LEARNING

MODULE
IN
GENERAL
MATHEMATICS

NAME OF STUDENT:
TEACHER: LAILENETH JOY D. DEJAN
 Chapter I

General Mathematics is the broad field of basic mathematics. It includes math

operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It also covers concepts
such as fractions, decimals, exponents, and percentages. General Mathematics principles and
operations are taught as prerequisite foundations to learning more specialized types of math.
Concepts such as patterns, shapes, scientific notation, and other formulas are all critical to
math functions. There are many fields of study and professions that require an understanding
of General Mathematics including accounting, statistics, and economics. General Mathematics
is also a critical field of study for math teachers and mathematicians, as well as an important
skill for any independent adult functioning in today’s world.

Function and Relation

Function is a binary relation between two sets that associates each element of the first

set to exactly one element of the second set. Typical examples are functions from integers to
integers or from the real numbers to real numbers.

Functions were originally the idealization of how a varying quantity depends on

another quantity. For example, the position of a planet is a function of time. Historically, the
concept was elaborated with the infinitesimal calculus at the end of the 17th century, and,
until the 19th century, the functions that were considered were differentiable (that is, they had
a high degree of regularity). The concept of a function was formalized at the end of the 19th
century in terms of set theory, and this greatly enlarged the domains of application of the
concept.

A function is a process or a relation that associates each element x of a set X,

the domain of the function, to a single element y of another set Y (possibly the same set),
the codomain of the function. It is customarily denoted by letters such as f, g and h.

If the function is called f, this relation is denoted by y = f (x) (which reads "f of x"),

where the element x is the argument or input of the function, and y is the value of the
function, the output, or the image of x by f. The symbol that is used for representing the input
is the variable of the function (e.g., f is a function of the variable x).

A function is uniquely represented by the set of all pairs (x, f (x)), called the graph of

the function. When the domain and the codomain are sets of real numbers, each such pair may
be thought of as the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the plane. The set of these points is
called the graph of the function; it is a popular means of illustrating the function.
 CORRESPONDENCE IN A RELATION
I. Mapping or Pairing from Domain to the Range
Mapping or Pairing from domain to the range is one way to show correspondence in
relation, as follows:

5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
8 8 8 8 8 8
10 10 10 10 10 10

Domain Range Domain Range Domain Range

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

II. Relation Function/Not Function

Figure 1
Function One to One
Relation FUNCTION
Function/Not Function

yFigure
=x 2 One to
toOne FUNCTION
Many One FUNCTION

y = x2 Many to One FUNCTION

Figure 3 One to Many NOT FUNCTION

y2 = x One to Many
NOT FUNCTION
Function Notation

The use of function notation is another way to show correspondence. Table above
shows that the first function notation (y = x) is a function because it has a “one to one”
relation. It states that for each value of x there is only one value for y. The second function
notation (y = x2) is also an example of a function because it has a “many to one “ relation and
states that for each value of x there is only one value for y. While the third function notation
(y2 = x) is not a function because it has a “one to many” relation. This relation states that for
each value of x there two or more value for y.

III. Vertical Line Test

The vertical line test is a method that is used to determine whether a given relation is a
function or not. The approach is rather simple. Draw a vertical line cutting through the graph
of the relation, and then observe the points of intersection.
The vertical line test supports the definition of a function. That is, every x-value of a
function must be paired to a single y-value. If we think of a vertical line as an infinite set of x-
values, then intersecting the graph of a relation at exactly one point by a vertical line implies
that a single x-value is only paired to a unique value of y.
 In contrary, if the vertical line intersects the graph more than once this suggests that a
single x-value is being associated with more than one value of y. This condition causes the
relation to be “disqualified” or not considered as a function.
Note: If a vertical line intersects the graph in all places at exactly one point, then the relation
is a function.

Here are some examples of relations that are not a functions (cutting or hitting
the graph at exactly one point):
Example 1

f(x)=x+1 f(x)=x+1

The relations is also functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the graph
at exactly one point.

Example 2:

2
2 f(x)=x −2
f(x)=x −2
The relations is also functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the graph
at exactly one point.

Example 3:

2
2
f(x)=x −2 f(x)=x −2

The relations is also functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the graph
at exactly one point.

Here are some examples of relations that are not functions (cutting or hitting the
graph in more than one point):
Example 1:

x =y2
x =y2

The relations is not a functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the
graph in more than one point.
 Example 2:

x2+y2=9 x2+y2=9

The relations is not a functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the
graph in more than one point.
 Example 3:

x=y3−y+2 x=y3−y+2

The relations is not a functions because the vertical line intersects (cutting or hitting) the
graph in more than one point.

Chapter II

I. Operation of Function

A function is a relation that assigns to each input value exactly one output value. Like

numbers and polynomials we can add, subtract, multiply and divide functions which results

into a new function. Below are the rules to perform these operations on functions. Functions
behave exactly as one would expect with regard to the four basic operations of algebra

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).

Functions with overlapping domains can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.

If f(x) and g(x) are two functions, then for all x in the domain of both functions the sum,

difference, product and quotient are defined as follows.

Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Subtraction: (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)

Multiplication: (f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)

Division: (f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)

Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions.

A. In addition we can add two functions as:

(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Example 1:
Given: f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 4
g(x) = 2x + 3
Find the sum or (f + g)(x).
 Solution:
(f + g)(x) = ?
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (2x2 + 3x – 4) + (2x + 3)
= 2x2 + 3x – 4 + 2x + 3
= 2x2 + 5x – 1

Example 2:
Given: f(x) = x– 4
g(x) = 5x
Find the sum or (f + g)(x).

Solution:
(f + g)(x) = ?
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (x – 4) + (5x)
= x – 4 + 5x
= 6x- 4

Example 3:
Given: f(x) = 3x3 +4x + 2
g(x) = 7x3 + 6x
Find the sum or (f + g)(x).

Solution:
(f + g)(x) = ?
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (3x3 +4x + 2) + (7x3 + 6x)
= 3x3 +4x + 2 + 7x3 + 6x
= 10x3+ 10x+2

B. In subtraction we can subtract two functions as:

(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Example 1:
Given: f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 4
g(x) = 2x + 3
 Find the difference or (f - g)(x).

Solution:
(f - g)(x) = ?
(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
= (2x2 + 3x – 4) - (2x + 3)
= 2x2 + 3x – 4 - 2x - 3)
= 2x2 + x – 7

Example 2:
Given: f(x) = x– 4
g(x) = 5x
Find the difference or (f - g)(x).

Solution:
(f - g)(x) = ?
(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
= (x – 4)- (5x)
= x – 4 - 5x
= -4x - 4

Example 3:
Given: f(x) = 3x3 +4x + 2
g(x) = 7x3 + 6x
Find the difference or (f - g)(x).

Solution:
(f - g)(x) = ?
(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
= (3x3 +4x + 2) - (7x3 + 6x)
= 3x3 +4x + 2 - 7x3 - 6x
= -4x3- 2x + 2

C. In multiplication we can multiply two functions as:

(f • g)( x ) = f (x) • g ( x )

Example 1:
Given: f(x) = 3x – 5
 g(x) = x
Find the product or (f • g)(x).

Solution:
(f • g)(x)= ?
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
= (3x – 5) • (x)
= 3x2 – 5x
Example 2:
Given: f(x) = x2
g(x) = x+4
Find the product or (f • g)(x).

Solution:
(f • g)(x)= ?
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
= (x2) • (x+4)
= x3 + 4x2

Example 3:
Given: f(x) = x+2
g(x) = x+3
Find the product or (f • g)(x).

Solution:
(f • g)(x)= ?
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
= (x+2) • (x+3)
= x2 +5x+6

D. In Division we can divide two functions as:

(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
 Example 1:
Given: f(x) = 7x2 + 4x
g(x) = x
Find the quotient or (f/g)(x).
Solution:
(f/g)(x) = ?
(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
= (7x2 + 4x) / (x)
= 7x + 4

Example 2:
Given: f(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 3
g(x) = x
Find the quotient or (f/g)(x).
Solution:
(f/g)(x) = ?
(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
= (3x2 + 4x – 3) / (x)
= 3x + 4 – 3/x

Example 3:
Given: f(x) = x3 + 2x
g(x) = x-2
Find the quotient or (f/g)(x).
Solution:
(f/g)(x) = ?
(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x)
= (x3 + 2x) / (x-2)
= x2 + 2x+6– 12/(x-2)

II. Evaluation of Functions

To evaluate a function is to replace (substitute) its variable with a given number or

expression.
Example 1:

Evaluate the function f(x) = 2x+4 for x=5

Solution:

f(x) = 2x + 4
f(5) = 2(5) + 4
= 10+ 4
= 14
Example 2:

Evaluate the function f(x) = x2+10 for x=4

Solution:

f(x) = x2+10
f(4) = (4) 2 + 10
= 16 + 10
= 26
Example 3:

Evaluate the function f(x) = 5x2+1 for x=3

Solution:

f(x) = 5x2+1
f(4) = 5(3) 2 + 1
= 5(9) + 1
= 45 + 1
= 46

III. Composite Functions

In mathematics, a function is a rule which relates a given set of inputs to a set of

possible outputs. The important point to note about a function is that each input is related to
exactly one output. The process of naming functions is known as function notation. The most
commonly used function notation symbols include: “f(x) = …”, “g(x) = …”, “h(x) = …,” etc.
 If we are given two functions, we can create another function by composing one
function into the other. The steps required to perform this operation are similar to when any
function is solved for any given value. Such functions are called composite functions.

A composite function is generally a function that is written inside another function.

Composition of a function is done by substituting one function into another function.

For example, f [g (x)] is the composite function of f (x) and g (x). The composite
function f [g (x)] is read as “f of g of x”. The function g (x) is called an inner function and the
function f (x) is called an outer function. Hence, we can also read f [g (x)] as “the function g is
the inner function of the outer function f”.

How to Solve Composite Functions?

Solving a composite function means, finding the composition of two functions. We

use a small circle (∘) for the composition of a function. Here are the steps on how to solve a
composite function:

STEP 1: Rewrite the composition in a different form.

STEP 2: Substitute the variable that is in the outside function with the inside function.

STEP 3: Evaluate the function.

Example 1:

Given the functions f (x) = x2 + 6 and g (x) = 2x – 1, find (f ∘ g) (x).

Solution:
STEP 1: Rewrite the composition in a different form.

(f ∘ g) (x) = f [ g ( x ) ]
 STEP 2: Substitute x with 2x – 1 in the function f(x) = x2 + 6.
(f ∘ g) (x) = f [ g ( x ) ]
(f ∘ g) (x) = (2x – 1)2 + 6

STEP 3: Evaluate the function.

(f ∘ g) (x) = f [ g ( x ) ]
(f ∘ g) (x) = (2x – 1)2 + 6
= (2x – 1) (2x – 1) + 6
= 4x2 – 4x + 1 + 6
= 4x2 – 4x + 7

Example 2:
Given the functions g (x) = 2x – 1 and f (x) = x2 + 6, find (g ∘ f) (x).
Solution:
STEP 1: Rewrite the composition in a different form.

(g ∘ f) (x) = g [ f ( x ) ]

STEP 2: Substitute x with x2 + 6 in the function g (x) = 2x – 1

(g ∘ f) (x) = g [ f ( x ) ]
(g ∘ f) (x) = 2(x2 + 6) – 1

STEP 3: Evaluate the function.

(g ∘ f) (x) = g [ f ( x ) ]
(g ∘ f) (x) = 2(x2 + 6) – 1
= 2x2 + 12 – 1
= 2x2 + 11

Example 3:

Given f (x) = 2x + 3, find (f ∘ f) (x).

Solution:
STEP 1: Rewrite the composition in a different form.

(f ∘ f) (x) = f [ f ( x ) ]

STEP 2: Substitute x with 2x + 3 in the function f (x) = 2x + 3

(f ∘ f) (x) = f [ f ( x ) ]

(f ∘ f) (x) = 2(2x + 3) + 3

STEP 3: Evaluate the function.

(f ∘ f) (x) = f [ f ( x ) ]

(f ∘ f) (x) = 2(2x + 3) + 3

(f ∘ f) (x) = 4x + 6 + 3

(f ∘ f) (x) = 4x + 9
 Assessment
IN
GENERAL
MATHEMATICS

NAME OF STUDENT:
TEACHER: LAILENETH JOY D. DEJAN

Assessment

I. Answer the following.

1. What is your complete name?
2. What strand are you in?

3. What is the complete name of your school?

II.
A. Determine the type of relation of the following whether it is “one to one”, “one to
many” or “many to one”.

1. ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________

6
0 1 2 5
8
1 2 3 9 6 50
2 5 4 55
60
6 11 5 60 8 65
70
10

4. ______________ 5. ______________

4 3 5 5
5 4 10 6
6 7 15 7
7 10 20 8
9 12
13 16
15 20
16 25

B. The following domain ad range has two or more kinds of relation. Determine the type
of relation of the following whether it is “one to one”, “one to many” or “many to one”.
 1. ______________ 4. ______________

2. ______________ 5. ______________

3. ______________
9 0
0 1 2
1 2 12
22
4 5 17 25
6 11 20 27
9 15 29

6. ______________ 8. ______________

7. ______________ 9. ______________

10. ______________

4 1
5 2 4
8 4 10 5
9 5 15 6
11 6 20 7
15 8 30 8
17 9 32 9
21 15 33

III. Function Notation. Determine the relation of the following expression and write
whether the following is function or not.
 Function Relation Function/Not Function

1. y = 3x2 + x

2. y = 8x9 + 3

3. y2 = x + 6

4. y = x2 + 4x

5. y = x + 10

IV. Draw the vertical line test and determine whether the following graph is function or
not function.
1.

2.
3.

V. Operation of Function. Perform the required operation. Show your solutions.

1. Given: f(x) = 3x2 + 7x – 5

g(x) = 5x + 7
Find the sum or (f + g)(x).
2. Given: f(x) = 8x2 + 13x – 6
g(x) = 2x2 + 3
Find the difference or (f - g)(x).

3. Given: f(x) = x – 4
g(x) = 2x + 3
Find the product or (f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
4. Given: f(x) = 9x2 + 3x + 56
g(x) = x
Find the quotient or ( f / g )( x ).

VI. Evaluation of Functions. Evaluate the functions. Show your solutions.

1. Evaluate the function f(x) = 7x+6 for x=2

2. Evaluate the function f(x) = 9x+1 for x=7

VII. Composite Functions. Evaluate the functions. Show your solutions.

1. Given the functions f (x) = x2 + 2 and g (x) = 3x – 2, find (f ∘ g) (x).

2. Given the functions f (x) = x2 + 5 and g (x) = 6x – 1, find (f ∘ g) (x).

References:

Banigon, R. B. Jr., Camilon, M. B. &Manalo, C. B. General Mathematics for Senior High

School 11. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Zorilla, R. S., Partible, F. G. &Bansa, H. E. General Mathematics for Senior High School.

Valenzuela City: JO-ES Publishing House, INC, 2016.

Study.com (2021). General Mathematics. Retrieved from:https://study.com/learn/basic-

math.html#:~:text=General%20math

Luke Mastin (2020). The Story of Mathematics. Retrieved from:

https://www.story of

mathematics.com/ composite-functions

Wikipedia (2001).Function (mathematics). Retrieved from:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Function_(mathematics)

ERRATA