1      
f(x) = x   0,  except at x = . Define f   so that f(x) may be continuous at x = .
cot x  1  2 4  4 4
 
Sol. f(x) will be continuous at x = lim f ( x )  f  
, if x 
4 / 4 4
  2 cos x  1 ( 2 cos x  1) sin x

 f   = lim = xlim
 4 x  / 4 cot x  1  / 4 cos x  sin x
( 2 cos x  1) ( 2 cos x  1) (cos x  sin x ) sin x

= xlim
 / 4 ( 2 cos x  1) (cos x  sin x ) (cos x  sin x )
1  1 1 
  
 2

2 cos x 1 cos x  sin x sin x sin xcos x  sin x  2 2 2 1

= xlim lim
= x =
 / 4 (cos2 x  sin 2 x) 
2 cos x  1 / 4  2 cos x  1 2.
1
2
1
2
Illustration 6
x 2n 1  ax 2  bx
Let f (x) = lim . If f (x) is continuous for all x  R then find the values of a and b.
n  x 2n  1
ax 2  bx for  1  x  1

 a  b 1
x  1
 2
Sol. f (x) =  a  b 1
 x 1
 2
 1
for x  1 or x  1
x
a  b 1
for continuity at x = 1 we have a + b =
2
hence, a + b = 1 ....(1)
for continuity at x = – 1
a – b = – 1  a – b = – 1 ....(2)
hence a = 0 and b = 1.
Illustration 7
 x 2  3x  2
 , if x  1 is continuous at x = 1.
Determine the value of the constant k so that the function f(x) =  x  1
 k , if x  1
x 2  3x  2
Sol. k  lim
x 1 x 1
 k  lim
 x  1 x  2 
x 1 x 1
 k  lim  x  2   1
x 1
Illustration 8
 x 2  ax  b , 0  x  2

The function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3x  2 , 2 x 4

 2ax  5b , 4 x 8
If f is continuous on [0, 8] , find the values of a and b.

Sol. Being algebraic polynomials, all the functions are continuous in their respective domains.
For continuity at x = 2,
lim  x 2  ax  b   f  2  , where f  x   3x  2
x 2
 2a  b  4  8 or 2a  b  4 ..... 1
For continuity at x = 4,
lim  2ax  5b   f  4  , where f  x   3x  2
x 4
 8a  5b  14 .....  2 
From (1) & (2), a  3, b  2
4. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Let f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions at x = a. Then,
(1) cf(x) is continuous at x = a where c is any constant
(2) f(x)  g(x) is continuous at x = a
(3) f(x)  g(x) is continuous at x = a
(4) f(x)/g(x) is continuous at x = a, provided that g(a)  0
Following important points should be remembered :
(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x) . g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a.
sin 1x x0
e.g. (i) f(x) = x & g(x) =  0 x 0;

 2x 1 
(ii) f (x) = cos   is continuous at x = 1 and g (x) = [x] is discontinuous at x = 1
 2 
but f (x) · g (x) is continuous at x = 1.
(b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f (x) . g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a.
 1 x0
e.g. f(x) =  g(x) = 
 1 x  0
5. DISCONTINUITY
Discussion of discontinuity of a function y = f(x) at any point x = a is meaningful only if the graph of y = f(x) exists
in any neighbourhood of x = a.
EXAMPLE :

(1) f(x) = tan x is discontinuous at x = (2n + 1) , n  I.
2 
3
2
 3   x
O 2
2 2

It should be noted here that x = (2n + 1) , where n  I, is not in the domain of f(x) = tan x.
2
1
(2) The graph of f  x   doesn’t exist in [0,1)
x
 The discussion of discontinuity of f(x) at any point in (0,1) is meaningless, while the function is continuous at
x = 1 and discontinuous at x = 0.
6. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY
(1) Removable Discontinuity
In case, lim
x c
f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity. In this
case, we can redefine the function such that lim

x c
f(x) = f(c) & make it continuous at x = c.
Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(i) Missing Point Discontinuity :

Where lim
x a
f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined.
e.g. f(x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1.
(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity:

Where lim
x a
f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but;
2
lim f(x)  f(a). e.g. f(x) = x  16 , x  4 & f (4) = 9 has a break at x = 4.
x a
x 4
(2) Irremovable Discontinuity

In case, lim
x c
f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it. However,,
if both the limits
(i.e. L.H. L. & R.H.L.) are finite, then it is said to be nonremovable discontinuity of first kind otherwise it is
nonremovable discontinuity of second kind.
Jump of discontinuity :
ln case of non-removable discontinuity of the first kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL
at x = c & LHL at x = c is called, the Jump of discontinuity.
Hence, the jump of discontinuity =  RHL – LHL 

NOTE :
A function having a finite number of jumps in a given interval is called a Piece Wise Continuous or Sectionally
Continuous function in this interval.
Examples are the greatest integer function [x] and the fractional part function {x},
Irremovable discontinuity can be further classified as :
(i) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x  [x] at all integral x.

1 1
(ii) Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = or g(x) = (x  4) 2 at x = 4.
x4
1
(iii) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin at x = 0.
x
In all these cases, the value of f (a) of the function at x = a (point of discontinuity) may or may not
exist but lim
x a
does not exist.
Illustration 9
x x 1
If f  x    2 , then check if f(x) is continuous at x = 1 or not. If not, then comment on the type of
x x 1
discontinuity.
x  x 1
Sol. f(x) =  x 2  x  1

lim f(x) = lim– x = 1 and lim f(x) = lim x2 = 1
x1– x1 x1 x1
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = finite and f(1) is not defined.

x 1 x 1
So f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and this discontinuity is removable missing point discontinuity.
Illustration 10
 1 
cos  cot x  if x
2
f(x) =   , where [ ] represents greatest integer function.
  [x]  1 if x
 2
Find the jump of discontinuity.
 1 
 cos  cot x  if x
2
Sol. f(x) =  
  [x]  1 if x
 2

lim  f(x) = lim  cos–1 (cot x) = cos–1 (0+) = cos–1 0 =
 x
 2
x 2
2
lim  f(x) = lim  [x] – 1 =  – 1

 
x x
2 2
 
 jump of discontinuity =    1  = –1
2 2
7. CONTINUITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at

x = c.
xsinx x sin x
e.g. f(x) = & g(x) = |x| are continuous at x = 0, hence the composite (gof) (x) = will also be
2
x 2 x2  2
continuous at x = 0.
Illustration 11
x 1 1
If f(x) = and g(x) = , then discuss the continuity of f(x), g(x) and fog (x).
x 1 x2
x 1
Sol. f(x) =
x 1
f(x) is a rational function it must be continuous in its domain
and f is not defined at x = 1
 f is discontinuous at x = 1
1
g(x) =
x2
g(x) is also a rational function. It must be continuous in its domain and g is not defined at x = 2
 g is discontinuous at x = 2
Now fog (x) will be discontinuous at
(i) x=2 (point of discontinuity of g(x))
(ii) g(x) = 1 (i.e. when g(x) = point of discontinuity of f(x))
if g(x) = 1
1
 =1  x=3
x2
 discontinuity of fog(x) should be checked at x = 2 and x = 3
at x = 2
1
1
x2
fog (x) = 1
1
x 2
fog (2) is not defined
1
1
lim fog (x) = lim x  2 = xlim
1 x  2
=1
x 2 x 2 1 2 1 x  2
1
x 2
 fog (x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and it is removable discontinuity.
At x = 3, fog (3) is not defined

1 1
1 1
x2 x2
Also, xlim
3 
fog (x) = xlim
3  1   and xlim
3 
fog (x) = xlim
3  1  –
1 1
x 2 x 2
 fog (x) is discontinuous at x = 3 and it has non removable discontinuity of second kind.
8. INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM (I.V.T.)

A function f which is continuous in  a , b  possesses the following properties:
(1) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = 0 in the open interval (a, b).
(2) If k is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = k
in the open inetrval (a, b).
Illustration 12
Given that a > b > c > d then prove that the equation (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) = 0 will have real and
distinct roots.
Sol. Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – c) + 2 (x – b) (x – d)
f(a) = (a – a) (a – c) + 2 (a – b) (a – d) = + ve
f(b) = (b – a) (b – c) + 0 = –ve
f(c) = 0 + 2 (c – b) (c – d) = –ve
f(d) = (d – a) (d – c) + 0 = +ve
hence (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) = 0
have real and distinct root.
Illustration 13
ab
Show that the function f (x) = (x – a)2 (x – b)2 + x takes the value for some value of x  [a, b]
2
ab
Sol. f (a) = a ; f (b) = b ; Also find f is continuous in [a, b] and  [a, b]
2
Hence using intermediate value theroem (I.V.T.)
ab
 some c  [a, b] such that f (c) =
2
Illustration 14
Suppose that f (x) is continuous in [0, 1] and f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0. Prove that f(c)=1 – 2c2 for some c  (0, 1)
Sol. Let g (x) = f (x) + 2x2 – 1 in [0, 1]
g (0) = – 1 and g (1) = 1
 by I.V.T.  some c  (0, 1); g (c) = 0  f (c) = 1 – 2c2
Illustration 15
Let f be a continuous function defined on [0, 1] with range [0, 1].
Show that there exists some 'c' in [0, 1] such that f (c) = 1 – c.
Sol. Consider g (x) = f (x) – 1 + x
g (0) = f (0) – 1  0 (as f (0)  1)
g (1) = f (1)  0 (as f (1)  0)
Hence g (0) and g (1) and of opposite signs
hence  at least one c  [0, 1] such that g (c) = 0
 g (c) = f (c) – 1 + c = 0 ; f (c) = 1 – c
Here it should be noted that, the sign of equality in f  0   1  0 and in f 1  0 gives c  0 and 1 respectively..
Illustration 16
Let f : [0, 2]  R be continuous and f (0) = f (2). Prove that there exists x1 and x2 in (0, 2) such that x2 – x1 = 1 and
f (x2) = f (x1)
Sol. Consider continuous function g(x) as
g (x) = f (x + 1) – f (x) (x2 = x1 + 1)
now, g (0) = f (1) – f (0) = f (1) – f (2) ....(1)
g (1) = f (2) – f (1) = f (2) – f (1) ....(2)
hence g (0) and g (1) are of opposite signs, hence  some c  (0, 1) where g (c) = 0
i.e. f (c + 1) = f (c) [c + 1  (1, 2) as c  (0, 1) ]
put c = x1 ; c + 1 = x2
 f (x2) = f (x1) where x2 – x1 = 1, obviously x1, x2  (0, 2)
Illustration 17
Prove that the function f (x) = a x  1 + b 2x  1 – 2 x 2  3x  1 where a + 2b = 2 and a, b  R always has
a root in (1, 5)  b  R.
Sol. Let b > 0, then f(1) = b > 0
and f(5) = 2a + 3b – 6 = 2(a + 2b) – b – 6 = 4 – b – 6 = – (2 + b) < 0
Hence by IVT,  some c  (1, 5) for which f (c) = 0
If b = 0 then a = 2
f(x) = 2 x  1 – 2x 2  3x  1 = 0
5
 4(x – 1) = 2x2 – 3x + 1 = (2x – 1) (x – 1)  (2x  5)(x  1) = 0  x=
2
5
Hence f (x) = 0 if x = which lies in (1, 5)
2
If b < 0 , f(1) = b < 0 and f(2) = a + b 3 – 3
 
= (a + 2b) + 3  2 b – 3 = (2 – 3 ) – (2 – 3 ) b = (2 – 3 ) (1 – b) > 0 (as b < 0)
Hence f(1) and f(2) have opposite signs
  some c  (1, 2)  (1, 5) for which f(c) = 0
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - 1
 x2  x  6

1. A function f(x) is defined as, f(x) =  x  3 ; if x  3 , then which of the following is correct
 5 ; if x  3
(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 3 (b) f(x) continuous at x = 3

(c) f(x) discontinuous at x = 1 (d) none of these
x2 1
 ; for x  1
2 If f(x) =  x  1 , then which of the following is correct
 2 ; for x  1
(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) f(x) continuous at x = 1

(c) f(x) discontinuous at x = 1 (d) none of these
e1/ x , if x  0
3. If f(x) =  , find whether f is continuous at x = 0.
1 , if x  0
(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) f(x) discontinuous at x = 1
(c) f(x) continuous at x = 0 (d) none of these
1  cos x
 , when x  0
5 Let f(x) =  x 2 . Show that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
 1 , when x  0

(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) f(x) discontinuous at x =
2
(c) f(x) continuous at x = 0 (d) none of these
5. Which of the following functions is continuous at x = 0?
 1  sin x
| x | cos  , x  0  x , x  0
(a) f(x) =  x (b) f x  
 0
 , x0  tan 2x , x  0
 x
 sin x  , x  0  ex  1
 , x0
f  x    ln 1  x  
(c) , x0 (d) f(x) =  log(1  2x)
 
 x  7 , x0
6. Which of the following functions is continuous at x = 1?
1  x n | x 2  1|
, x 1  , for x  1
(a) f(x) =  1  x ,nN (b) f(x) =  x  1
n  1 , x  0  2 , for x  1

x , 0  x  1

(c) f  x   1 , x 1 (d) none of these
cos x , 1  x  2

 x2 1

7. For what value of k is the function f(x) =  x  1 , x  1 , continuous at x = 1 ?
 k , x 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) no value of k
 x 2  3x  2
 , if x  1 is continuous at x = 1
8. For what value of k the function f(x) =  x  1
 k , if x  1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) no value of k

 sin 5 x
 , if x  0
9. For what value of k is the function f(x) =  3x is continuous at x = 0 ?
 k , if x  0
(a) 1 (b) 3/5 (c) 5/3 (d) no value of k
ax  5 , if x  2
10. For what value of a the function f(x) =  is continuous at x = 2?
 x  1 , if x  2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) no value of k
 x
 , x0
11. For what value of k the function f(x) =  | x | 2x 2 is continuous at x = 0?
 k , x0
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) no value of k
 k cos x
 , x  /2
12. For what value of k f(x) is continuous at x = /2, where f(x) =    2x
 3 , x  /2
(a) 6 (b)  (c) 3 (d) no value of k
 x  x
log1    log1  
 a  b
13. Let f(x) = , x  0 be continuous at x = 0, then f(0) =
x
ba ab ab

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
ab ab ab
2x  2  16
14. If f(x) = , if x  2 , is continuous at x = 2, then f(2) =
4x  16
(a)  (b)  (c) 1 (d) 1/2
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
 , x0
15. If f(x) =  x2 1 1 , is continuous at x = 0, then k =

 k , x0
(a)  (b)  (c) – 4 (d) – 2
1  cos 7( x  )
16. The function, f(x) = 5( x  ) 2
, at x = 
(a) is continuous at x =  (b) has a removable disconitinuity at x = 

(c) has a non removable discontinuity at x =  (d) has a jump discontinuity at x = 
 sin x

17. The function f(x) =  x , x  0
 x  1 , x  0
(a) is continuous everywhere (b) discontinuous at finite number of points

(c) discontinuous at infinite number of points (d) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
18. Consider the following functions :
x 4  16
(i) f(x) = x 3  x 2  2x  2 (ii) f(x) = , if x  2
x 2
| x  2 | , if x  1
x 4  x 3  2x 2  2
(iii) f x  , if x  0 (iv) f  x    x 3x 13
tan 1 x    , if x  1
4 2 4
Which of these have a single removable discontinuity

(a) all four (b) (ii), (iii) & (iv) (c) (ii) & (iv) (d) (i), (ii) & (iv)

x 2 / a , if 0  x  1

19. If the function f(x) = a , if 1  x  2 is continuous on [0, ), then the number of ordered pairs
 2
 2b  4b , if 2  x  
 x2
(a, b) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
 x 2  ax  b , 0  x  2

20. The function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3x  2 , 2  x  4 . If f is continuous on [0, 8] , then (a, b) is

 2ax  5b , 4 x 8
(a) (3, – 2) (b) (– 3, 2) (c) (3, 2) (d) (– 3, – 2)
ANSWER KEY
1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. d 7. b
8. b 9. c 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. c 14. d
15. c 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. d 20. a
DIFFERENTIABILITY
1. DIFFERENTIABILITY OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT
(i) The right hand derivative (R.H.D.) of f (x) at x = a denoted by f (a+) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
f (a+) = hlim
 0
, provided that the limit exists.
h
(ii) The left hand derivative (L.H.D.) of f(x) at x = a denoted by f(a–) is defined by:
f (a  h)  f (a)
f (a– ) = hlim
 0
h
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable (or derivable) at x = a,

if f (a+) = f (a–) = a finite value ‘k’.
By definition, this finite value ‘k’ is f(a).
f (a  h)  f (a)
Hence, f (a) = lim
h 0
h
2. CONCEPT OF TANGENT AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DIFFERENTIABILITY
Tangent :- The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a

chord or a secant.
f (b)  f (a)
Slope of chord joining A(a, f(a)) and B(b, f(b)) is .
ba
f (a  h)  f (a)
Slope of the line joining P(a,f(a)) and Q(a + h, f(a + h)) is .
h
As h  0 , the point Q tends to coincide at P by which chord PQ tends to be a tangent to the curve y = f(x) at P..
Now, by h  0 and by h  0 if we can get a unique non-vertical line at P then this non-vertical line
f a  h   f a 
becomes tangent at P whose slope is given by lim  f 'a  .
h0 h
It must be noted here that,
the function y = f(x) will have a tangent at some point x = a if
(i) f (a+) = f (a–) = a finite value.
In this case the equation of tangent at (a, f(a)) is given by y  f  a   f '  a  x  a  , OR
(ii) f (a+) and f (a–) both tend to  or  simulltaneously..
In this case the equation of tangent at (a, f(a)) is given by x  a  0
NOTE :
(i) The function y = x3 has x-axis as tangent at origin.
(ii) Tangent is also defined as the line joining two infinitely small close points on a curve.
(iii) The function y = sgn (x) will have a vertical tangent at x = 0
(iv) The function y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D.  R.H.D.
(v) A discontinuous function can also have vertical tangent. e.g. y = sgn (x) at x = 0.
(vi) A function is said to derivable at x = a if their exist a tangent of finite slope at that point, i.e. f (a+) =
f (a–) = finite value
NOTE :
If a function y = f (x) is differentiable at x = a, then the graph of y = f (x) will have a unique non-vertical tangent at
x = a.
Similarly, if f (x) is not differentiable at x = a, then there can not be a unique non-vertical tangent at x = a.
3. RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIABILITY & CONTINUITY
(i) If f (a) exists then f(x) is continuous at x = a.

(ii) If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain.
The Converse of the above result is not true i.e.
“If 'f ' is continuous at x = a, then 'f' is derivable at x = a” is not true.
e.g. the functions f(x) =  x  2  is continuous at x = 2 but not derivable at x = 2.
(iii) If a function f is not differentiable but is continuous at x = a it geometrically implies a sharp corner or kink
at x = a.
If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) = and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m

Case -  : If  = m = some finite value, then the function f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous
Case -  : If   m but both have some finite value, then the function f(x) will not be differentiable but it will be
continuous.
Case -  :If at least one of the  or m is not finite, then the function is non differentiable but we can not say
about continuity of f(x).
(i) (ii) (iii)

continuous and differentiable continuous but not differentiable neither continuous nordifferentiable
Conclusions :
(1) If a function y = f(x) is derivable at x = a, then it implies the continuity of y = f(x) at x = a.
(2) If a function y = f(x) is continuous at x = a, then it does’nt imply the differentiability of y = f(x) at x = a.
(3) If a function y = f(x) is not derivable at x = a, then it does’nt imply the discontinuity of y = f(x) at x = a.
(4) If a function y = f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, then it implies the non-derivability of y = f(x) at x = a.
4. DIFFERENTIABILTY OVER AN INTERVAL
f(x) is said to be differentiable over an open interval if it is differentiable at each & every point of the interval.
f(x) is said to be differentiable over a closed interval [a, b] if:

(i) for the points a and b, f (a+) & f (b–) exist finiitely
(ii) for any point c such that a < c < b, f (c+) & f(c–) exist finitely & are equal.
For checking the differentiabilty in an interval following points should be checked

(i) All those point where discontinuity may arise
(ii) Modulus functions are also non differentiable and hence should be checked at their critical
points.
IMPORTANT :
All polynomial functions and standard exponential, logarithimic and trigonometric functions are differentiable in
their domain.
Illustration 1
x , x 1
Comment on the differentiability of f(x) =  2 at x = 1.
x , x 1
f (1  h)  f (1)
Sol. R.H.D. = f (1+) = hlim 
0 h
(1  h)2  1
= hlim 
0 h
1  h 2  2h  1
= hlim 
0 h
= hlim
0
(h + 2) = 2

f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D. = f (1–) = hlim 
0 h
1  h 1
= hlim  =1
0 h
As L.H.D.  R.H.D., hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Illustration 2
Comment on the differentiability of f (x) = | ln x | at x = 1
Sol. f (x) = | ln x | at x = 1
 l n x if l n x  0  x  1
| ln x | = 
  l n x if l n x  0  0  x  1
f (1  h )  f (1) l n (1  h )  0
f ' (1+) = Lim = Lim =1
h0 h h0 h
f (1  h )  f (1)  ln (1  h )  0
f ' (1–) = Lim = Lim =–1
h0 h h 0 h
As L.H.D.  R.H.D., hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Illustration 3
Comment on the differentiability of f (x) = ln2x at x = 1
Sol. f (x) = ln2x at x = 1
ln 2 (1  h )  0 l n 2 (1  h )  0
f ' (1+) = Lim =0 f ' (1–) = Lim =0
h 0 h h0 h
 differentiable at x = 1
Illustration 4
m   1
 x .sin  x  x  0
If f (x) = 
 0 if x  0
is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 then find m.
m 1
Sol. Lim f (0  h )  Lim h sin  0; m > 0
h 0 h0 h
h m sin 1 h   0 Lim h m 1 sin  1 
for derivability Lim = h 0   ; m – 1  0; m  1; m  (0, 1]
h 0 h h
Illustration 5
 A  Bx 2 , x 1
If f(x) =  3Ax  B  2 , x  1 find the value of A and B so that f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.

Sol. Since f(x) will be differentiable at x = 1 then it must be continuous
 3A – B + 2 = A + B
 2A – 2B + 2 = 0
A–B+1=0 ..........(i)
 2Bx , x  1
Now, f(x) = 
3A , x  1
 3A = 2B .........(ii)
from (i) an (ii)
2B
–B+1=0
3
B
 – =–1
3
 B=3
 A=2
A = 2, B = 3.
Illustration 6
[cos x ] x  1
f(x) =  2{ x}  1 x  1 comment on the derivability at x = 1.

f (1  h)  f (1) cos(  h)   1 1  cos h

Sol. f(i) = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0
h h h
h
2sin 2
= lim  2 =0
h0
h
f (1  h)  f (1) 2{1  h}  1  1
f(1+) = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0  2h = 2
h h
f(x) is not differetiable at x = 1.
Illustration 7
Find the equation of tangent of y = (x)1/3 at x = 1 and x = 0
Sol. At x = 1 Here f(x) = (x)1/3

f (1  h)  f (1)
L.H.D = f(1–) = hlim
0
h
(1  h) 1/ 3
1 1  h  3  1
= hlim
0
 lim
h 0 1  h   1
h
y 1
 lim , where 1  h  y3 (As h  0, y  1 )
y 1 y3  1
1
=
3
f (1  h)  f (1) (1  h)1/ 3  1
R.H.D. f(1+) = hlim
0 = hlim
0
h h
1
=
3
1
As R.H.D. = L.H.D. =
3
1
 slope of tangent =
3
1
 y – f(1) = (x – 1)
3
1
y–1= (x – 1)
3
 3y – x = 2 is the tangent to y = x1/3at (1, 1)
At x = 0
(0  h)1/ 3  0
L.H.D. = hlim
0 =+
h
(0  h)1/ 3  0
R.H.D = hlim
0 =+
h
As L.H.D. and R.H.D both  
 y = f(x) will have a vertical tangent at origin.
 x = 0 is the tangent to y = x1/3 at origin.
Illustration 8
If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, prove that it will be continuous at x = a.
Sol. lim f (a  h)  f (a) =

h0  h
lim [f(a+h) – f(a)] = hlim h
h0  0 
as h  0+ and  is finite then hlim

0 
f(a + h) – f(a) = 0
 lim f (a + h) = f(a).
h0 
Similarly hlim
0 
[f(a – h)– f(a)] = hlim
0 
(– h)
 lim f(a – h) = f(a)

h0 
 lim f(a + h) = f(a) = lim f(a – h)

h0  h0
Hence, f(x) is continuous.
Illustration 9
 2
If f(x) =  x sgn[ x]  { x} , 0  x  2 , comment on the continuity and differentiablilty of f(x) at x = 1, 2.
sin x  | x  3 | , 2  x  4
Sol. Continuity at x = 1
lim f(x) = xlim 2
x  1  1 (x sgn[x] + {x})
=1+0=1
lim f(x) = xlim 2
x  1  1 (x sgn [x] + {x})
=1 sgn (0) + 1
=1
 f(1) =1
 L.H.L = R.H.L = f(1). Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 1.
Now for differentiability,
f (1  h)  f (1) (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  {1  h}  1 (1  h)2  h  1
f (1+) = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0
h h h
1  h 2  2h  h  1 2
lim  h  3h = 3
= h lim
0  = h0
h h
f (1  h)  f (1) (1  h)2 sgn[1  h]  1  h  1

and f (1–) = h lim
 0 = h lim
 0 =1
h h
+ –
f (1 )  f (1 ).
Hence f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Now at x=2
lim f(x) = xlim x2 sgn [x] + {x}
x 2  2 
=4.1+1 =5
lim f(x) = xlim (sinx + |x – 3|) = 1 + sin 2
x 2  2 
Hence L.H.L  R.H.L

Hence f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2 and then f(x) also be not differentiable at x = 2.
5. PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENTIABLE AND NON-DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS
(i) If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x)  g(x), f(x). g(x) will also be derivable at x = a
& if g (a)  0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the functions
f  x   g  x  will not be differentiable at x = a
(iii) If f(x) is not differentiable at x = a & g(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the product function
F(x) = f(x). g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a
e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x2.
(iv) If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function;
F(x) = f(x). g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
(v) If f(x) & g(x) both are non-derivable at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a differentiable
function. e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
f (a  g(h))  f (a  p(h))
(vi) If f is differentiable at x = a, then lim
h 0 g(h)  p(h)
= f(a), where, lim
h 0
p(h) = lim
h 0
g(h) = 0
Illustration 10
Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x + |x|.
Sol. Method I Method II
Let f1  x   x and f 2  x   x
As f1  x  is differentiable at x = 0
and f 2  x  is not differentiable at x = 0
 f  x   f1  x   f 2  x 
is not differentiable at x = 0 There is a sharp corner at x = 0
 f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
Illustration 11
Discuss the differentiability of f(x) = x|x|
 x2 , x0
Sol.  f(x) =  2
 x , x0
Differentiable at x = 0
Illustration 12

Comment on the differentiability of f (x) = cosx + | cos x | at x =
2
Sol. Method I Method II
Let f1  x   cos x and f 2  x   cos x
As f1  x  is differentiable at x =  / 2
and f 2  x  is not differentiable at x =  / 2
 f  x   f1  x   f 2  x  There is a sharp corner at x =  / 2

is not differentiable at x =  / 2  f(x) is not differentiable at x =  / 2
Illustration 13
If f(x) is differentiable and g(x) is differentiable then prove that f(x) . g(x) will be differentiable.
lim f (a  h)  f (a)
Sol. Given, f(x) is differentiable i.e. h0 = f(a)
h
lim g(a  h)  g(a)

g(x) is differentiable i.e. h0 = g(a)
h
let p(x) = f(x) . g(x)
p(a  h)  p(a) f (a  h).g(a  h)  f (a).g(a)
Now, hlim
0 = hlim
0
h h
f (a  h)g(a  h)  f (a  h).g(a)  f (a  h).g(a)  f (a).g(a)

= hlim
0
h
 f (a  h) (g (a  h)  g(a)) pg(a)( f (a  h)  f (a)) 

= hlim
0  h

h 
 
 g(a  h)  g(a) f (a  h)  f (a) 

= hlim
0 
f (a  h).
h
 g(a).
h 
 
= f(a) . g(a) + g(a) f(a) = p(a) = p(a)
Hence p(x) is differentiable.
Illustration 14
x  3 x0
If f(x) =  x 2  3x  2 x  0 & g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)| then comment on the continuity and differentiability of

g(x) by drawing the graph of f(|x|) and, |f(x)|.
Sol.
2
1/4 1 2
–3 y  f x 
Graph of f(|x|) and |f(x)|
Continuity of g(x) : g(x) is continuous at the points where f(|x|) and |f(x)| both are continuous.
At x = 0 f(|x|) is continuous but |f(x)| is discontinuous.
 g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 similarly g(x) is non differntiable at x = 0, 1, 2,
Illustration 15
lim
f (a  2h)  f (a  3h)
h0
, evaluate the limit, given f(a) = 3
h
Sol.  lim f (a  2h)  f (a  3h)

h0 h
f (a  2h)  f (a  3h)
= hlim
0
.5
5h
= f(a) × 5 = 3 × 5 = 15
6. FINDING FUNCTION SATISFYING A GIVEN CONDITION
Basic Steps :
f (x  h )  f (x )
(i) Write down the expression for f ' (x) as f '(x) = lim
h 0
h
(ii) Manipulate f (x + h) – f (x) in such a way that the given functional rule is applicable. Now apply the
functional rule and simplify the RHS to get f ' (x) as a function of x along with constants if any.
(iii) Integrate f ' (x) to get f (x) as a function of x and a constant of integration. In some cases a differential
equation in formed, which can be solved to get f (x).
(iv) Apply the boundary value conditions to determine the value of this constant.
Illustration 16
If f(x) is a function saitsfies the relation for all x, y  R, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) and if f(0) = 2 and function is
differentiable everywhere then find f(x).
Sol. Method I :
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f (x) = hlim
0 h
f ( x )  f (h)  f ( x )  f (0)
= hlim
0 h
f (h)  f (0)
 f (x) = hlim
0
= f (0) = 2
h
 f (x) = 2
  f( x) dx   2 dx
 f(x) = 2x + c
 f(0) = 2.0 + c
as f(0) = 0
 c=0
 f(x) = 2x
Method II :
Since f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) is true for all values of x and y is independent of differentiating both
sides w.r.t x. (Here y is constant with respect to x).
f (x + y) = f (x)
put x = 0
f (y) = f (0)
  f( y) dy   2 dy
f(y) = 2y + c
 f(0) = 0 + c = 0
 c=0
 f(y) = 2y
 f(x) = 2x.
Illustration 17
f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  x, y  R, f(x) is a differentiable function and f (0) = 1 such that f(x)  0 for any x.
Find f(x).
Sol. f(x) is differentiable function
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f (x) = hlim
0 h
f ( x ).f (h)  f ( x ).f (0)

= hlim
0 h
 f(h)  f(0) 
= hlim
0
f(x)  
h

 
= f(x) . f (0)
= f(x)
 f (x) = f(x)
f ( x)
  f (x) dx =  1 dx {As f  x   0, for any x}
 n f(x) = x + c
 n 1 = 0 + c
 c=0
 n f(x) = x
 f(x) = ex.
Illustration 18
xy f (x)  f (y)
If f  2  =  x, y  R, f(0) = 1 and f (0) = – 1 such that function is differentiable for
  2
all x, then find f(x).
 2x  2h   2x  0 
f  f  
Sol. f(x) = hlim
0
 2   2 
h
f (2x)  f (2h) f (2x)  f (0)


= lim 2 2
h0
h
f (2h)  f (0)
= hlim
0 2h
= f (0)
=–1
f (x) =–1
integrating,
f(x) =–x+c
 c = + 1 (as f(0) = 1)
 f(x) = 1 – x.
Illustration 19
x
Let f be a differentiable function satisfying f   = f (x) – f (y) for all x, y > 0. If f ' (1) = 1 then find f(x).
y
xh
f 
f (x  h)  f (x)  x 
Sol. f ' (x) = Lim = (using given functional rule, replacing x by x + h and y by x)
h0 h h
 h
f 1    0
x
=  (put x = 1, y = 1 to get f (1) = 0 )
h
 h
f  1    f (1)
x f ' (1) 1
=  = = (as f ' (1) = 1)
h x x
x·
x
integrating, f (x) = ln x + c, but f (1) = 0  c = 0. Hence f (x) = ln x
Illustration 20
Suppose f is a derivable function that satisfies the equation f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + x2y + xy2
f (x)
for all real numbers x and y. If Lim = 1, find
x0 x
(a) f (0) (b) f ' (0) (c) f ' (x) (d) f (3)
f (x  h)  f (x) f (h )  x 2 h  xh 2
Sol. f ' (x) = Lim  Lim ; {By y = h in given functional rule}
h 0 h h 0 h
f ' (x) = 1 + x2 ; Also f (0) = 0 {By x = 0, y = 0 in given functional rule}
x3
 f (x) = x.
3
Hence, f  0   0, f '  0   1, f '  x   1  x 2 and f  3  12.
Illustration 21
A differentiable function satisfies the relation f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy – 1  x, y  R
If f ' (0) = 3  a  a 2 find f (x) and prove that f (x) > 0  x  R
f (x  h)  f (x)
Sol. f ' (x) = Lim
h0 h
f ( x )  f ( h )  2 xh  1  f ( x )
= Lim
h0 h
f (h )  1
= 2x + Lim [Put x = 0, y = 0 to get f (0) = 1]
h0 h
f ( h )  f (0 )
= 2x + Lim
h0 h
f ' (x) = 2x + f ' (0)
integrating f (x) = x2 + f ' (0)x + c
if x = 0 ; f (0) = 1  c = 1
f (x) = x2 +  3  a  a  x  1
2

 
now the discriminant, D = 3 + a – a2 – 4 = – (a2 – a + 1) < 0  f (x) > 0  x  R
Illustration 22
If f (x + y) = f (x) · f (y),  x , y  R and f (x) is a differentiable function everywhere. Find f (x).
Sol. Put x = 0 and y = 0 in given functional rule

 f (0) = f 2 (0)
 f (0) = 0 or f (0) = 1
f (x  h)  f (x)
Also, f ' (x) = Lim
h0 h
f ( x )·f ( h )  f ( x )
= Lim
h0 h
 f (h)  1
= Lim f (x)
h 0 h
f ( h )  f ( 0) 
= f (x) = f (x) · f ' (0)
h
Case I :
If f (0) = 0 then f (x) = 0
Conversely, if f(x)  0, f(0) can’t be 0.
Case II :
If f(x)  0,
f ' (x )
 = f ' (0)  ln [f (x) ] = f ' (0)x + c
f (x )
 f (x) = ef '(0)x ·ec
If x = 0, f (0) = 1  ec = 1
 f (x) = ekx where k = f ' (0)
 0 if f  0  0
f  x    kx

e if f  0   0 , where k = f ' (0).
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - 2
1 Let f  x  y   f  x  .f  y  and f  x   1  x g  x  G  x  where lim g  x   a and lim G  x   b. Then

x 0 x 0
f '  x   k f  x  , where k is equal to

(A) a/b (B) 1  ab (C) ab (D) none of these
2 Let f be a function satisfying f  x  y   f  x   f  y  and f  x   x 3   x  for all x and y, wheree   x  is
a continuous function, then f '  x  is equal to

(A) f  0  (B) g '  x  (C) 0 (D) none of these
3 Let f  x  y   f  x  .f  y  for all x, y  R and f  x   1  x  x  log 2 where lim   x   1. Then f '  x 

x 0
is equal to
2
(A) log 2f  x  (B) log  f  x  (C) log 2 (D) none of these
4 If f  x  y   2f  x  .f  y  for all x,y, where f '  0   3 and f  4   2, then f '  4  is equal to

(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 4 (D) none of these
f x
5 If f is differentiable function satisfying f  0   0 and g  x   , then value, that should be assigned
x
to g  0  , so that g is continuous at ‘0’ is
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) f  0  (D) f '  0 
1  2x 
6 If f  x   cos  2  , then f(x) is differentiable on
1 x 
(A)  ,   (B)  ,    0 (C)  ,    1,1 (D) none of these
7 Let f(x) be a differentiable function satisfying the condition f  x   f  x  , for all real x. The value of
f '  0  is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1 (D) none of these
1 1
8 The function f  x   2
, where u  , is discontinuous at the points
u u2 x 1
1 1
(A) x  2,1, (B) x  ,1, 2 (C) x  1,0 (D) none of these
2 2
9 The graph of the function y  f  x  has a unique tangent at the point  a, 0  through which the graph
log e 1  6 f  x 
passes, then lim is
x a 3 f x
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) none of these
10 Exhaustive set of points where f  x   x x is differentiable is
(A)  ,   ~ 0 (B)  ,   ~ 1 (C)  ,   ~ 1 (D)  ,  
 tan 1 x, x 1
11  , then f(x) is differentiable at
f x   x2  1
 , x 1
 4
(A)  ,   ~ 1 (B)  ,   ~ 1 (C)  ,   ~ 1, 1 (D)  ,   ~ 1,0,1
12 f  x   x 2n 1 , n  N, then
(A) f(x) is continuous but non-differentiable at x  0
(B) f(x) is differentiable at x  0
(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x  0
(D) none of the above
 x, x is rational 1
13 f x   then at x  , f(x) is
1  x x is irrational 2
(A) continuous but non-differentiable (B) discontinuous
(C) differentiable (D) none of the above
14 f  x   x   x , where [.] and {.} denote the greatest integer function and fractional
part respectively, then
(A) f(x) is continuous but non-differentiable at x  1
(B) f(x) is differentiable at x  1
(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x  1
15 Let f and g be differentiable function satisfying g '  a   2,g  a   b and fog  x   I (identity function),
then f '  b  is equal to

2 1
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) none of these
3 2

xn n
16 If f  x     log a  , then at x  0,f  x  .
n 0 n!
(A) has no limit (B) is discontinuous

(C) is continuous but not differentiable (D) is differentiable
x x
17 If f  x   x    ..... to  , then at x  0,f  x  .
1  x 1  x  2
(A) has no limit (B) is discontinuous
(C) is continuous but not differentiable (D) is differentiable
1  2x  3x 2  4x 3  ....to , x  1
18 The function f  x    is
 1, x  1
(A) continuous and derivable at x  1
(B) neither continuous nor derivable at x  1
(C) continuous but not derivable at x  1
2
19 Let f  x   a  x   be x  c x , where a,b and c are real constants and [ ] denotes the greatest integer
function. If f(x) is differentiable at x  0 , then
(A) b  0,c  0,a  R (B) a  0,c  0, b  R
(C) a  0, b  0, c  R (D) none of these
20 If 4x  3 y  5y , then y as a function of x is
(A) differentiable at x  0 (B) continuous at x  0
dy
(C)  2 for all x (D) none of the above
dx
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A
8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. A
15. C 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1 FIRST PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIATION
(i) The derivative or differential coefficient of a given function y = f(x) at a point x = a

on its domain is defined as :
f (a  h )f (a )
f (a) = Limit
h0 , provided that the limit exists.
h
dy
f (a) is also written as at x = a,
dx
dy f ( x )f (a)
i.e. = f (a) = Limit , provided that the limit exists.
dx x a x a xa
(ii) If x and x + h both belong to the domain of a function y = f(x), then
Limit f ( x  h)f ( x ) , if it exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient

h0
h
dy f ( x  h)f ( x )
of y = f(x) w.r.t x & is denoted by f (x) or . i.e., f (x) = Limit
h0
dx h
This method of differentiation is also called the ab-initio method or first principle.
EXAMPLE :
Find derivative of following functions by first principle
(i) f(x) = x2 (ii) f(x) = tan x (iii) f(x) = esinx
(x  h)2  x 2
Sol. (i) f(x) = hlim
0
h
2xh  h2
= hlim
0 = 2x.
h
tan( x  h)  tan x
(ii) f(x) = hlim
0
h
tan(x  h  x)[1  tan x tan(x  h)]

= hlim
0
h
tan h
= hlim
0 . (1 + tan2 x) = sec2 x.
h
esin( x  h)  esinx
(iii) f(x) = hlim
0
h
= lim esin x
e sin ( x  h )sin x


 1  sin(x  h)  sin x 

h0
sin(x  h)  sin x  h 
sin(x  h)  sinx
= esin x hlim
0 = esin x cos x
h
2. DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
f(x) f(x)
1. xn nxn – 1 (n  R)
2. ax ax n a ( a > 0, a  0)
1
3. n |x|
x
1
4. logax x n a
5. sin x cos x
6. cos x – sin x
7. tan x sec2 x
8. cot x – cosec2 x
9. sec x sec x tan x
10. cosec x – cosec x cot x
3. BASIC THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x)
dx
d d
2. (k f(x)) = k f(x)
dx dx
d
3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx
d  f( x)  g( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g( x )
4.   =
dx  g( x)  g2 ( x)
d
5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx
This rule is also called the chain rule of differentiation
dy dy dz
and can be written as = .
dx dz dx
Note that an important inference obtained from the chain rule
dy dy dx
is =1= .
dy dx dy
dy 1 dx
 = (whenever is finite and non-zero)
dx dx / dy dy
dy
Note : Here = 1 is not obtained by cancelling dy and dy from numerator and
dy
d
denominator but from dy y  1.
An important conclusion :
If y = f(x) and x = g(y) are inverse functions of each other, then
dy dx 1
= f(x) and dy
= g(y)  g(y) = f (x)
dx
Illustration 1
Find the differential coefficient of the following functions with respect to x.
(i) f(x) = esin x (ii) f(x) = sin( 2x  3)
x
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = x . sin x
1 x 2
Sol. (i) f(x) = esin x
d
f(x) = esin x (sin x) = esin x cos x
dx
(ii) f(x) = sin ( 2x  3 )
1 d
cos (2x  3)
= . (sin (2x + 3)) = sin (2x  3)
2 sin (2x  3) dx
x
(iii) f(x) =
1 x2
(1 x2 )  x(2x) 1 x2
f(x) = =
(1 x 2 )2 (1  x 2 ) 2
(iv) f(x) = x sin x
f(x) = x. cos x + sin x
Illustration 2
If f(x) = sin (x + tanx) then find value of f(0).
Sol. f(x) = cos (x + tanx) (1 + sec2 x)

f(0) = 2
Illustration 3
If y = f (x) = x3 + x5 and g is the inverse of f then find g ' (2).
Sol. Method I :
f
dy dx 1
= 3x2 + 5x4  g'(y) = =
dx dy 3x  5x 4
2
x y
when y = 2 then 2 = x3 + x5  x = 1
f 1
dx  1 1 g
 g ' (2) = dy  x 1 = = y = f(x) ; x = g(y)
y 2 35 8
Method II :
(gof)(x) = x
g ' [f(x)] f '(x) = 1 ; when f (x) = 2 then x = 1
g'(2) · f '(1) = 1 (but f ' (1) = 8)
 g ' (2) = 1/8
4. DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 
(i) y = sin–1 x where – 1  x  1 and – y
2 2
y = sin–1 x  x = sin y
dx
 dy
= cos y(which is finite and non-zero for y    i.e. x  1)
2
dy 1 1
 = =
dx cos y 1  sin 2 y
dy 1
 = – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x2
Note here, that cos y  1  sin 2 y , rather cos y = ± 1  sin 2 y but for values
  
of y    ,  , cos y is always positive and hence the result.
 2 2
(ii) For y  cos1 x where – 1  x  1 and 0  y  
 dy 1
we have, y   sin 1 x  
2 dx 1 x2
  
(iii) y = tan–1 x where x  R and y    , 
2 2  
y = tan–1 x  x = tan y
dx
 = sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y (which is always finite and non-zero)
dy
dx
 dy
= 1 + x2
dy 1
 = (x  R)
dx 1 x 2
(iv) For y  cot 1 x where x  R and y   0, 
 dy 1
we have, y   tan1 x  
2 dx 1  x 2

(v) y = sec–1 x where x  1 and y  [0, ]   2 
 
y = sec–1x  x = sec y
dx
 dy
= sec y tan y (which is finite and non-zero for y  0 &  i.e. x  1)
dy 1
 = x. tan y
dx
 1
 sec y  1
dy 1 dy  x x2  1
 =  =  1
dx x 2
sec y  1 dx  sec y  1
 x x 2  1
dy 1
 = x  (– , – 1)  (1, )
dx | x | x2  1
  
(vi) For y  cosec 1x where x  1 and y    ,   0
 2 2
 dy 1
 sec 1 x  
we have, y  dx x x 2  1
2
Differential coefficient of inverse trigonometric functions :
f(x) f(x)
1
1. sin–1x  |x| < 1
1 x2
1
2. cos–1x  |x| < 1
1 x2
1
3. tan–1x  xR
1 x2
1
4. cot–1x  xR
1 x2
1
5. sec–1 x  |x| > 1
| x | x2  1
1
6. cosec-1 x  |x| > 1
| x | x2  1
Illustration 4
If f(x) = n (sin–1 x2) find f(x)
1 1
Sol. f(x) = . . 2x
(sin 1 x 2 ) 1  ( x 2 )2
2x
= 1
(sin x 2 ) 1 x 4
Illustration 5
If f(x) = 2x sec–1x – cosec–1 (x) then find f(–2)
2x 1
Sol. f(x) = 2 sec–1 (x) + 2 +
| x | x 1 | x | x2  1
2 1
f(–2) = 2.sec–1 (– 2)  +
3 2 3
4 3 4 3
f(–2) = – =  
3 2 3 3 2
5. VARIOUS METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Logarithmic Differentiation
The process of taking logarithm of the function first and then differentiating is called
Logarithmic Differentiation. It is useful if
(i) a function is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR

(ii) a function is of the form [f(x)]g(x) where f & g are both derivable.
Illustration 6
dy
If y = xx find
dx
Sol. n y = x n x
1 dy 1
 y
. =x. + n x
dx x
dy
 = xx (1 + n x)
dx
Illustration 7
dy
If y = (sin x)n x, find
dx
Sol. n y = n x . n (sin x)
1 dy 1 cos x
 y dx
= n (sin x) + n x.
x sin x
dy  n  sin x  
 = (sin x)n x   cot x  n x 
dx  x 
Illustration 8
x1/ 2(1 2x)2 / 3 dy

If y = , then find
(2  3x)3 / 4(3  4x)4 / 5 dx
1 2 3 4
Sol. n y = n x + n (1 – 2x) – n (2 – 3x) – n (3 – 4x)
2 3 4 5
1 dy 1 4 9 16
 y dx
= – 3(1  2x ) + 4 (2  3 x) + 5 (3  4 x)
2x
dy  1 4 9 16 
= y  2x  3 (1 2x)  4(2  3x)  5 (3  4x) 
dx  
2. Differentiation of Implicit Functions

dy
If f(x, y) = 0, is an implicit function then in order to find , we differentiate each term w. r. to x regarding
dx
dy
y as a functions of x & then collect terms in .
dx
Illustration 9
dy
If x3 + y3 = 3xy , then find
dx
dy dy
Sol. Differentiation both sides w. r. tox, we get 3x2 + 3y2 = 3x + 3y
dx dx
dy y  x2
or = y2  x
dx
Note that, above result holds only for points where y2 – x  0
Illustration 10
dy
If xy = ex – y, then find
dx
Sol. Taking log on both sides, y n x = (x – y) .........(i)

y dy dy
differentiating w.r.t x, we get + lnx =1–
x dx dx
y
1
dy x
 =
dx 1  n x
dy xy
 = x(1  n x )
dx
Illustration 11
dy
If xy + yx = 2 then find
dx
du dv
Sol. u + v = 2  + =0
dx dx
where u = xy & v = yx  n u = y n x & n v = x n y
1 du y dy 1 dv x dy
 = + n x & = n y + y
u dx x dx v dx dx
du y dy  dv  x dy 
 = xy  x  n x dx  & = yx  n y  y dx 
dx   dx  
y dy   x dy 
 xy  x  n x dx  + yx  n y  y dx  = 0.
   
 x y y
 y n y  x . 
dy  x
 =–
dx  y x x
 x n x  y . y 
 
3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.
(i) a2  x2  x = a sin  or a cos 
(ii) x2  a2  x = a tan  or a cot 
(iii) x2  a2  x = a sec  or a cosec 
ax
(iv)  x = a cos  or a cos2 
ax
ax
(v)  x = a tan  or a cot 
ax
x  
vi)   x
or x      x  x =  cos2  +  sin2 
x  
(vii) x  
or x    x     x =  sec2   tan2 
Illustration 12
 1  x 2  1
Differentiate y = tan–1  
.
x
 
  
Sol. Let x = tan    = tan–1 x ;    2 , 2 
 
 | sec  | 1     
 y = tan–1    |sec| = sec   ,  
 tan     2 2 
 1  cos  
 y = tan–1  sin  
 
 
 y = tan–1  tan 2 
 
     
 y=  tan–1 (tanx) = x  x    2 , 2  
2    
1
 y= tan–1 x
2
dy 1
 = 2(1  x 2 )
dx
Illustration 13
dy  1 x  1  x 
Find where y = tan–1  

dx  1  x  1 x 
Sol. x = cos  = cos–1 (x) ;  [0, ]
 1  cos   1  cos  
 y= tan–1  
 1  cos   1  cos  
  
 2 cos 2  2 sin 2 
 y = tan–1  
 2 cos   2 sin  
 2 2
 
 1  tan 2      
 y = tan–1    tan1  tan    
 1  tan     4 2 
 2
        
 y= –  As, for   0,  then     ,  
4 2  4 2  4 4 
 1 dy 1
 y= – cos–1 x  =
4 2 dx 2 1 x2
     
Note that 1  cos  = 2 cos
2
and for   0, 2  , 2 cos = 2 cos
2   2 2
  
Also tan–1 (tan x) = x for x    ,  .
 2 2
Illustration 14
2x 
If f(x) = sin–1  2
 then find
 1 x 
 1
(i) f(2) (ii) f   (iii) f(1)
2
Sol. Method I :
x = tan 
 
  = tan–1(x); – <<
2 2
 y = sin–1 (sin 2)
 
   2 2
 2      2 tan 1 x x 1
    1
y=  2   2   f(x) =  2 tan x 1 x  1
 2 2  (   2 tan 1 x ) x  1
 (   2)    2    
 2
 2
 2
x 1
 1 x
 2
 2
1 x  1
 f(x) =  1 x
 2 x  1
 1  x 2
2  1 8
(i) f(2) = – (ii) f  2  =
5   5
(iii) f(1+) = – 1 & f(1– ) = + 1  f(1) does not exist.
Method II :
This problem can also be solved without any substution.
 2x 
f(x) = sin–1  2

 1 x 
1 2{(1  x 2 )  2x 2 }
f(x) = .
4x 2 (1  x 2 )2
1
(1  x 2 ) 2
(1 x2 ) 2(1  x 2 )
= .
(1 x 2 )2 (1  x 2 )2
2 (1  x 2 )
f(x) = .
(1  x 2 ) | 1 x2 |
 2
|x|1
 1  x 2
thus f(x) =   2
 |x|1
 1  x 2
Illustration 15
dy 1 y2
If 1 x 2 + 1 y 2 = a(x – y), then prove that = .
dx 1 x2
Sol. Method I :
Put x = sin    = sin–1 (x)
y = sin    = sin–1 (y)
 cos + cos  = a (sin – sin)
   
 2cos  2  cos  2  = 2a cos  2  sin  2 
       

 cot  2  = a   –  = 2 cot–1 (a)
 
 sin–1 x – sin–1 y = 2 cot–1 (a)
1 1 dy
differentiating w.r.t to x. – 2
=0
1 x 2
1 y dx
dy 1 y2
 =
dx 1 x2
Method II :
x y dy  dy 
Using implicit differention., 2 – 1 y2 = a 1  dx 
1 x dx  
 
 y  dy x
  a   =a+
 1 y2  dx 1 x2
x 1  x 2  1 y 2 x
a 
dy 1 x 2 dy xy 1 x 2
 =  =
dx y dx 1 x 2  1  y 2 y
a 
2
1 y xy 1 y2
dy (1  x 2 )  (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )  x 2  xy 1 y2
= .
dx (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )  (1  y 2 )  xy  y 2 1 x2
1  (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )  xy 1 y2 dy 1 y2
= .  = .
1  (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )  xy 1 x2 dx 1 x2
4. Parametric Differentiation
 dy 
 d 
dy
If y = f() & x = g() where is a parameter, then   
.
dx  dx 
 d 
 
5. Derivative of one function with respect to another
 dy 
d y  dx  f '(x)
Let y = f(x); z = g(x) then   .
dz  dz  g'(x)
 
 dx 
Illustration 16
dy
If x= a cos3 t and y = a sin3 t. Find
dx
 dy 
   3a sin2 t cost
dy  dt 
Sol. = = = – tan t
dx  dx  3a cos2 t sint
 
 dt 
Illustration 17
dy 
If y = a cos t and x = a (t – sint) find the value of at t = .
dx 2
dy asint
Sol. =
dx a(1 cos t)
dy
 dx  = – 1.
t
2
Illustration 18
Find derivative of y = n x with respect to z = Illustration
 dy 
 
dy  dx  1
Sol. = =
dz dz
  xe x
 
 dx 
6. DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER
Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b) is a certain
function f (x) [or (dy/dx) or y ] & is called the first derivative of y w. r. t. x.
If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on (a, b) then this derivative is called the second
derivative of y w. r. t. x & is denoted by f (x) or (d2 y/dx2 ) or y .
d3 y d  d2 y 
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w. r. t. x, if it exists, is defined by   
d x 3 dx  d x 2 
It is also denoted by f (x) or y .
Illustration 19
If y = x3 n x then find yand y
1
Sol. y = 3x2 n x + x3
x
y = 3x2 n x + x2
1
y = 6x n x + 3x2 . + 2x
x
y = 6x n x + 5x
y = 6 n x + 11
Illustration 20
x
 1
If y =   then find y(1)
x
Sol. n y = – x n x when x = 1  y=1
y
 y
= – (1 + n x)
 y = – y (1 + n x) ......(i)
1
Again diff. w. r. to to x, y = – y(1 + n x) – y .
x
y
 y = y (1 + ln x)2 – (using (i))
x
 y(1) = 0
It must be carefully noted that in case of parametric functions
 dy   d2 y 
   2  dy 
 dt   dt   
dy d2 y 2
d2 y d  dt 
Although =  dx  but   dx  rather =
dx   dx 2  2 dx 2 dx  dx 
 dt   dt   
 dt 
which on applying chain rule can be resolved as
 dy   dx d2 y dy d2 x 
 .  . 
2
d y  
d  dt  dt d y2  dt dt 2 dt dt 2  dt
 
= .  2 = 2 .
dx 2 dt  dx  dx dx  dx  dx
   
 dt   dt 
 dx d2 y dy d2 x 
 . 2  . 
d2y  dt dt dt dt 2 
= 3
dx 2  dx 
 
 dt 
Illustration 21
d2 y
If x = t + 1 and y = t2 + t3 then find .
dx 2
dy dx
Sol. = 2t + 3t2 ; =1
dt dt
dy
 = 2t + 3t2
dx
d2 y d dt
 = (2t + 3t2 ) .
dx 2 dt dx
d2 y
= 2 + 6t.
dx 2
Illustration 22
d2 y 
If x = 2 cos t – cos 2t and y = 2 sin t – sin 2t then find value of at t = .
dx 2 2
dy dx
Sol. = 2 cos t – 2 cos 2t = 2 sin 2t – 2 sin t
dt dt
3t t
. sin 2sin
dy cos t  cos 2t 2 2
= = 3t t .
dx sin2t  sin t 2cos . sin
2 2
dy 3t
 = tan
dx 2
d2 y d  3t 
 2 =  tan 
dx dx  2
d2 y d  3t  dt
 2 =  tan  .
dx dt  2  dx
3 3t
d2 y . sec 2 d2 y 3
 = 2 2  =–
dx 2 2 (sin2t  sin t) dx2 t
 2
2
Illustration 23
Find second order derivative of y= sin x with respect to z = Illustration
 dy 
 
dy  dx  cos x
Sol.  = dz = x
dz   e
 
dx
 
d2y d  cos x 
 =  
dz 2 dz  e x 
d2 y d  cos x  dx
 =  .
dx 2 dx  e x  dz
ex  sin x  ex  cos x

= . 1x
(ex )2 e
d2 y (sin x  cos x)
2 = –
dz e2 x
Illustration 24
y = f(x) and x =g(y) are inverse functions of each other then, express g(y) and g(y) in terms of derivative
of f(x).
dy dx
Sol. = f(x) and = g(y)
dx dy
1
 g(y) = ...........(i)
f (x)
again differentiating w. r. to to y
d  1 
g(y) = dy  
 f ( x ) 
d  1  dx f (x)
=   . = –
 f (x) . g(y)
2
dx  f ( x)  dy
f (x)
 g(y) = – f (x) 3 .........(ii)
 
which can also be remembered as
 d2 y 
2  2
dx  dx 
=– 3 .
dy 2  dy 
 
 dx 
Illustration 25
y = sin (sinx) then prove that y + (tanx) y + y cos2 x = 0
Sol. Such expression can be easily proved using implict differention.

 y = cos (sin x) cos x
 (sec x)  y = cos (sin x)
again differentiating w.r.t x, we can get
(secx)  y + y (sec x tan x) = – sin (sin x) cos x
 y (tanx)  y = – y  cos2 x
 y +(tanx)  y + y cos2 x = 0
Illustration 26
d2 y dy
If y = (tan–1 x)2 then prove that (1 + x2 )2 2 + 2x (1 + x2 ) = 2.
dx dx
dy 2 tan1 x dy
Sol. =  (1 + x2 ) = 2tan–1 (x)
dx 1 x 2 dx
d2 y dy 2
 (1 + x2 ) + 2x =
dx 2 dx (1  x 2 )
d2 y dy
 (1 + x2 )2 2 + 2x (1 + x2 ) =2
dx dx
7. DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINENTS
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
l( x ) m( x ) n( x )
If F(x) = , where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u( x) v( x ) w( x )
f ' ( x) g' ( x ) h' ( x) f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) f ( x) g( x ) h( x)

l( x) m( x ) n( x ) l' ( x ) m' ( x) n' ( x) l( x ) m( x) n( x)
F (x) = + +
u( x ) v( x ) w( x ) u( x) v( x ) w( x ) u' ( x ) v' ( x) w ' ( x )
Illustration 27
x 1 2
d
If  (x) = 0 x 2 1 , then find dx  (x) at x = 1
1 1 x3
1 0 0 x 1 2 x 1 2
d 2
Sol.  (x) = 0 x 1 + 0 2x 0 + 0 x 2 1
dx
1 1 x3 1 1 x3 0 0 3x 2
(Differentiating row-wise)
1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2
d 
  (x) = 0 1 1 + 0 2 0 + 0 1 1 =  0    2   3   1
 dx  x 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3
8. L’ HOSPITAL’S RULE
If f(x) & g(x) are functions of x such that:
(i) lim f(x) = 0 = lim g(x) OR lim f(x)   and lim g(x)  
x a x a x a x a
(ii) Both f(x) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a
(iii) Both f (x) & g (x) are continuous at x = a,

f ( x) f '(x)
then lim
x a g( x )
= lim
x a g' ( x )
Illustration 28
 
ln ln(1  k 4 )
Evaluate : Lim k0 ln ln(1  k  2
Sol. Using L'Hospital rule
Lim
4k 3 
ln(1  k 2 ) (1  k 2 )   1 k 2 
· Lim
 k 0  1
k 0
 4
 4
ln(1  k ) (1  k ) 2k  1 k 4

4 k 2 ln(1  k 2 )k 2 4 k4 ln(1  k 2 )
= Lim 4 2 = Lim · =2
2 k  0 ln(1  k )k 4
2 k  0 ln (1  k )  k 2 
 
1 1
Illustration 29
Evaluate : Lim (1  2x )sin x
x 0 
Sol. Let the given limit = l
x ln(1  2x )
 ln l = Lim sinxln(1 2 ) = Lim
x 0 x 0 cosec x
Using L'Hospital's rule
2x ln2 1
ln l = Lim ·
x0 (1  2x ) cosec x·cot x
ln2 sin x·tanx

=  Lim ·
x 0  2x  1 x
 
 x 
hence ln l = – Lim tanx = 0  l = e0 = 1
x0
Illustration 30
2x  1  x  3  4
Evaluate : Lim
x 4
(3x  4)  5x  5  9
1 1 1 1
 
2x  1 2 x  3 3 2 20
Sol. The given limit = Lim
3 5
= 3 1 =
x 4  21
 8 2
2 3x  4 2 5x  5
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 3
1. Derivative of the functions (1 + 3x2 ) (2x3 – 1) w. r. to x, is

(a) 6x(5x3 – x – 1) (b) 6x(5x3 + x – 1) (c) 6x(5x3 – x + 1) (d) 5x(6x3 + x – 1)
(x  1)
2. Derivative of the functions (x  2)(x  3) w. r. to x, is
x 2  2x  1 x 2  2x  1 x 2  2x  1  x 2  2x  1
(a) (b) (c)  (d)
(x  2) 2 (x  3) 2 (x  2) 2 (x  3) 2 (x  2)2 (x  3)2 (x  2) 2 (x  3) 2
3. Derivative of the functions 1 x 2 w. r. to x, is
x 2x x x
(a) (b) (c) (d) 
1 x2 1 x2 2 1 x2 1 x2
1 x
4. Derivative of the functions w. r. to x, is
1 x
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1  x  1 x 2
1  x  1 x 2
1  x  1 x 1  x  1 x
5. Derivative of the functions cos3 x sin x w. r. to x, is (1 – sin2 x)(1 – a sin2 x), then a =
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 5
6. Derivative of the functions xex sin x w. r. to x, at x = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) e (c) 0 (d) 2e
sin x
7. Derivative of the functions w. r. to x, is
1  cos x
2 x 1 x x
(a) sec (b) sec 2 (c) 2 sec
2
(d) none of these
2 2 2 2
3
8. Derivative of the functions n (sin x – cos x) w. r. to x, at x  , is
4
1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) not defined
2
 1 x 
9. Derivative of the functions tan–1  1  x  w. r. to x, is
 
1 2x 2x 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
x
 1
10. Derivative of the functions y = 1   w. r. to x, is
 x
y 1  x 1   y 1
(a) y    (b) y  y  1  x  (c) y    (d) none of these
 x 1 x    1 x x 
11. Derivative of the functions (ln x)x + (x)sin x w. r. to x, at x = 1, is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin 1 (d) not defined
dy
12. If y = cos (x + y), then =
dx
 sin(x  y) sin(x  y)  sin(x  y) sin(x  y)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1  sin(x  y) 1  sin(x  y) 1  sin(x  y) 1  sin(x  y)
dy
13. If x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 , then =
dx
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
y y x x
(a)    (b)   (c)    (d)  
x x y y
dy f x
14. If xy = ex – y &  , then f(x) is
dx 1  f  x  2
(a) x y (b) ln x (c) e x  y (d) x y ln x
p q d2y
15. If x p  y q   x  y  , then is
dx 2
1 pq pyq
(a) (b) p q (c)  p (d) 0
xy x y qx
 1 t2   2t  dy
16. If x = a  1  t 2  & y = b  
2 , then =
   1 t  dx
(t 2  1)b (t 2  1)b (t 2  1)b (t 2  1)b

(a) (b) (c) (d)
2at at at 2at
dy
17. If x = ax = a (cos t + t sin t) & y = a (sin t – t cos t), then =
dx
(a) – tan t (b) tan t (c) cot t (d) – cot t
 x2  dy kxa 2
18. If y = sin–1  4 4  , then = 4 4 , where k =
 x a  dx x a
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1/2
n x d2 y
19. If y = then find in terms of x is
x dx 2
2n x  3 2n x  3 3n x  2

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
x3 x4 x3
d2 y
20. If y = x + tan x satisfies the differentiation equation cos2 x = k(y x), then k =
dx 2
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/2
ANSWER KEY
1. b 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b
8. a 9. d 10. a 11. d 12. c 13. a 14. b
15. d 16. d 17. b 18. b 19. a 20. a
EXERCISE – 1(A)
CONTINUITY
 x  , x  3

1. If f  x    4, x  3 is continuous at x = 3, then  =
3x  5, x  3

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
 2 1
 x sin 2 , x  0
2. If f (x)   x is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
 k, x0
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 2
 2x  1, when x  1

3. If f (x)  k, when x  1 is continuous at x =1, then the value of k is
5x  2, when x  1

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 1
cos xsin   , x  0
4. The value of k which makes f (x)   x continuous at x = 0 is
 k, x 0

(a) 8 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
 mx 2 , x  1
5. The value of m for which the function f (x)   is continuous at x = 1, is
 2x, x  1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) does not exist
 (cos x)1/ x , x  0
6. If the function f (x)   is continuous at x = 0, then the value of k is
k , x0
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) e
 2 
 x  a 2 sin x , 0  x  4

If the function f (x)   2 x cos x  b  
7. ,  x  , is continuous in the interval
 4 2
 
 2b sin x  a cos 2x , 2  x  

[0, ] then the number of ordered pairs (a, b) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
CENTERS : MUMBAI /DELHI /AKOLA /LUCKNOW /NASHIK /PUNE /NAGPUR /BOKARO /DUBAI # 48
 x
2  sin 2 for    x  1

8. If the function f (x)   ax  b for 1  x  2 is continuous in the interval ( , 6) then the values
 x
 tan for 2  x  4
 8
of a and b are respectively
(a) 5, 2 (b) 2, 5 (c) 2, 5 (d) 2, 5
 
 x sin x, when 0  x 
2 , then
9. If f (x)  
  cos 2x, 
when  x  
 2 2
 
(a) f(x) is discontinuous at x  (b) f(x) is continuous at x 
2 2
(c) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (d) none of these

1  cos 6x , when x  0
 3x 2
10. If f (x)   a , when x  0 is continuous at x = 0, then the value of ‘a’ will be

 x
, when x  0
 9 x 3

(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) none of these
1
11. Number of points of discontinuity of g of (x), where f  x   2
& g x   1 is
x x6 x 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 0
12. The function f (x)  ln b ln(a  x)  ln a ln(b  x) is not defined at x 0. The value which should be
2x
assigned to f at x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0, is
ln  b b / a a  ln  b b a a  ln  b a a b  ln  b a / a b 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab 2ab ab ab
 x 2  5x  6
, for x  2
13. If f (x)   x 2  4 , then
2 , for x  2

(a) lim f (x)  1 (b) lim f (x )   1
x  2 4 x2 4
1
(c) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 (d) lim f (x) 
x 2 4
 x  1, x  0
1

14. If f (x)   , x  0 , then
 42
 x , x  0
(a) lim f (x)  1 (b) lim f (x)  1
x0 x0
(c) f (x ) is discontinuous at x = 0 (d) none of these
a
 3|tan x| 
 (1 | tan x |) ,  x0
 6
15. Let f (x)   b , x 0 , then the values of a and b if f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
 tan 6x
 
e tan 3x , 0x
 6
are respectively
(a) 6, 2 (b) 6, e2 (c) 2,e6 (d) none of these
 4x 
16. Let f ( x ) be defined for all x  0 and be continuous. Let f ( x ) satisfy f    f (x)  f (y) for all x,
 y 
y and f (4e)  1, then
(a) f(x) = ln 4x (b) f ( x ) is bounded
1
(c) limf    0 (d) lim xf (x)  0
x0
x x 4
  
17. Let f (x)   x 1 sin   , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Points of
  x  2 
discontinuity of f  x  in the domain are
(a) I – {– 1} (b) I – {0} (c) I – {– 2} (d) I
2x  sin1 x
18. If the function f (x)  ,(x  0) is continuous at each point of its domain, then the value
2x  tan1 x
of f(0) is
(a) 2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) – 1/3
 
 4sin x, x
2

  
19. The values of a and b such that the function f (x)  a sin x  b,   x  , is continuous
 2 2
 
 cos x, x
2

everywhere, are
(a) a = b = 2 (b) a = b = 2 (c) a = b = 2 (d) a = b = 2
x2 10x  25
20. If f(x)  2 for x  5 and f is continuous at x = 5, then f(5) =
x  7x 10
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 25
21. In order that the function f(x)  (x 1)cot x is continuous at x = 0, then

1
(a) f (0)  (b) f (0)  0 (c) f (0)  e (d) none of these
e
22. The function f ( x )  sin | x | is

(a) continuous for all x (b) continuous only at certain points
(c) differentiable at all points (d) none of these
 3x
1  sin 2 
 , x 
23. If f (x)     3x 2 be continuous at x  , , then value of  is
 3

 , x 
 2
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
2 x 4
24. If f (x)  , (x  0), is continuous function at x 0, then f (0 ) equals
sin 2x
1 1 1 1
(a) (b)  (c) (d) 
4 4 8 8
 3x if x is rational
25. If function f (x)   2 then f ( x ) is continuous at ...... number of points
 x  2 if x is irrational
(a)  (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
1
 1

 x 2  e 2 x  , x2
26. The function defined by f (x)    
, is continuous from right at the point x = 2,

 k , x2
then k is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) –1/4 (d) none of these
1  sin x  cos x
27. The function f (x )  is not defined at x  . The value of f (  ), so that f ( x ) is
1  sin x  cos x
continuous at x   , is
1 1
(a)  (b) (c) –1 (d) 1
2 2
 4  kx  4  kx
 , 1  x  0
f (x)  x
28. If  is continuous at x = 0, then k =
 2x 2  3x
, 0  x 1
 sin x
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) –1
|x|
29. The function f (x)  | x |  is
x
(a) continuous at the origin
(b) discontinuous at the origin because |x| is discontinuous there
|x|
(c) discontinuous at the origin because is discontinuous there
x
|x|
(d) discontinuous at the origin because both |x| and are discontinuous there
x
DIFFERENTIABILITY
 x  e x  1
 , x0
30. Consider f (x)   | tan x |

 0 , x0
(a) f(x) is discontinuous everywhere
(b) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) f(x) is differentiable everywhere in (–1, 1)
(d) f(x) is differentiable everywhere in (0, 2)
x
31. If the function f is defined by f (x)  , then f(x) is differentiable
1 | x |
(a) everywhere in its domain (b) everywhere except at x   1
(c) everywhere except at x = 0 (d) everywhere except x = 0,  1
32. The value of the derivative of f  x  | x 1|  | x  3| at x  2 is

(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) not defined
 sin x 2
, x0
33. The function f defined by f (x)   x , is
 0 , x0

(a) continuous and derivable at x  0 (b) neither continuous nor derivable at x  0
(c) continuous but not derivable at x  0 (d) none of these
34. If f ( x )  | lo g | x || , then f(x) is

(a) continuous and differentiable for all x in its domain
(b) continuous for all x in its domain but not differentiable at x   1 .
(c) neither continuous nor differentiable at x   1
(d) none of these
35. The left hand derivative of f  x    x  sin x at x  k (k is an integer), where [x] denotes greatest
integer less than or equal to x, is
(a) (1)k (k 1)  (b) (1)k1(k 1)  (c) (1)k k  (d) (1)k1k 
36. The function f (x )  | x |  | x  1 | , is

(a) continuous at x = 1 but not differentiable
(b) continuous and differentiable at x = 1
(c) discontinuous at x = 0
(d) continuous and differentiable at x = 0
37. Let f ( x ) | x  1 |  | x  1 | , then the function is

(a) continuous &differentiable everywhere
(b) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x   1
(c) continuous & differentiable everywhere except x   1
(d) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x  0,  1
ax 2  bx  2 , x  1
38. If the derivative of the function f (x)   2
is everywhere continuous and
 bx  ax  4 , x  1
differentiable at x = –1 then (a, b) is
(a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 2) (c) (–2,– 3) (d) none of these
f (x) gx f (x)3  g(x) 3  x

39. Let f be twice differentiable function such that g '(x)   , f '(x)  , h(x)  e . If
g x f x
h(5)  e6, then h(10) is equal to
(a) e22 (b) e11 (c) e6 (d) none of these
| 2x  3|[x] , x  1

40. The function f (x)     x  is
sin  2  , x  1
  
(a) continuous at x  2 (b) differentiable at x  1
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x  1 (d) none of these
2
41. The set of points where the function f (x)  1  e  x is differentiable
(a) (  ,  ) (b) (  , 0)  (0,  ) (c) (1,  ) (d) none of these
|sinx|
42. The function f(x)  e is
(a) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x  n , n  I
(b) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) discontinuous at x  n, n  I
(d) none of these
43. If f (x)  1  1  x 2 , then f ( x ) is

(a) continuous on [–1, 1] and differentiable on (–1, 1)
(b) continuous on [–1,1] and differentiable on (–1, 0)  (0, 1)
(c) continuous and differentiable on [–1, 1]
(d) none of these
44. Let f ( x ) be a function differentiable at x  c . Then lim f (x) equals

x c
1
(a) f '(c) (b) f "(c) (c) (d) none of these
f (c)
45. The function f(x)  (x2  4)| x2 3x  2| cos| x| is not differentiable at
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
   1  1 
 2  |x| x  , x  0
46. If f (x)   x e , then f ( x ) is
 0 , x 0
(a) Continuous as well as differentiable for all x
(b) Continuous for all x but not differentiable at x 0
(c) Neither differentiable nor continuous at x 0
(d) Discontinuous every where
1
47. The function f (x)  x 3 sin 2 , x  0, f (0)  0 , at x = 0, is
x
(a) continuous but not differentiable (b) discontinuous
(c) differentiable (d) continuous and differentiable
48. Which of the following is not true

(a) An algebraic polynomial function is everywhere continuous & differentiable
(b) A continuous function is always differentiable
(c) A differentiable function is always continuous
(d) Modulus function is not differentiable at its zeros
49. If f (x )  sgn (sin x ), then f(x) is

(a) continuous but not derivable at 0 (b) continuous but not derivable at 
2
(c)continuous & derivable at  (d) discontinuous at 0
1  x, x  2
50. A function f (x)   is
5  x, x  2
(a) discontinuous at x  2
(b) continuous & differentiable at x  2
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x  2
(d) none of the above
51. Let f : R  R be a given function. Define g : R  R by g(x)  f | x |  for all x.

Then g is
(a) Onto if f is onto (b) One-one if f is one-one
(c) Continuous if f is continuous (d) Differentiable if f is differentiable
DIFFERENTIATION
52. If f ( 4 )  6 , f  ( 4 )  1, then lim xf (4)  4f (x) 
x4 x4
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –2
53. If f (x  2 y)  2f (x )f (y) for all x and y and f (5)  2, f  (0)  3, then f (5) will be
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
g2 (x)f 2 (2)  f 2 (x)g2 (2)

54. If f (2)  3, f (2)   2, g(2)   1, g (2)  4, then lim =
x 2 x2  4
(a) – 30 (b) 15 (c) – 15 (d) 30
2  dy 
55. If 5f (2x)  3f    2x  2 and y  xf (x) then   is equal to
x  dx  x 1
7
(a) 14 (b) (c) 1 (d) none of these
8
56. The derivative of f(x) | x3 1| at x  1 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) not defined
x3
57. The first derivative of the function f (x) = sin2xcos2xcos3x  log2 2 with respect to x at
x   is

(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) 2  2 loge 2 (d) 2  loge 2
dy
58. If y | cos3 x |  |sin3 x | then at x  3 is
dx 4
3
(a) 6 2 (b) 0 (c) (d) none of these
2
59. If f(x)  logx (logx), then f(x) at x = e is

(a) e (b) 1/e (c) 1 (d) None of these
60. If f (x )  | log x |, then for x  1, f  (x ) equals

1 1 1
(a) (b) (c)  (d) none of these
x |x| x
d   x  x  1  
61.
dx
 log  e     equals to
   x  1  
x2 x2 1  x2  1 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) e x  
x 1 x 1 2
 x 1 
 yx 
tan  1 
 x 
 dy
62. If x  e then , at x = 1, is
dx
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
 x 1   x 1 
 , then dy 
1 1
63. If y  sec    sin 
 x 1   x 1  dx
1
x 1
d  cos x  sin x 
64. tan 1  
dx  cos x  sin x 
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) –1
2 1  x 2  1 x2
d  2  1 1  x 
65. sin  cot  equals
dx   1  x 
1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c)  (d) 1
2 2
1  5cos x 12sin x    dy
66. If y  cos   , x   0,  , then is equal to
 13   2 dx
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
d  tan2 2x  tan2 x  
67.  2 2  cot 3x
dx  1  tan 2x tan x  
(a) tan 2x tan x (b) tan 3x tan x (c) sec2 x (d) sec x tan x
 x x  x x 
68. If f (x)  cot 1   , then f '(1) is equal to
 2 
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) log 2 (d)  log 2
69. If y  (1  x) 1  x 2 1  x 4 1  x 8  then dy at x = 0 is

dx
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
 
70. If f ( x )  cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x then f    is
4
1
2
xexy  y2sinx , then at dy

71. If x0 , =
dx
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) 2
dy
72. If sin(3x  2y)  log(3x  2 y) , then =
dx
(a) 3/2 (b) – 3/2 (c) 2/3 (d) – 2/3
x4y5  2(x  y)9, the value of dy

73. If is
dx
x y
(a) xy (b) (c) (d) xy
y x
dy
74. If x  a  cos  sin  , y  a  sin    cos   , then 
dx
(a) cos  (b) tan  (c) sec  (d) cosec
1 t dy
75. If cos x  2
and sin y  2
, then =
1 t 1 t dx
1 t 1
(a) –1 (b) (c) (d) 1
1 t2 1 t2
1 t 2 2t dy
76. If x  and y  , then 
1 t2 1 t 2
dx
y y x x
(a)  (b) (c)  (d)
x x y y
dy
77. If y  x  1  x  1  x  1... terms then 
dx
x 2 x 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y 1 2y 1 1  2y 2y 1
 x1 x1..... dy
78. If y   x 1 , then 1  ln y  x  1  is
dx
(a) x2 (b) y2 (c) xy2 (d) none of these
2 dy
79. If y  x 2  , then 
2 dx
x2 
2
x2 
x 2  ......
2xy xy xy 2xy
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y  x2 y  x2 y  x2 2y  x 2
2y........to 
dy
80. If x  e2ye , then is
dx
1 x 1 1 x 2x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2x 2x 2x 1 x
C ON TIN U ITY, D IFFE RE N TIABILITY & M OD Rg. 2018 - 2020
EXERCISE - 1 (B)
CONTINUITY
 2x  1, x  1

1. The function f  x    4x  1, 1  x  1 is continuous
3  2x, x 1

(A) at x = 1 (B) at x = 1 (C) everywhere (D) none of these
 tan x
 , x0
x
2. Let f  x    sin x
, then
1  e , x  0
 sin x
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(x) as a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) lim f  x  does not exist (D) f(x) is continuous everywhere except x = 0
x 0
3. Let f :  1,1   2, 2  be a continuous function, then f(x) must be

(A) onto (B) into (C) one-one (D) many-one
4. Let f : R  N is a continuous function and f(1) = 2, then f(2) =

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) not defined
5. If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then which of the following will not be continuous at x = a
(A) f(x) + g(x) (B) f(x)g(x) (C) f(g(x)) (D) none of these
 1, when x  1

6. Function f(x) =  x, when 1  x  1 is discontinuous
 1, when x 1

(A) only at x = 1 (B) only at x = – 1
(C) at both x = 1 and x = – 1 (D) neither at x = 1 nor at x = – 1
x k cos(1 / x ), x  0
7. If f(x) =  is continuous at x = 0, then
0, x 0
(A) k < 0 (B) k > 0 (C) k = 0 (D) k  0
 0, x 0
1
  x, 0  x  1/ 2
2

8. If f(x) =  1/ 2, x  1/ 2 , then wrong statement is
3
  x, 1/ 2  x  1
2
 1, x 1
(A) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1/2

(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 (D) f(x) is continuous at x = 1/4
 x 3  x 2  16x  20
 ,x  2
9. If f(x) =  ( x  2) 2 is continuous for all values of x, then the value of k is
 k, x2

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
 1, x2

10. If the function f(x) = ax  b, 2  x  4 is continuous at x = 2 and 4, then the values of a and b are
 7, x4

(A) 3, 5 (B) 3, –5 (C) 0, 3 (D) 0, 5
 x, when x  Q
11. If f(x) =  , then f(x) is continuous at -
  x, when x  Q
(A) All rational numbers (B) Zero only
(C) Zero and 1 only (D) No where
12. f(x) = x –[x] is continuous at

(A) x = 0 (B) x = –1 (C) x = 1 (D) x = 1/2
 1  sin 3 x
 2
, x  / 2
 3 cos x
13. If f(x) =  a, x   / 2 is continuous at x = /2, then value of a and b are-
 b(1  sin x )
 2
, x  /2
 (  2 x )
(A) 1/2, 1/4 (B) 2,4 (C) 1/2,4 (D) 1/4,2
 x
1  sin 2 for   x  1

14. If the function f(x) =  ax  b for 1  x  3 is continuous in the interval (– , 6), then the value of a
 x
 6 tan for 3x 6
 12
and b are respectively
(A) 0, 2 (B) 1, 1 (C) 2, 0 (D) 2, 1

 1  cos 4x , x  0

 x2
15. If f(x) =  a , x  0 , then at x = 0
 x
 ,x  0
 16  x  4
(A) f(x) is continuous, when a = 0 (B) f(x) is continuous, when a = 8
(C) f(x) is discontinuous for every value of a (D) None of these
 x
 cos 2  x 
 , x0
 x

16. If f(x) = lim
x 0
 k, x  0 (Where [x] = greatest integer  x) is continuous at x = 0, then k is equal to
 sin x
  , x  0
 x 1


(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) Indeterminate
(1 | sin x |) a /|sin x| , / 6  x  0


17. If f(x) =  b , x0 is continuous at x = 0, then value of a, b are
 e tan 2 x / tan 3x , 0  x  /6

(A) 2/3, e2/3 (B) 1/3, e1/3 (C) 2/3, 1/3 (D) None of these
DIFFERENTIABILITY
18. f(x) = | x - 1| + | x - 2 | + | x - 3 | is not differentiable at

(A) 2 points (B) 3 points (C) 4 points (D) 1 point
 k  1 
 ln x  sin   , x  1 is differentiable at x = 1, then
19. If the function f  x     x 1 
 0, x 1

(A) k > 0 (B) k > 1 (C) 0 < k < 1 (D) k < 0
ax 2  b cos x, x  1

20. If the function f  x    is differentiable everywhere, then
 x4 , x 1
(A) a = 2, b = 1 (B) a = 3, b = 2 (C) a = –1, b = 2 (D) a = 1, b = 0
21. The number of points at which f(x) = [2sin x], where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
x, is not differentiable in [1, 1] is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
2x
22. The function f  x   sin 1 is not differentiable at
1 x2
(A) x = 0, 1 (B) x = 1, 1 (C) x = –1, 0 (D) x = 0
23. f(x) = |x| is not differentiable at -

(A) x = –1 (B) x = 0 (C) x = 1 (D) None of these
  x, if x0
 2
24. Function f  x    x , if 0  x  1 , is differentiable at
x  x  1 if
3
x 1

(A) x = 0 but not at x = 1 (B) x = 1 but not at x = 0
(C) x = 0 and x = 1 both (D) neither x = 0 nor x = 1
 3x ,1  x  1
25. If f(x) =  , then at x = 1, f(x) is
4  x,1  x  4
(A) Continuous but not differentiable (B) Neither continuous nor differentiable
(C) Continuous and differentiable (D) Differentiable but not continuous
x
26. The biggest set in which the function f(x) = is differentiable, is
1 | x |
(A) (– , ) (B) (–, 0) (C) (–, 0)  (0, ) (D) (0, )
 2 1
 x sin , x  0
27. If f(x) =  x , then
 0, x0
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is derivable at x = 0
(C) f ' is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(D) f ' is derivable at x = 0
DIFFERENTIATION
dy
28. If 1  x  1  y  1 , then 
dx
1  x 1 1 1 x 1 y 1 1 1 y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 x 1 x 1 y 1 y
dy
29.  2

If x  ln y  1  y , then
dx

e 2x  1 e 2x  1 e 2x  1 e 2x  1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2e x ex 2e x ex
30. If f  x   x  ln x , then the derivative of f 1  x  at x = 1, is

(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 1/2
1 dy
31. If y  sin 1  3x  4x 3  , x  , then 
2 dx
3 3 3x 3x
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C)  2 (D)
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x2
dy
32. If x  a sec , y  b tan , then 
dx
b2 x b2 x bx bx
(A) 2 (B)  (C) (D) 
a y a2 y ay ay
dy
33. If x = a (+ sin ), y = a (1– cos), then equals
dx
1 1
(A) tan  (B) cot  (C) tan  (D) cot 
2 2
 ex  dy
34 If y = log  x  , then equals
 e 1  dx
1 1 ex  1
(A) (B) (e x  1) 2 (C) (D) None of these
ex  1 ex  1
1 d2y
35 If y = 2 2 , then equals
x a dx 2
3x 2  a 2 3x 2  a 2 2(3x 2  a 2 ) 2(3x 2  a 2 )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(x 2  a 2 ) 3 (x 2  a 2 ) 4 (x 2  a 2 )3 (x 2  a 2 )4
sec x  tan x dy
36 If y = , then equals
sec x  tan x dx
(A) 2 sec x (sec x – tan x)2 (B) – 2 sec x (sec x – tan x)2
(C) 2 sec x (sec x + tan x)2 (D) – 2 sec x( sec x + tan x)2
dy
37 If x 1 y  y 1  x = 0, then equals
dx
1 1 1
(A) (1  x ) 2 (B) – 2 (C) (D) None of these
(1  x ) 1 x2
dy
38 If xy yx = 1, then equals
dx
x( y  x log y) x ( x  y log y) y( y  x log y) y(y  x log y)
(A) y(x  y log x) (B) – y( y  x log x ) (C) x (x  y log x ) (D) – x(x  y log x)
dy
39 If y = sin x  sin x  sin x  ...... , then equals
dx
sin x cos x cos x
(A) 2 y  1 (B) 2y 1 (C) 2 y  1 (D) None of these
x  e x ....... dy
40 If e x  e , then is
dx
y y y
(A) 1  y (B) y  1 (C) 1  y (D) None of these
EXERCISE - 1(C)
e x  cos 2 x  x
1. Given f (x) = for x  R – {0}
x2
 1
 f ({x}) for n < x < n +
 2
 1 where {x} denotes
g  x    f (1 – {x} ) for n + < x < n + 1 , n I fractional part

 2 function
 5
 otherwise
 2
then g (x) is
(A) discontinuous at all integral values of x only
(B) continuous everywhere except for x = 0
1
(C) discontinuous at x = n + ;n I
2
(D) continuous everywhere
g (x)
2. Let f (x) = h (x ) , where g and h are cotinuous functions on the open interval (a, b).
Which of the following statements is true for a < x < b?
(A) f is continuous at all x for which x is not zero.
(B) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) = 0
(C) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) is not equal to zero.
(D) f is continuous at all x for which h (x) is not equal to zero.
2 cos x  sin 2 x e  cos x  1

3. f (x) = ; g (x) =
(  2x)2 8 x  4
h (x) = f (x) for x < /2
= g (x) for x > /2
then which of the following holds?
(A) h is continuous at x = /2 (B) h has an irremovable discontinuity at x = /2
     
(C) h has a removable discontinuity at x = /2 (D) f   = g  
2 
2   
x  e x  cos 2 x
4. If f(x) = , x  0 is continuous at x = 0, then
x2
5
(A) f (0) = (B) [f(0)] = – 2 (C) {f(0)} = –0.5 (D) [f(0)] .{f(0)} = –1.5
2
where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function
x  b, x  0
5. The function g (x) =  can be made differentiable at x = 0.
 cos x , x  0
(A) if b is equal to zero (B) if b is not equal to zero
(C) if b takes any real value (D) for no value of b
6. If f (x) = sin–1(sinx) ; x R then f is

(A) continuous and differentiable for all x

(B) continuous for all x but not differentiable for all x = (2k + 1) , k I
2

(C) neither continuous nor differentiable for x = (2k – 1) ; k I
2
(D) neither continuous nor differentiable for x  R  [1,1]
x{x}  1 0  x 1
7. Consider the function f (x) =  where {x} denotes the fractional part function.
 2  {x} 1 x  2
Which one of the following statements is NOT correct?
(A) Lim f ( x ) exists (B) f (0)  f (2)
x1
(C) f (x) is continuous in [0, 2] (D) f(x) is differentiable in [0, 1)
8. Which one of the following functions is continuous everywhere in its domain but has atleast one point where it is
not differentiable?
|x|
(A) f (x) = x1/3 (B) f (x) = (C) f (x) = e–x (D) f (x) = tan x
x
2 x  23  x  6
 if x  2
 2  x  21 x
9. Let f (x) =  , then

 x2  4
 if x  2
x  3x  2
(A) f (2) = 8  f is continuous at x = 2 (B) f (2) = 16  f is continuous at x = 2
(C) f (2–)  f (2+)  f is discontinuous (D) f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2
10. The graph of function f contains the point P (1, 2) and Q (s, r). The equation of the secant line through P and Q
 s 2  2s  3 
is y =  s  1  x – 1 – s. The value of f ' (1), is
 
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) non existent
11. Let [x] denote the integral part of x  R . g(x) = x  [x] . Let f(x) be any continuous function with f(0) = f(1) then
the function h(x) = f(g(x)) :
(A) has finitely many discontinuities (B) is discontinuous at some x = c
(C) is continuous on R (D) is a constant function .
12 If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + | x | y + xy2,  x, y  R and f ' (0) = 0, then

(A) f need not be differentiable at every non zero x
(B) f is differentiable for all x  R
(C) f is twice differentiable at x = 0
(D) none
13. Let f be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b). Which of the following statements must be true?
I. f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
II. f is bounded on the open interval (a, b)
III. If a<a1<b1<b, and f (a1)<0< f (b1), then there is a number c such that a1<c< b1 and f (c)=0
(A) I and II only (B) I and III only (C) II and III only (D) only III
14. Let f (x) = max. { x 2  2 | x | , | x |} and g (x) = min. { x 2  2 | x | , | x |} then

(A) both f (x) and g (x) are non differentiable at 5 points.
(B) f (x) is not differentiable at 5 points whether g (x) is non differentiable at 7 points.
(C) number of points of non differentibility for f (x) and g (x) are 7 and 5 respectively.
(D) both f (x) and g (x) are non differentiable at 3 and 5 points respectively.
2
 3x  4 x  1 for x  1
15. Let g (x) =  .
 ax  b for x  1
If g (x) is the continuous and differentiable for all numbers in its domain then
(A) a = b = 4 (B) a = b = – 4 (C) a = 4 and b = – 4 (D) a = – 4 and b = 4
1
sin [x]
16. Let [x] be the greatest integer function and f(x) = 4 . Then which one of the following does not hold
[x ]
good?
(A) not continuous at any point (B) continuous at 3/2
(C) discontinuous at 2 (D) differentiable at 4/3
17. Number of points where the function f (x) = (x2 – 1) | x2 – x – 2 | + sin( | x | ) is not differentiable, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
x
18. Consider function f : R – {–1, 1}  R. f(x) = . Then the incorrect statement is
1 | x |
(A) it is continuous at the origin. (B) it is not derivable at the origin.
(C) the range of the function is R. (D) f is continuous and derivable in its domain
19. Given f (x) = b ([x]2 + [x]) + 1 for x  1

= Sin ((x+a) ) for x < 1
where [x] denotes the integral part of x, then for what values of a, b the function is continuous at
x = 1?
(A) a = 2n + (3/2) ; b  R ; n  I (B) a = 4n + 2 ; b  R ; n  I
+
(C) a = 4n + (3/2) ; b  R ; n  I (D) a = 4n + 1 ; b  R+ ; n  I
2
 n  e x  2 x 
 
20. If f (x) = is continuous at x = 0 , then f (0) must be equal to :
tan x
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e2 (D) 2
21. If f( x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + c, for all real x and y and f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and f ' (0) = 1 then f ' (x) equals
to
(A) c (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
cos x sin x cos x

 
22. Let f(x) = cos 2x sin 2x 2 cos 2x then f    =
2
cos 3x sin 3x 3 cos 3x
(A) 0 (B) – 12 (C) 4 (D) 12
23. People living at Mars, instead of the usual definition of derivative D f(x), define a new kind of derivative, D*f(x)
by the formula
f 2 (x  h)  f 2 (x)
D*f(x) = lim where f(x) means [f(x)]2. If f(x) = x lnx then
h0 h
D * f ( x ) x  e has the value
(A) e (B) 2e (C) 4e (D) 8e
24. Consider f(x) = 

 
 2 sin x  sin 3 x  sin x  sin 3 x 
 , x

for x  (0, )
  3
 3
 2 sin x  sin x  sin x  sin x 

2
f(/2) = 3 where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function then,

(A) f is continuous & differentiable at x = /2
(B) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = /2
(C) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = /2
(D) none of these
d2y dy
25. If y = (A + Bx) emx + (m  1)2 ex then 2  2m + m2y is equal to :
dx dx
(A) ex (B) emx (C) emx (D) e(1  m) x
26. L et f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If f (1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in A.P., then f '(a), f '(b) and
f '(c) are in
(A) G.P. (B) H.P. (C) A.G.P. (D) A.P.
3  x 2 for x  1

27. The function f (x) =  2 for  1  x  1 is

1  x for x 1
(A) decreasing in (– , –1)

(B) differentiable at x = – 1
(C) continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = – 1
(D) continuous at x = – 1 but discontinuous at x = 1
y 
28. If x2 + y2 = R2 (R > 0) then k = where k in terms of R alone is equal to
3
1  y  2
1 1 2 2
(A) – 2 (B) – (C) (D) –
R R R R2
   1  1
(x  1) e |x| x  (x  0)
29 On the interval I = [ 2, 2], the function f(x) = 
0 (x  0)
then which one of the following does not hold good?
(A) is continuous for all values of x  I
(B) is continuous for x  I  (0)
(C) assumes all intermediate values from f( 2) & f(2)
(D) has a maximum value equal to 3/e .
30. The derivative of the function,

RS 1 UV RS 1 UV 3
f(x) = cos-1
T 13 W
(2 cos x  3 sin x) + sin1
T 13 W
(2 cos x  3 sin x) w.r.t. 1  x 2 at x = is
4
3 5 10
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
2 2 3
x2  x d 1
31. If f (x) = 2
x  4x
, then
dx
 
f ( x ) at x = 2 is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
32. If f (x) = +
x  2 2x  4 + x  2 2 x  4 , then the value of 10 f ' (102 )
(A) is – 1 (B) is 0 (C) is 1 (D) does not exist
dy dy
33. Suppose A = for the curve x2 + y2 = 4 at ( 2 , 2 ), B = for the curve
dx dx
dy
sin y + sin x = sin x · sin y at (, ) and C = for the curve 2exy + ex ey – ex – ey = exy + 1 at (1, 1),
dx
then (A + B + C) has the value equal to
(A) – 1 (B) e (C) – 3 (D) 0
cos x x 1
f  (x)
34. Let f(x) = 2 sin x x 2 2x . Then Limit
x0 =
x
tan x x 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C)  1 (D) 1
xa
35. If = b cot–1(b ln y), b > 0 then, value of yy'' + yy' ln y equals
2
2
(A) y' (B) y' (C) 0 (D) 1
x
36. Lim   x x   x x  is
x 0    
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to 1 (C) equal to – 1 (D) non existent
37. If f(x) = logx (n x), then at x = e, f '  x  equals

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) 1/e
1  ex
38. Let f (x) be the continuous function such that f (x) = for x  0 then
x
1 1 1 1
(A) f ' (0+) = and f ' (0–) = – (B) f ' (0+) = – and f ' (0–) =
2 2 2 2
1 1
(C) f ' (0+) = f ' (0–) = (D) f ' (0+) = f ' (0–) = –
2 2
39. Suppose f (x) = eax + ebx, where a  b, and that f '' (x) – 2 f ' (x) – 15 f (x) = 0 for all x. Then the product ab is
equal to
(A) 25 (B) 9 (C) – 15 (D) – 9
d2 y
40. If ey + xy = e, then the value of for x = 0 is
dx 2
(A) 1/e (B) 1/e2 (C) 1/e3 (D) none of these
cos 6 x  6 cos 4 x  15 cos 2 x 10 dy

41. If y = , then =
cos 5 x  5 cos 3 x  10 cos x dx
(A) 2 sin x + cos x (B) –2 sin x (C) cos 2x (D) sin 2x
d2 y
42. The value of if x2 – y4 = 6, is
dx 2
3 y y  3x 2 y 4  3x 2
(A) – (B) (C) (D)
16 y 7 3x 2 y4 4y7
43. If f  (x) = (x) and   (x) = f(x) for all x. Also, f(3) = 5 and f (3) = 4. Then the value of [ f (10)]2 – [(10)]2
is
(A) 0 (B) 9 (C) 41 (D) None of these
cos 4  sin 4  1 dy
44. If + = then =
x y x  y dx
(A) xy (B) tan2 (C) 0 (D) (x2 + y2) sec2
45. The function f(x) = ex + x, being differentiable and one to one, has a differentiable inverse f–1(x). The value of
d –1
(f ) at the point f(l n2) is
dx
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
n2 3 4
x tan 1 x  sec 1 1 x , x (1,1)  {0}

46. If f (x) =  , then f '(0) is
 2 if x  0
(A) equal to – 1 (B) equal to 0 (C) equal to 1 (D) non existent
sin x cos x sin x cos x

47. If y = ........ then y ' (0) is
1  1  1 1 
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to 1/2 (C) equal to 1 (D) non existent
1

x2
 e if x  0
48. Let y = f(x) = 

 0 if x  0
Then which of the following can best represent the graph of y = f(x) ?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
d2 y dy
49. If y is a function of x then 2 +y = 0. If x is a function of y then the equation becomes
dx dx
3
d2 x dx d2 x  dx
(A) 2 +x =0 (B) 2 +y   =0
dy dy dy  dy
2 2
d2 x  dx d2 x  dx
(C) 2 y   =0 (D) 2 x   =0
dy  dy dy  dy
50. Let ef(x) = ln x. If g(x) is the inverse function of f(x) then g  (x) equals to
(x  ex )
(A) ex (B) ex + x (C) e (D) e(x + ln x)
WINDOW TO JEE MAIN
 x, x  Q
1. f is defined in [–5, 5] as f  x    , then
  x, x  Q
(a) f (x) is continuous at every x, except x = 0
(b) f (x) is discontinuous at every x, except x = 0
(c) f (x) is continuous everywhere
(d) f (x) is discontinuous everywhere (2002)
2. f (x) and g (x) are two differentiable function on [0, 2] such that f (x) – g( x ) = 0, f (1) = 2g ( 1) = 4 ,
f (2) = 3g (2) = 9, then f (x)– g(x) at x = 3/2 is
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 5 (2002)
f  x  1
3. If f (1) = 1, f  (1) = 2, then lim is
x 1 x 1
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 1/2 (2002)
4. If f (x + y) = f (x) × f (y)  x, y  R and f (5) = 2, f (0) = 3, then f (5) is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2 (2002)
  1  1 
  |x| x  , x  0
5. If f  x    xe , then f (x) is
 0. x 0
(a) continuous for all x, but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) neither differentiable not continuous at x = 0
(c) discontinuous everywhere
(d) continuous as well as differentiable for all x. (2003)
6. Let f (a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives f n(a), gn(a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further if
f a  g  x   f a   g a  f  x   g a 
lim  4 , then the value of k is
x a gx  f x
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4 (2003)
1  tan x         
7. Let f  x   , x  0,    ,  be continuous at x  , then f   
4x    4  4 2 4 4
1 1
(a)  (b) (c) 1 (d) 1 (2004)
2 2
1
8. Suppose f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 and lim f 1  h   5 ,then f (1) equals
h 0 h
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 5 (2005)
9. Let f be a differentiable of x. If f (1) = – 2 and f ( x )  2 for [1, 6], then

(a) f (6) < 8 (b) f (6)  8 (c) f (6) = 5 (d) f (6) < 5 (2005)
10. If f is a real valued differentiable function satisfying | f ( x) - f ( y) |  ( x - y )2 , x, y  R and f (0) = 0, then f (1)
equals
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) – 1 (2005)
x
11. The set of points where f  x   is differentiable, is
1 | x |
(a)  (b) 
(c)  (d)  (2006)
12. If xm yn = (x + y)m + n , then dy/dx is

(a) y/x (b) (x + y)/xy (c) xy (d) x/y (2006)
13. Let f : R  R be a function defined by f (x) = min {x + 1, |x| + 1}. Then which of the following is true ?
(a) f (x) is differentiable everywhere (b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(c) f (x)  1 for all x  R (d) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1 (2007)
1 2
14. The function f : R  {0}  R given by f  x    2x can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining f (0)
x e 1
as
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1 (2007)
 1
 x  1 sin , x 1
15. Let f  x    x 1 . Then which one of the following is true?
 0, x 1
(a) f is differentiable at x = 1 but not at x = 0 (b) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 1
(c) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x = 1 (d) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 1 (2008)
16. Let f(x) = x |x| and g(x) = sin x.

Statement-1 : gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous at that point.
Statement-2 : gof is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (2009)
17. Let f : (–1, 1) ’! R be a differentiable function with f(0) = –1 and f2 (0) = 1. Let g(x) = [f(2f(x) + 2)]2.
Then g2 (0) =
(a) 4 (b) – 4 (c) 0 (d) – 2 (2010)
1
18. Let f : R  R be a continuous function defined by f  x  
e  2e x
x
1
Statement-1 : f  c   , for some c  R .
3
1
Statement-2 : 0  f  x   , for all x  R .
2 2
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true (2010)
d 2x
19. equals
dy 2
3 1
 d 2 y   dy   d2y 
(a)   2   (b)  2
 dx   dx   dx 
1 3 2
 d 2 y   dy   d 2 y   dy 
(c)  2    (d)  2   (2011)
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
20. The values of p and q for which the function
 sin  p  1 x  sin x
 , x0
 x

f x   q , x 0

 x  x2  x
, x 0
 x x
is continuous for all x in R, are

(a) p = 1/2 , q = 3/2 (b) p = 1/2, q = 3/2
(c) p = 5/2, q = ½ (d) p = 3/2, q = /2 (2011)
dy
21.  y  3  0 and y(0) = 2, then y(ln 2) is equal to
dx
(a) –2 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 13 (2011)
 2x  1 
22. If f : RR is a function defined by f  x    x  cos    , where[x] denotes the greatest integer function,
 2 
then f is
(a) continuous for every real x.
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0.
(c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x.
(d) continuous only at x = 0 (2012)
23. Consider the function, f(x) = |x  2| + |x  5|, x  R .

Statement-1 : f (4) = 0
Statement-2 : f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in (2, 5) and f(2) = f(5).
(1) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false (2012)
24. If y  sec(tan1 x), then dy/dx at x = 1 is equal to

1 1
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 2 (2013)
2 2
EXERCISE - 2 (A)
MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS MAY BE CORRECT
 x . n (cos x ) x0
1. If f(x) =  n 1  x2  then :
 0 x0
(A) f is continuous at x = 0
(B) f is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f is differentiable at x = 0
(D) f is not continuous at x = 0.
2. Given that the derivative f (a) exists. Indicate which of the following statement(s) is/are always True.
f(h)  f(a) f(a)  f(a  h)
(A) f (a) = lim (B) f '(a)  lim
ha ha h 0 h
f(a  2t)  f(a) f(a  2t)  f(a  t)
(C) f '(a)  lim (D) f '(a)  lim
t 0 t t 0 2t
3. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x . If f(x) = [x Sin x] , then f(x) is:
(A) continuous at x = 0 (B) continuous in (1, 0)
(C) differentiable at x = 1 (D) differentiable in (1, 1)
4. The function, f (x) = [x] [x] where [ x ] denotes greatest integer function
(A) is continuous for all positive integers
(B) is discontinuous for all non positive integers
(C) has finite number of elements in its range
(D) is such that its graph does not lie above the x  axis .
5. Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x , y  R. Then :

(A) f (x) must be continuous  x  R (B) f (x) may be continuous  x  R
(C) f (x) must be discontinuous  x  R (D) f (x) may be discontinuous  x  R
6. The function f(x) = 1  1  x 2

(A) has its domain –1 < x < 1 (B) has finite one sided derivates at the point x = 0
(C) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0 (D) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0.
7. Consider the function f (x) = | x3 + 1 | then

(A) Domain of f x  R
(B) Range of f is R+
(C) f has no inverse.
(D) f is continuous and differentiable for every xR.
x  2 x 1
8. Let f (x) = . x then:
x 1 1
(A) f  (10) = 1 (B) f  (3/2) =  1
(C) domain of f (x) is x  1 (D) none
9. f is a continous function in [a, b]; g is a continuous functin in [b, c] A function h (x) is defined as
h (x) = f (x) for x  [a, b)
= g (x) for x  (b, c]
if f (b) = g (b), then
(A) h(x) has a removable discontinuity at x=b. (B) h(x) may or may not be continuous in [a, c]
– + +
(C) h(b ) = g(b ) and h(b ) = f(b ) – (D) h(b+) = g(b–) and h(b–) = f(b+)
 x3 , x 1
10. The function f(x) =  is :
   

x
4
2 3x
2
13
4
, x 1
(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) diff. at x = 1

(C) continuous at x = 3 (D) differentiable at x = 3
11. Which of the following statements are true?

(A) If xexy = y + sin²x, then at y ' (0) = 1.
(B) If f(x)  a0 x2m + 1 + a1 x2m + a3 x2m  1 + ...... + a2m + 1 = 0 (a0  0) is a polynomial equation with
rational co-efficients then the equation f  (x) = 0 must have a real root.( m N ).
(C) If (x  r) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = an xn + an  1 xn  1 + an  2 xn  2 + ..... + a0 repeated m times
where 1  m  n then r is a root of the equation f  (x) = 0 repeated (m  1) times.
dy
(D) If y = sin–1(cos sin–1 x ) + cos–1(sin cos–1x) then is independent on x.
dx
dy
12. Let y = x  x  x  ......  then =
dx
1 x 1 y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2y  1 x  2y 1  4x 2x  y
dy
13. If y  x  y  x = c (where c  0), then has the value equal to
dx
x c2
2x y  y2  x 2
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D)
c y  y2  x2 x 2y
 
14. If f (x) = cos   cos  x  1 ; where [x] is the greatest integerr function of x, then f(x) is continuous at
x 2 
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these
15. Select the correct statements.

 2 x 2  3 for x  1
(A) The function f defined by f(x) =  is neither differentiable nor continuous at x=1.
3 x  2 for x  1
(B) The function f(x) = x2 x is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(C) If f is continuous at x = 5 and f (5) = 2 then Lim f (4 x 2  11) exists.
x 2
(D) If Lim f ( x )  g( x )  = 2 and Lim

x  a f (x )  g( x )  = 1 then
Lim f (x) · g (x) need not exist.
x a x a
16. Which of the following functions has/have removable discontinuity at x = 1.

x2  1
 1 
1  
 1 x  x  1  2x
(A) f  x   (B) f  x   (C) f  x   22 (D) f  x  
n x x3  1 x2  x
17 f(x) is an even function, x = 1 is a point of minima and x = 2 is a point of maxima for y = f(x). Further lim
x 
f (x)  0 ,
and lim
x 0
f (x)   . f (x) is increasing in (1,2) & decreasing everywhere in (0,1)  (2,  ). Also f(1) = 3 &
f(2) = 5. Then
(A) f(x) = 0 has no real roots
(B) y = f(x) and y  f (x) are identical functions
(C) f ( x)  0 has exactly four real roots whose sum is zero
(D) f ( x)  0 has exactly four real roots whose sum is 6
18. Which of the following function(s) not defined at x = 0 has/have removable discontinuity at x=0?
1  1
(A) (B) cos  | sin x |  (C) x sin (D)
1  2cot x  x  x n x
19. Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x , y  R. Then :

(A) f (x) must be continuous  x  R (B) f (x) may be continuous  x  R
(C) f (x) must be discontinuous  x  R (D) f (x) may be discontinuous  x  R
20 Let f (x) = min(x3, x2)and g (x) = [x]2 + {x}2 , where [x] denotes the greatest integer and {x} denotes the
fractional part function. Then which of the following holds?
(A) f is continuous for all x. (B) g is discontinuous for all x  I.
(C) f is differentiable for all x  (1, ) (D) g is not differentiable for all x  I
PASSAGE 1
t t
ln ( b )
A curve is represented parametrically by the equations x = f(t) = a and y = g(t) = b – ln ( a ) a, b > 0 and
a  1, b  1 where t  R.
dy
21 Which of the following is not a correct expression for ?
dx
1  g( t )  f (t)
(A) (B) – g( t )2 (C) (D)
f (t ) 2 f (t) g( t )
d2 y
22 The value of 2 at the point where f (t) = g(t) is
dx
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
f ( t ) f ' ' ( t ) f ( t ) f ' ' ( t )
23 The value of ·  ·  t  R, is equal to
f ' ( t ) f ' (  t ) f ' ( t ) f ' ( t )
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4
PASSAGE 2
 1
 x  , 2  x  
2 , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
Let a function be defined as f  x   
1
 2x 2  1,   x  2
 2
Answer the following question by using the above information.
24 The number of points of discontinuity of f(x) is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
25 The function f  x  1 is discontinuous at the points

1 1 1
(A) 1,  (B)  ,1 (C) 0, (D) 0,1
2 2 2
26 number of points where |f(x)| is not differentiable is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
PASSAGE 3
Two students, A & B are asked to solve two different problem. A is asked to evaluate lim
b g &B
1  cos ln(1  x)
x 0 x2
F I
lim G JJ , n  N. A provides the following solution
n n n
is asked to evaluate n G H n3  1

n3  2
......
n 3  2n K
1  cos FH ln(1x x) . xIK 1  cos x FG As lim ln(1  x)  1IJ  l = 1

Let l1  lim
x0 x2
 lim
x0 x2
H x 0 x K 1 2
B provides the following solution
R|2n U| R| 1 2n U|
Let l2  lim S| n
 r |W
V  lim S| n n
V|
n
T
r 1 n3 n 
T r 1 n r
n2 W
LM R UO
1| n |P
lim M S VP
n n
 .......
= n MN n |T n  n1 n  n2
2 2
n  2n |P
n WQ 2
L1F IO
lim M G 1 1J P  lim
2n
= n  M nG
1.....
 
MN H 2n times K PQ J P n  n
2
27 Identify the correct statement

(A) both of them get the correct answer
(B) both of them get the incorrect answer
(C) A gets the correct answer while B gets the incorrect answer.
(D) B gets the correct answer while A gets the incorrect answer.
28 Who has solved the problem correctly

(A) A (B) B (C) both of them (D) no one
4l1 tanx –3 sinx x< 0

x
29 f(x) = K x= 0 where l1 and l2 are correct values of the corresponding limits, if f(x)
ex – x – 1
l2 x> 0
1 – cosx
is continuous at x = 0 the K is equal to-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) no value of K
PASSAGE 4
2
e{x }  1,
x0

 sin x  tan x  cos x  1
Let f (x) =  2
, x0
 2x  ln (2  x )  tan x

0, x0
where { } represents fractional part function. Suppose lines L1 and L2 represent tangent and normal to curve
y = f (x) at x = 0. Consider the family of circles touching both the lines L1 and L2.
30. Ratio of radii of two circles belonging to this family cutting each other orthogonally is
(A) 2 + 3 (B) 3 (C) 2 + 2 (D) 2 – 2
31. A circle having radius unity is inscribed in the triangle formed by L1 and L2 and a tangent to it. Then the minimum
area of the triangle possible is
(A) 3 + 2 (B) 2 + 3 (C) 3 + 2 2 (D) 3 – 2 2
32. If centers of circles belonging to family having equal radii 'r' are joined, the area of figure formed is
(A) 2r2 (B) 4r2 (C) 8r2 (D) r2
Matrix match type

33. Column-I Column-II
(A) f (x) = [x] + | 1 – x | (P) continuous
[ ] denotes the greatest integer function

(B) g (x) = | x – 2 | + | x | (Q) differentiable
(C) h (x) = [tan2x] (R) discontinuous

[ ] denotes the greatest integer function
x (3e1 x  4)
 1x
x0
(D) l (x) =  ( 2  e ) (S) non derivable
 0 x 0
34. Column-I Column-II

x  1 if x  0
(A) f (x) =  at x = 0 is (P) continuous
 cos x if x  0
(B) For every x  R the function (Q) differentiability
sin [ x  ]
g (x) =
1  [ x ]2
where [x] denotes the greatest integer function is
(C) h (x) = {x}2 , where {x} denotes fractional (R) discontinuous
part function
1
ln x
x if x  1
(D) k (x) =  at x = 1 is (S) non derivable for all x  I
 e if x  1
35. Column - I Column - II

(A) Number of points of discontinuity of (P) 1
f  x   tan2 x  sec 2 x in  0,2  is
(B) Number of points at which (Q) 2
1 1 1
f  x   sin x  tan x  cot x is non-differentiable
in  1,1 is
(C) Number of points of discountinuity of (R) 0
y   sin x  ,x  [0,2) where [.] represents greatest
integer function
(D) number of points where (S) 3
3 5
y   x  1   x  2   x  3 is non-differentiable
EXERCISE - 2 (B)
3x 2  ax  a  3
1. If the function f (x) = is continuous at x = – 2. Find the value of a + f (–2).
x2  x  2
 f (x)
 , x3
2. Suppose that f (x) = x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 and h(x) =  x  3 then find the value of K that makes h
 K , x3
continuous at x = 3

3. Determine the value of product of values of a & b so that f is continuous at x = .
2
3
 1  sin2 x if x  2
 3 cos x
f(x) =  a if x  2
 b(1  sin x)
    2 x 2 if x  2

sin 3x  A sin 2x  B sin x

4. If f(x) = (x  0) is cont. at x = 0. Find the value of A + B + f(0)
x5
x n f ( x )  h ( x)  1 sin 2 (·2 x )
5. Let g (x) = Lim , x  1 and g (1) = Lim be a continuous function at
2 x n  3x  3
n  ln sec(·2 x )
x 1  
x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.
 2  cos x 3 
6. The function f(x) =  3   is not defined at x = 0.
 x sin x x 4 
Let L be the value of the function at x = 0 so that it is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of L1
f (x )
7. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – 3x – 1 and h (x) = where h is a rational function such that
g(x)
1
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = – 1, (b) lim
x 
h(x)   and (c) lim h(x)  .
x 1 2
 3h(x)  f (x)  2g(x)    p

If lim
x 0
where p and q are coprimes then find the value of p  q .
q
8. Suppose f and g are two functions such that f, g : R  R, f (x) = ln 1  1  x 2  and
 
'
  1 
g (x) = ln  x  1  x 2  then find the value of x eg(x)  f     g' ( x ) at x = 1.
    x 
f (3  h 2 )  f ((3  h 2 )
9. If f(x) is derivable at x = 3 & f (3) = 2 , then find the value of Limit 2
h 0 2h
10. Let f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x] (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If sum of all the values of 'x'
k
in [, 2] where f (x) fails to be differentiable, is , then find the value of k.
2
11. The number of points at which the function f(x) = max. {a  x, a + x, b},   < x < , 0 < a < b cannot be
differentiable is
12. Let f , g and h are differentiable functions. If f (0) = 1 ; g (0) = 2 ; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of their pair wise
products at x = 0 are (f g)'(0) = 6 ; (g h)'(0) = 4 and (h f)'(0) = 5 then compute the value of (fgh)'(0).
1 1 1
13. Let f (x) = x + .........  . Compute the value of f (10) · f ' (10).
2x  2x  2x 
3 d 2y 2 2
p
 where p and q are coprimes then the
14. If the value of the expression y 2 for the ellipse 3x + 4y = 12, is
dx q
value of p  q
15. If f : R  R is a function such that f (x) = x3 + x2 f (1) + xf (2) + f (3) for all x  R , then find the value of
f (2)  f (1)  f (0).
d2 y
16. Let y = x sin kx. Find the sum of possible values of k for which the differential equation 2 + y = 2k cos kx
dx
holds true for all x  R.
17. The function f : R  R satisfies f (x2) · f ''(x) = f '(x) · f '(x2) for all real x. Given that f (1) = 1 and f '''(1) = 8,
compute the value of f '(1) + f ''(1).
18. A polynomial function f (x) is such that f (2x) = f ' (x) f " (x), then find the value of f(3).
n
19. Let f  x  be a real valued function not identically zero such that f  x  y n   f  x   f  y  ;  x, y  R
(where n is odd natural number > 1) and f '  0   0. Find out the value of f ' 10  + f  5  .
 1  a x  x a x ln a
 x 2
; x 0
20. Consider the function f  x    x x a .x ,
 2 a  x ln 2  x ln a  1 ; x0
 x2
where a  0 . Without using L’ Hospital’s rule or series expansion, find the value of ‘a’ and ‘f(0)’ so that f(x) is
continuous at x  0.
EXERCISE - 3
Subjecitve type
ln cos x
if x  0
4 2
 1 x 1
1 Let f(x) = 
 esin 4x  1
if x  0
ln (1  tan 2x )
Is it possible to define f(0) to make the function continuous at x = 0. If yes what is the value of f(0), if not then
indicate the nature of discontinuity.
x2 x2 x2
2 Let yn(x) = + x2   ............ and y (x) = Lim y n ( x )
1  x 2 (1  x2 )2 (1  x 2 ) n 1 n 
Discuss the continuity of yn(x) (n  N) and y(x) at x = 0
1sin x
1 cos 2 x
, x  12
 p, x  12 . Determine the value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous at x = 1/2.
3 Let f(x) = 
 2 x 1 1
, x 2
4  2 x 1  2
4 Given the function g (x) = 6  2 x and h (x) = 2x2 – 3x + a. Then

(a) evaluate h ( g(2) )

g ( x ), x  1
(b) If f (x) =  , find 'a' so that f is continuous.
h ( x ), x  1
1  x , 0  x  2
5 Let f(x) =  . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity of g , if
3  x , 2  x  3
any.
6 Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
[ x 1]

 exp {( x 2) n4}
4 16
x
, x 2
f (x) =  4 16 .
 1cos( x 2)
 A ( x 2) tan( x 2) , x 2
Find the values of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.
7 The function
tan6x
 5

6 tan5x
if 0x 2

f(x) =  b2 if x 2
  a tan x 
1 cosx  b  if 
2
x
Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = /2.
  1 2  1
  2  sin (1  {x} )  sin (1  {x})
 
8 Let f(x) =  ; x0
 2({x}  {x}3 )
 
 ; x0
 2
where {x} is the fractional part of x. Consider another function g(x); such that
g(x) = f(x) ; x  0
= 2 2f (x) ; x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) & g(x)at x = 0.
x2
  for x  0
9 If the function f (x) defined as f (x) =  2 is continuous but not derivable at x = 0 then find
 n 1
x sin for x  0
the range of n. x
10 Let f (0) = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. For a positive integer k, show that
1 x x 1 1 1
Lim  f ( x )  f    ......f    = 1    ...... 
x 0 x  2 k 2 3 k
a x 2  b if x 1
11 If f(x) =  1 is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
  x
if x 1
ax( x  1)  b when x  1

12 The function f ( x)   x  1 when 1  x  3
 px 2  qx  2 when x  3

Find the values of the constants a, b, p, q so that
(i) f(x) is continuous for all x (ii) f ' (1) does not exist (iii) f '(x) is continuous at x = 3
13 Discuss the continuity on 0  x  1 & differentiability at x = 0 for the function.

1 1
f(x) = x .sin .sin where x  0 , x  1/ r & f(0) = f (1/ r) = 0 ,
x x .sin 1x
r = 1, 2, 3,.........
1  x , ( 0  x  1)
14 f(x) = x  2 , ( 1 x  2 ) Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = f [f(x)] for 0  x  4.
 4  x , ( 2  x  4 )
15 Let f be a function that is differentiable every where and that has the following properties:
(i) f (x + h) = f (x) · f (h) (ii) f (x) > 0 for all real x. (iii) f ' (0) = – 1
Use the definition of derivative to find f ' (x) in terms of f (x).
16 Discuss the continuity & the derivability of 'f' where f (x) = degree of (ux² + u² + 2u  3) at x = 2.
17 Let f (x) be a function defined on (–a, a) with a > 0. Assume that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 and
f ( x )  f (kx )
Lim =  , where k  (0, 1) then compute f ' (0+) and f ' (0–), and comment upon the
x 0 x
differentiability of f at x = 0.
18 A derivable function f : R+  R satisfies the condition f (x) – f (y)  ln x y  + x – y for every x, y  R+. If g
100
1
denotes the derivative of f then compute the value of the sum  g  .
n 1  n 
x2 1
19 If y =  x x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1 prove that 2y = xy' + ln y'. where ' denotes the derivative.
2 2
dy 16 t (1  t 4 )
20 If y = sec 4 x and x = tan–1(t), prove that = .
dt (1  6 t 2  t 4 ) 2
2
1  lnt 3  2lnt dy  dy 
21 If x = and y = . Show that y  2 x   1 .
t2 t dx  dx 
x1 x2 . x x3 .x 2
22 If y = 1+ x  x + ( x  x )(x  x ) + +..... upto (n+1) terms then prove that
1 1 2 ( x  x1 )(x  x 2 )(x  x 3 )
dy y  x1 x2 x3 xn 
=     ...  
dx x  x1  x x 2  x x 3  x xn  x 
23 
Suppose f (x) = tan sin 1 (2x ) 
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
(b) Express f (x) as an algebaric function of x.
(c) Find f ' 1 4 .
 2
y 
 1  tan  
y  2  dy 1
24 If x = tan  ln  . Show that = sin y(1 + sin y + cos y).
2  y  dx 2
 tan 
 2 
cos 3x dy 6
25 If y = arc cos 3
then show that = , sinx > 0.
cos x dx cos2x  cos4x
26 Prove that if | a1 sin x + a2sin 2x + .......+ ansin nx |  | sin x | for x  R, then |a1+2a1+3a3+......+ nan |  1
 x d2y dy
27 Show that the substitution z = ln  tan  changes the equation 2  cot x  4 y cos ec 2 x  0 to
 2  dx dx
(d2y/dz2) + 4 y = 0.
xe x x0
28 Let f (x) =  then prove that

x  x2  x3 x  0
(a) f is continuous and differentiable for all x.
(b) f ' is continuous and differentiable for all x.
a  x b  x c x
29 Let f(x) =   x m  x n  x . Show that f  (x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + k x where k denotes the sum of
px qx rx
all the co-factors of the elements in f(0).
30 If Y = sX and Z = tX, where all the letters denotes the functions of x and suffixes denotes the differentiation w.r.t.
X Y Z s t1
X
x then prove that 1 Y1 Z1 = X3 1
s2 t2
X2 Y2 Z2
ax 2  bx  c  e nx
28 A function f : R  R is defined as f(x) = lim where f is continuous on R. Find the value of
n  1  c.e nx
a, band c.
 4 x  5 [x] for x  1
29 Discuss the continuity of f in [0,2] where f(x) =  ; where [x] is the greatest integer not
 cos  x for x  1
greater than x.
30 If f(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part of x. Discuss the continuity of
f in [ – 2, 2 ].
 ax  b for x 1
31 Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f (x) = 3 x for 1  x  2
 bx 2  a for x2
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x = 2.
a sin x  a tan x
32 f (x) = for x > 0
tan x  sin x
ln(1  x  x 2 )  ln(1  x  x 2 )
= for x < 0, if f is continuous at x = 0, find 'a'
sec x  cos x
 x
now if g (x) = ln  2   · cot (x – a) for x  a, a  0, a > 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
 a
g(e–1) = – e.
33 Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x , y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0 , then show that f(x) is continuous
at all x.
n
x 
34 Given f (x) =  tan  xr  sec  r 1

; r, n  N
r1 2  2
n
Limit
g (x) = n  
 2  
 n f (x)  tan xn  f (x )  tan xn . sin tan x
2 2   
n

1  f (x)  tan xn
2 

= k for x = and the domain of g (x) is (0 , /2).
4
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g (x) is continuous at x = /4. Also state the points of discontinuity of g (x)
in (0 , /4) , if any.
 1
35 Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f (0) = f (1). Prove that there exists a point c in 0, 
 2
 1
such that f (c) = f  c  
 2
 1  a x  xa x na
 ; x0
ax x2
36 Consider the function g(x) =  x x
 2 a  x n 2  x n a  1
 ;x0
x2
where a > 0, find the value of 'a' & 'g(0)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.
37 A function f : R  R satisfies the equation f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  for all x,y in R and f  x   0 for any x in R.
Let the function the differentiable at x  0 and f '  0   2. Show that f '  x   2f  x  for all x in R. Hence
determine f  x  .
38 Let f be a function such that f  x  f  y    f  f  x    f  y   x, y  R and f  h   h for 0  h   where
  0, then determine f '  x  and f  x  .
 2 , 3  x  0
39 Let f  x    , where g  x   f  x   f  x  . Test the differentiability of g  x  in the
x  2 , 0  x  3
interval  3, 3  .
3
40 Let f : R  R is a real valued function  x, y  R such that f  x   f  y   x  y .
Prove that h  x    f  x  dx is a continuous function of x  x  R .
x  y  f x   f  y
41 Let f   for all real x and y. If f '  0  exists and equals 1 and f  0   1, then find f  2 .
 2  2
f x   f y
42 Let f  x  y    x, y  R ;n  0, 2 and if f '  0   k (A finite quantity) then prove that
 n  n
f  x   k x  x  R.
 x  y  2  f x  f  y
43 If f   for all real x and y and f '  2  2 then determine y  f  x  .
 3  3
 x  2y  f  x   2f  y 
44 If f    x, y  R and f '  0   1 ; prove that f  x  is continuous for all x  R.
 3  3
 xy  f x
45 If f  x   f  y   f   for all x, y  R and xy  1 and lim
 1  xy  x 0 x
 2, find f  3  and f '  2 .
46 Let f  x  y   f  x   f  y   2xy  1 for all x, y  R. If f  x  is differentiable and f '  0   sin  then prove
that f  x   0  x  R.
47 Let f be a one-one function such that f  x  f  y   2  f  x   f  y   f  xy   x, y  R ~ 0 and
f  0   1,f ' 1  2 then prove that 3  f  x  dx  x  f  x   2  is constant.
48 If e xy f  xy   e  x f  x   e  y f  y   x, y  R  , and f ' 1  e, determine f  x  .
49 Let f : R  R , such that f '  0   1 and f  x  y   f  x   f  y   ex  y  x  y   xex  yey  2xy  x, y  R
then determine f  x  .
50 Let f  xy   x f  y   y f  x  for all x, y  R  and f  x  be differentiable in  0,  then determine f  x  .
51 Let f  xy   f  x  f  y   x, y  R and f is differentiable at x  1 such that f ' 1  1 also f 1  0 then
show that f is differentiable for all x  0. Hence, determine f  x  .
x
52 If 2f  x   f  xy   f   for all x, y  R  ,f 1  0 and f ' 1  1, then find f  e  and f '  2  .
y
53 Suppose p  x   a 0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  ...  a n x n . If p  x   e x 1  1 for all x  0, prove that
a1  2a 2  ...  na n  1.
 xy  f  x  f  y 
54 Let f    for all real x and y. If f 1  f ' 1 , show that f  x   f 1  x   constant, for all non-
 2  2
zero real x.
55 Let f  x   x 3  x 2  x  1 and g  x   max f  t  : 0  t  x ,0  x  1  3  x,1  x  2.
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function g  x  in the interval  0, 2  .
min f  t  : 0  t  x , 0  x  6
56 Let f  x   x 3  9x 2  15x  6 , and g  x    , then draw the graph of
 x  18 , x6
g  x  and discuss the continuity and differentiability of g  x  .
 1  x  c  1
 b sin  2  ,  2  x  0
  
 1
57 Let f  x    , x0 , If f  x  is differentiable at x  0. Find the value of a also
 2
 e ax / 2  1 1
 , 0x
 x 2
prove that 64b 2  4  c 2 .
58 Let   R. Prove that a function f : R  R is differentiable at x   if and only if there is a function g : R  R

which is continuous at  and satisfies f  x   f     g  x  x    for all   R.
59 Let g  x   0 if e  x  1
 1 
 3 
 
 1  sin ln x 2   if 1  x  e.
where {} denotes the fractional part function and

1
f  x   x g  x  for g  x   1 
3

sin ln x 2  
 x  g  x   1 otherwise
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f  x  over its domain.
60 Suppose that f and g are non-constant differentiable real valued functions on R. If for every
x, y  R, f  x  y   f  x  f  y   g  x  g  y  , g  x  y   g  x  f  y   f  x  g  y  and f '  0   0 then prove
2 2
that f  x   g  x   1  x  R.
61 If f  x   lim 
n
 2rx  , discuss the continuity of f(x) where [.] denotes the greatest
n 
r 1 n2
62 Let f : R   R satisfies the functions equation f  xy   e xy x  y e y f  x   e x f  y   x, y  R+.
If f ' 1  e determine f  x  .
63 Let f : R   R be a differentiable function with f 1  3 and satisfying :

xy x y
 f  t  dt  y  f  t  dt  x  f  t  dt ;
1 1 1
 x, y  R  , then find f  x  .
e
64 Let f  x m y n   mf  x   nf  y   x, y  R  and  m, n  R. If f '  x  exists and has the value , then find
x
f 1  x 
lim .
x 0 x
4
65 Let f be a continuous and differentiable function in  x1,x 2  . If f  x  .f '  x   x 1   f  x   and
2 2 1 
lim  f  x    1 and lim  f  x    2 2
for x   x1,x 2  , then prove that x 1  x 2 
x x  1 x x 2 2 3
(assume that lim

x a x a
 
f  g  x    f lim g  x  holds everywhere).
66  
Are there any non-constant differentiable functions f : R  R such that f f  f  x    f  x   0  x  R ?
 max f  t  : x  1  t  x  2, 3  x  0
67 Let f  x   x 3  3x 2  6  x  R and g  x   
 1  x, for x0
Test continuity of g  x  for x   3,1. integer function.
3  1 
 x (1  x ) sin  x 2  if 0  x  1
68 f : [0, 1]  R is defined as f (x) =    , then prove that
 0 if x  0
(a) f is differentiable in [0, 1] (b) f is bounded in [0, 1] (c) f ' is bounded in [0, 1]
WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
Q.1 The function f(x) = [x]2  [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is discontinuous at :
(A) all integers (B) all integers except 0 & 1
(C) all integers except 0 (D) all integers except 1
[JEE '99]
 1/ x
 (1  ax) for x  0
b for x  0
Q.2 Determine the constants a, b & c for which the function f(x) =  is continuous at x = 0.
 (x  c)1/3  1 for x  0
 (x 1)1/2  1
[REE '99]
Q.3 Discuss the continuity of the function
 e1/(x1)  2
 , x 1
f(x) =  e1/(x1)  2
 1, x1
at x = 1. [REE 2001]
Q.1 Let f : R  R be any function. Define g : R  R by g (x) = f (x) for all x. Then g is
(A) onto if f is onto (B) one one if f is one one
(C) continuous if f is continuous (D) differentiable if f is differentiable.
[JEE 2000]
 x , |x|  1
1  |x|
Q.2 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the function, f (x) =  x .
 , |x|  1
1  | x |
Q.3 [JEE 2001]

(a) Let f : R  R be a function defined by , f (x) = max [ x , x3 ]. The set of all points where f (x) is NOT differentiable
is :
(A) { 1 , 1} (B) { 1 , 0} (C) {0 , 1} (D) { 1 , 0 , 1}
(b) The left hand derivative of , f (x) = [ x ] sin ( x) at x = k , k an integer is :where [ ] denotes the greatest function.
(A) ( 1)k(k  1) (B) ( 1)k  1(k  1) (C) ( 1)k k  (D) ( 1)k  1 k 
(c) Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0?

(A) cos (x) + x (B) cos (x)  x (C) sin (x) + x (D) sin (x)  x
Q.4 Let   R. Prove that a function f : R  R is differentiable at  if and only if there is a function
g : R  R which is continuous at  and satisfies f(x) – f() = g(x) (x –) for all x R.
[JEE 2001]
 tan 1 x if | x|  1

Q.5 The domain of the derivative of the function f (x) =  1 (| x|1) if | x|  1 is
 2
(A) R – {0} (B) R – {1} (C) R – {–1} (D) R – {–1, 1}
[JEE 2002]
/ x
 f (1  x) 
Q.6 Let f: R  R be such that f (1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. The Limit   equals
x0  f (1) 
(A) 1 (B) e1/2 (C) e2 (D) e3
[JEE 2002]
 x  a if x  0 x  1 if x  0
Q.7 f (x) =  and g (x) =  2
| x  1| if x  0 ( x  1)  b if x  0
Where a and b are non negative real numbers. Determine the composite function gof. If (gof) (x) is continuous
for all real x, determine the values of a and b. Further, for these values of a and b, is gof differentiable at x = 0?
Justify your answer. [JEE 2002]
Q.8 If a function f : [ –2a , 2a]  R is an odd function such that f (x) = f (2a – x) for x  [a, 2a] and the left hand
derivative at x = a is 0 then find the left hand derivative at x = – a. [JEE 2003]
Q.9 (a) The function given by y = | x | 1 is differentiable for all real numbers except the points
(A) {0, 1, –1} (B) ± 1 (C) 1 (D) – 1
[JEE 2005]
(b) If | f(x1) – f(x2) |  (x1 – x2)2, for all x1, x2  R. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
(1, 2). [JEE 2005]
Q.10 If f (x) = min. (1, x2, x3), then

(A) f (x) is continuous  x  R
(B) f x   0 ,  x > 1
(C) f(x) is not differentiable but continuous  xR
(D) f(x) is not differentiable for two values of x [JEE 2006]
( x  1) n
Q.11 Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are integers, m  0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand derivative
ln cos m ( x  1)
of | x – 1 | at x = 1. If Lim g(x) = p, then

x 1
(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = –1 (C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n
[JEE 2008]
x 2 x
Q.1 If f (x) = , then find the domain and the range of f . Show that f is one-one. Also find the function
x 2 2x
d f 1 (x)
dx
and its domain. [REE '99, 6 ]
Q.2 (a) If x2 + y2 = 1, then :

(A) y y 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0 (B) y y+ (y)2 + 1 = 0
(C) y y (y)2  1 = 0 (D) y y+ 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0
[JEE 2000, Screening, 1 out of 35 ]
(b) Suppose p (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ...... + an xn . If p (x)  ex  1  1 for all x  0 prove that
a1 + 2 a2 + ...... + n an  1 . [JEE 2000 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]
Q.3 (a) If ln (x + y) = 2xy, then y ' (0) =

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0 [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
 1  x  c  1
b sin  2  , 
2
x0
1  

(b) f (x) =  at x  0 .
 2ax / 2
e 1
, 0x
1
 x 2
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and | c | < 1/2 then find the value of 'a' and prove that 64b2 = 4 – c2.
[JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]
Q.4 (a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation x cos y + y cos x = , then y"(0)
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C)  (D) – 
(b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P'(x) > 0  x  [0, 1], then
(A) S =  (B) S = {(1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 2
2
(C) (1 – a)x + ax, a  (0, ) (D) S = {(1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 1
(c) If f (x) is a continuous and differentiable function and f 1 n  = 0,  n  1 and n  I, then

(A) f (x) = 0, x  (0, 1] (B) f (0) = 0, f ' (0) = 0
(C) f '(x) = 0 = f ''(x), x  (0, 1] (D) f (0) = 0 and f ' (0) need not to be zero
[JEE 2005]
(d) If f (x – y) = f (x) · g (y) – f (y) · g (x) and g (x – y) = g (x) · g (y) + f (x) · f (y) for all x, y  R. If right
hand derivative at x = 0 exists for f (x). Find derivative of g (x) at x = 0. [JEE 2005]
 
Q.5 For x > 0, Lim sin x 1 / x  1 x sin x is
x 0
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2 [JEE 2006]
d2x
Q.6 equals
dy 2
1 1
 d2y   d2y   dy 
3  d 2 y   dy  2  d 2 y  dy  3
(A)  2  (B) –  2    (C)  2   dx  (D) –  2  dx 
 dx   dx   dx   dx     dx  
[JEE 2007]
Q.7(a)Let g (x) = ln f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ) such that
 1 1
f (x + 1) = x f (x). Then for N = 1, 2, 3 g ' '  N    g ' '   =
 2 2
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(A)  41    .....  2 (B) 41    .....  2
 9 25 (2 N  1)   9 25 (2 N  1) 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
(C)  41    .....  2 (D) 41    .....  2
 9 25 (2 N  1)   9 25 (2 N  1) 
(b) Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval (–1, 1) such that g''(x) is continuous, g(0)  0,
g'(0) = 0, g''(0)  0, and f (x) = g (x) sin x.
STATEMENT-1 : Lim [g(x) cot x – g(0) cosec x] = f ''(0)

x 0
and
STATEMENT-2 : f '(0) = g(0)
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008]
x
3
Q.8 If the function f ( x )  x e2 and g(x) = f–1(x), then the value of g(1) is [JEE 2009]
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 (A)
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. B
8. C 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. C
15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. C
22. A 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. B 27. C 28. C
29. C 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. A
36. A 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. C 41. B 42. A
43. B 44. D 45. C 46. A 47. D 48. B 49. D
50. C 51. C 52. B 53. C 54. C 55. B 56. D
57. B 58. B 59. B 60. D 61. C 62. A 63. A
64. D 65. B 66. A 67. C 68. A 69. A 70. A
71. A 72. D 73. C 74. B 75. D 76. C 77. D
78. B 79. A 80. C
EXERCISE - 1 (B)
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. B
8. B 9. C 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. C
15. B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. C
22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. A
29. C 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. C
36. B 37. B 38. D 39. B 40. C
EXERCISE - 1(C)
1. D 2. D 3. B 2. D 3. D
4. D 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. C
11. C 12. B 13. D 12. B 13. C

14. A 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. D
21. D 22. C 23. C 24. A 25 A
26. D 27. D 28. B 29. A 30 C
31. D 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. B
36. C 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. B
41. B 42. D 43. B 44. B 45. B
46. A 47. B 48. C 49. C 50. C
WINDOW TO JEE MAIN
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B
16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. D
21. B 22. A 23. C 24. A
EXERCISE - 2 (A)
1 A,C 2 A,B 3 A,B,D 4 A,B,C,D 5 B,D
6 A,B,D 7 A,C 8 A,B 9 A,C 10 A,B,C
11 A,C,D 12 A,C,D 13 A,B,C 14 B,C 15 B,C
16 B,D 17 A,C 18 B,C,D 19 B,D 20 A,C
21 D 22 D 23 B 24 B 25 C
26 C 27 A 28 D 29 D 30 A
31 C 32 B
33 (A) R, S; (B) P, S; (C) P, Q; (D) P, S
34 (A) P, S; (B) P, Q; (C) R, S; (D) P, Q
35 (A) Q; (B) R; (C) Q; (D) P
EXERCISE - 2 (B)
1 14 2 5 3 2 4 2 5 5
6 60 7 43 8 0 9 2 10 24
11 2 12 16 13 10 14 13 15 0
16 0 17 6 18 12 19 6 20 11
EXERCISE - 3
1. f(0+) = –2 ; f(0–) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
2. yn(x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is discontinuous at x = 0
3. P not possible.
4. (a) 4 – 3 2  a , (b) a = 3
5. g(x) = 2 + x for 0  x  1, 2  x for 1 < x  2, 4  x for 2 < x  3 , g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2
6. A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2
7. a = 0 ; b = 1
 
8. f(0+) = ; f(0) =  f is discontinuous at x = 0 ;
2 4 2
g(0+) = g(0) = g(0) = /2  g is continuous at x = 0
9 0<n1
11 a = 1/2 , b = 3/2
1
12 a  1, b  0, p  and q   1
3
13 continuous in 0  x  1 & not differentiable at x = 0
14 f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1, discontinuous at x = 2 & x = 3.

continuous & differentiable at all other points
15 f ' (x) = – f (x)
16 continuous but not derivable at x = 2

17 f '(0) =
1 k
18 5150
 1 1 2x 16 3
23 (a)   ,  , (–  , ) ; (b) f (x) = 2 ; (c)
 2 2 1  4x 9
28 c = 1, a, b  R
29 the function f is continuous everywhere in [0 , 2] except for x = 0 , 1 , 1 & 2.

2
30 discontinuous at all integral values in [ 2 , 2]
31 locus (a, b)  x, y is y = x – 3 excluding the points where y = 3 intersects it.
33 1
 n (tan x) if 0  x  
34 k = 0 ; g (x) =  4 . Hence g (x) is continuous everywhere.
 0 if   x  
4 2
36 a=
1
, g(0) =
 n 22
2 8
37 e2 x 38 f  x   x,f '  x   1 39 Not differentiable at x = 0,2
41 f  2   1 43 f  x   2x  2 45 f  3   23 , f '  2  52
48 f  x   e x n x 49 f  x   x 2  xe x 50 f  x   f ' 1 x n x 
1
51 f x  x 52 f  e   1, f '  2   55 Continuous and not differentiable at x = 1
2
9  21
56 Not differentiable at x  ,6 57 a=1
2
59 Not differentiable at x = 1 61 Continuous for x  R
62 (a) a1p1 ·a p2 2 .....a pn n ; (b) a1 ; (c) an 63 f  x   3 n  ex 
64 e 66 No 67 Continuous in  3,1
WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
CONTINUITY
2 2
Q.1 D Q.2 a = ln ; b= ; c=1
3 3
Q.3 Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1+) = 1 and f(1–) = –1
DIFFERENTIABILITY
Q.1 C Q.2 Discont. hence not deri. at x = 1 &  1. Cont. & deri. at x = 0
Q.3 (a) D, (b) A, (c) D Q.5 D Q.6 C Q.7 a = 1; b = 0(gof)'(0) = 0
Q.8 f (a–) = 0 Q.9 (a) A, (b) y – 2 = 0 Q.10 A, C Q.11 C
MOD
d 1 3
Q.1 Domain of f (x) = R  { 2, 0}; Range of f (x)= R  { 1/2, 1}; [f ( x )] =
dx (1  x )2
Domain of f 1 (x) = R  { 1/2, 1} Q.2 (a) B Q.3 (a) A; (b) a = 1
Q.4 (a) C; (b) B; (c) B, (d) g ' (0) = 0 Q.5 C Q.6 D Q.7 (a) A, (b) A
Q.8 2

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C ONTINU ITY, DIFFERENTIABILITY & MOD Rg.

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

7 WINDOW TO JEE - MAIN 70 – 72

11 WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED 89 – 92

CONT, DIFF, MOD : Tentative Lecture Flow

A function is continuous when its graph is a single unbroken curve ...

Not Continuous Not Continuous Not Continuous

i.e. LHL = RHL = value of the function at ‘a’ i.e. xlim

It must be noted here that

(3) Continuity at x = a is meaningful to talk only if x = a is in the domain of f(x).

(2) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a, b] if

i.e. y  sin 1 x is continuous in [  1,1]

Discuss the continuity of f.

sin 2 x  A sin x  B cos x

  2 cos x  1 ( 2 cos x  1) sin x

( 2 cos x  1) ( 2 cos x  1) (cos x  sin x ) sin x

If f is continuous on [0, 8] , find the values of a and b.

From (1) & (2), a  3, b  2

4. PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Following important points should be remembered :

case, we can redefine the function such that lim

Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :

(i) Missing Point Discontinuity :

e.g. f(x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1.

(ii) Isolated Point Discontinuity:

(2) Irremovable Discontinuity

if both the limits

Hence, the jump of discontinuity =  RHL – LHL 

Irremovable discontinuity can be further classified as :

(i) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x  [x] at all integral x.

 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = finite and f(1) is not defined.

lim  f(x) = lim  [x] – 1 =  – 1

7. CONTINUITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at

At x = 3, fog (3) is not defined

8. INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM (I.V.T.)

Hence using intermediate value theroem (I.V.T.)

(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 3 (b) f(x) continuous at x = 3

(a) f(x) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) f(x) continuous at x = 1

5. Which of the following functions is continuous at x = 0?

6. Which of the following functions is continuous at x = 1?

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) no value of k

(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) no value of k

(a) 1 (b) 3/5 (c) 5/3 (d) no value of k

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) no value of k

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) no value of k

(a) 6 (b)  (c) 3 (d) no value of k

ba ab ab

(a)  (b)  (c) – 4 (d) – 2

(a) is continuous at x =  (b) has a removable disconitinuity at x = 

(a) is continuous everywhere (b) discontinuous at finite number of points

18. Consider the following functions :

Which of these have a single removable discontinuity

(a) (3, – 2) (b) (– 3, 2) (c) (3, 2) (d) (– 3, – 2)

8. b 9. c 10. a 11. d 12. b 13. c 14. d

15. c 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. d 20. a

A function f(x) is said to be differentiable (or derivable) at x = a,

2. CONCEPT OF TANGENT AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DIFFERENTIABILITY

Tangent :- The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a

3. RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENTIABILITY & CONTINUITY

(i) If f (a) exists then f(x) is continuous at x = a.

If f(x) is a function such that R.H.D = f(a+) = and L.H.D. = f(a–) = m

(i) (ii) (iii)

(4) If a function y = f(x) is discontinuous at x = a, then it implies the non-derivability of y = f(x) at x = a.

Continuity, Differentiability & MOD

Continuity, Differentiability & MOD